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Zenith Coaching Centre: (IX, X, XI & Xii)
Zenith Coaching Centre: (IX, X, XI & Xii)
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CHAPTER 4
Carbon and
its
Compounds
BONDING IN CARBON – THE
COVALENT BOND
We know that the reactivity of elements is
explained as their tendency to attain a
completely filled outer shell, that is, attain noble
gas configuration. Elements forming ionic
compounds achieve this by either gaining or
losing electrons from the outermost shell. In the
case of carbon, it has four electrons in its
outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four
electrons to attain noble gas configuration. If it
were to gain or lose electrons –
(i) It could gain four electrons forming
4−¿
¿
C
anion. But it would be difficult for the nucleus
with six protons to hold on to ten electrons, that
is, four extra electrons.
(ii) It could lose four electrons forming
4 +¿
¿
C
cation. But it would require a large amount of
energy to remove four electrons leaving behind a
carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus
holding on to just two electrons.
Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its
valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or
with atoms of other elements. Not just carbon,
but many other elements form molecules by
sharing electrons in this manner. The shared
electrons ‘belong’ to the outer shells of both the
atoms and lead to both atoms attaining the noble
gas configuration.
Allotropes of carbon
The element carbon occurs in different forms in
nature with widely varying physical properties.
Both diamond and graphite are formed by carbon
atoms, the difference lies in the manner in which
the carbon atoms are bonded to one another.
Homologous Series
hydrogen atom or atoms on carbon chains can be
Straight chain, branched chain and cyclic carbon replaced by any of the functional groups. The
compounds, all may be saturated or unsaturated. presence of a functional group such as alcohol
For example, benzene, C6H6, has the following dictates the properties of the carbon compound.
structure – For example, the chemical properties of CH 3OH,
C2H5OH, C3H7OH and C4H9OH are all very
similar.
a series of compounds in which the same
functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a
carbon chain is called a homologous series.
modified by deleting the final ‘e’ and adding the the bottoms of cooking vessels getting
appropriate suffix. For example, a three-carbon blackened, it means that the air holes are blocked
chain with a ketone group would be named in the and fuel is getting wasted.
following manner –Propane – ‘e’ = propan + ‘one’
= propanone. Note:- flame is only produced when gaseous
(iv) If the carbon chain is unsaturated, then the substances burn . When wood or charcoal is
final ‘ane’ in the name of the carbon chain is ignited, the volatile substances present vapourise
substituted by ‘ene’ or ‘yne’. a three-carbon and burn with a flame in the beginning.
chain with a double bond would be called A candle or the LPG in the gas stove burns with a
propene and if it has a triple bond, it would be flame. However, you will observe the coal or
called propyne. charcoal in an ‘angithi’ sometimes just glows red
Nomenclature of functional groups and gives out heat without a flame.
A luminous flame is seen when the atoms of the
gaseous substance are heated and start to glow.
The colour produced by each element is a
characteristic property of that element.
Formation of coal and petroleum
Coal and petroleum have been formed from
biomass which has been subjected to various
biological and geological processes.
Coal is the remains of trees, ferns, and other
plants that lived millions of years ago. These were
crushed into the earth, perhaps by earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions. They were pressed down by
layers of earth and rock. They slowly decayed into
coal.
Oil and gas are the remains of millions
of tiny plants and animals that lived in the sea.
When they died, their bodies sank to the sea bed
and were covered by silt. Bacteria attacked the
dead remains, turning them into oil and gas
under the high pressures.
Oxidation
Carbon compounds can be easily oxidised on
combustion.e.g alcohols are converted to
carboxylic acids –
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON COMPOUNDS some substances are capable of adding oxygen to
Combustion others. These substances are known as oxidising
Carbon, in all its allotropic forms, burns in oxygen agents.
to give carbon dioxide along with the release of Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified
heat and light. These are the oxidation reactions. potassium dichromate are oxidising alcohols to
acids, that is, adding oxygen to the starting
material. Hence they are known as oxidising
agents.
Note :- Saturated hydrocarbons will generally Addition Reaction
give a clean flame while unsaturated carbon Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the
compounds will give a yellow flame with lots of presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel
black smoke. to give saturated hydrocarbons.
This results in a sooty deposition. This reaction is commonly used in the
limiting the supply of air results in hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel
incomplete combustion of even catalyst.
saturated hydrocarbons giving a sooty
flame.
The gas/kerosene stove used at home has inlets
for air so that a sufficiently oxygen-rich mixture is
burnt to give a clean blue flame. If you observe
Micelles
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have
differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it
dissolves in water, while the other end is
hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons.
(i) —OH (ii) —COOH. CBSC 2007 12. Give reasons for the following
2.What is the difference in the molecular observations:
formula of any two consecutive members (a) The element carbon forms a very large
of a number of compounds.
homologous series of organic compounds? (b) Air holes of a gas burner have to be
CBSC 2008 adjusted when the heated vessels get
3.(a) Give a chemical test to distinguish blackened by theme. �a
between saturated and unsaturated (c) Use of synthetic detergents causes
hydrocarbons. pollution of water.
(b) (i) Name the products formed when 13 What is ethanoic acid? Write the
ethanol burns in air. ‘ formula of the functional group present in
(ii) What two forms of energy are liberated this acid.
on burning alcohol? What special name is given to its 5 – 8%
(c) Why is the reaction between methane solution in water? How does ethanoic acid
and chlorine considered a substitution react with sodium carbonate? Write a
reaction? CBSC 2008 chemical equation of the reaction and
4.(a) Why are covalent compounds common name of the salt produced.
generally poor conductors of electricity? 14 Write the structural formula of
(b) Name the following compound: chloroethane. CBSC 2010
15 Write the name and molecular formula
of an organic compound having its name
u u �x with ‘-ol and having two carbon
used
uu
atoms in the molecule. With the help of a
balanced chemical equation indicate what
happens when it is heated with excess of r
(c) Name the gas evolved when ethanoic cone. H 2 SO 4
acid is added to sodium carbonate. How 16 Write the names and molecular formula
would you prove the presence of this gas? of two organic compounds having
CBSC 2008 functional r group sufixed as ‘-oic acid’.
5.Name the carbon compound which on With the help of a balanced chemical
heating with excess of concentrated equation and explain what happens when
sulphuric acid at 443 K gives ethene. CBSC any one of them reacts with sodium
2009 hydroxide.
6.What is meant by a saturated 17 What is a homologous series? Which
hydrocarbon? two of the following organic compounds
7.Name the compound formed when belong
ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid in to the same homologous?
the presence of a few drops of cone
H 2 SO 4 . 18. Name the functional group of organic
8. Draw the structure of C H 3 COOH compounds that can be hydrogenated.
molecule. With the help of
9.Draw the structure of ethanol molecule. suitable example explain the process of
10.What happens when a small piece of hydrogenation mentioning the conditions
sodium is dropped into ethanol? of the reaction and any
one change in physical property with the
formation of the product. Name any one
natural source of
organic compounds that are
11. What is meant by a functional group in hydrogenated.
an organic compound? Name the 19. An organic compound ‘A’ is an
functional group present in essential constituent of wine and beer.
Oxidation of ‘A’ yields
an organic acid ‘B’ which is present in
vinegar. Name the compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’
(b) State one point of difference between and write their structural
soap and synthetic detergent. CBSC 2009