Comprehensive R.C.C. DESIGNS |Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Dethi-110002. Phones; | 011-2826 23 68 | 011-2326 23.70 Foxes; | 01-232525 72 { 011-2326 2279 Branches 9/1, 1rd Main Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) . Damodaran Street, 'T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34.47 26) ¢ St, Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) ¢ Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 26 69, 251 38 81) © 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 02 47) © Adda Tanca Chowk, N.D. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 1272) ® 106/A, Ist lor, S.N. Banerjee Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 73, 22 27 52 47) ¢ 18, Madan Moban Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) © 128A, Block 3, First Floor, Noorani Building, LJ. Road, Mumbai (Phone : 022-24 46 39 98) ¢ Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : wwwlaxmipublications.com ISBN : 81-7008-090-8 ERC-0590-410-RCC DESIGN First Edition April 1975 Second Edition Jan. 1981 Third Edition Feb. 1983 Fourth Edition 2 April 1985 Fifth Bdition + Jan. 1988 Sixth Edition : May 1990 Seventh Edition > May 1992 Reprint Aug. 1999, July 1994, Sept. 1997 Eighth Edition July 1998 Reprint Sept. 1999, Oct. 2001, Aug. 2003, July 2004, April 2005 © 1975, 1998 B.C, PUNMIA © 1998 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN & ARUN KUMAR JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. ‘This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any jorm or translated without the written permission of the Authors. Price: Rs. 410.00 Only C—10353/05/04 Laser Tepesetted af Arihant Consultants, Printed at Sudha Offset Press, Dethi-110051Contents 1 : Working Stress Method GHAPTER 1___ INTRODUCTION: L.L___ CEMENT CONCRETE - ss 3 1L2.___CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION OF CEMENT us 3 1.3.___SPECIFICATIONS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT 2 1L4__AGGREGATES 2 15__WATER g 1 1.6___ MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS se 1B ‘LL___WATER CEMENT RATIO ~ 20 18____ PROPERTIES AND TESTS ON CONCRETE ~ a 19.____METHODS OF PROPORTIONING CONCRETE MIXES = @ 110.__GRADES OF CONCRETE AND CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH : TS. 456-1978 - OO me sa za 1.11, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE (IS : 456-1978) i a 1.12. MIXING, COMPACTING AND CURING CONCRETE a 2 — zl . o a4 2.1.___ INTRODUCTION ~ 3 22___ MODULAR RATIO ~ 24.___SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM 41 24____NEUTRAL AXIS OF BEAM SECTION a 2.5.___MOMENT OF RESISTANCE 46. 26. BALANCED, UNDER-REINFORCED AND. re 22___TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN SINGLY-REINFORCED BEAMS - 40 28 VARIATION OF M-_WITH p ~ 58 29.___BEAM OF TRIANGULAR SECTION ~ 6 2.10,__BEAM OF TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION x8 a 2.1L___SLAB SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION “ n CHAPTER 3 SHEAR AND BOND 31.___SHEAR STRESS IN R.C_ BEAMS « 3:2.___EEFECTS OF SHEAR : DIAGONAL TENSION ~ £2 3.3.___REINFORCEMENT FOR DIAGONAL TENSION o 18 44.___ VERTICAL STIRRUPS - 2 35, INCLINED BARS a0 36____ INDIAN STANDARD CODE RECOMMENDATIONS dS : 456-1978) 3 ®® 3.1.___ BOND, ANCHORAGE AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH 2 38__IS CODE ON BOND AND ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS ~ 5 oe 2 68 SHEAR, BOND AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH e 69____TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN T-BEAM a SRERRRE BREB E BERRR E BB 6.11. L-BEAM : CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS LL___DESIGN OF BEAMS ~ dd 12.___DESIGN OF LINTEL BEAMS 158 13.___DESIGN OF CANTILEVER 16d 14, DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB 166 18___DESIGN OF CANTILEVER CHAIA - m ‘L6.___DESIGN OF LINTEL WITH SUNSHADE. » 42 ‘LL___DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB ~ 16 ‘18____DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM 180 ‘19, DESIGN OF T-BEAM = 183 Copyrighted material@ 7.1,__DESIGN OF CYCLE STAND SHADE 86 7.11.___DESIGN OF T-BEAM ROOF 90 112.__DESIGN OF INVERTED T-BEAM ROOF 95 713.__ DESIGN OF OVERHANGING T-BEAM ROOF 197 7.14. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER CANOPY 2 715. DESIGN OF L-BEAM : DESIGN FOR TORSION 207 88. DESIGN OF CINEMA BALCONY 280 CHAPTER 9 REINFORCED BRICK AND HOLLOW TILE ROOFS 91, REINFORCED BRICK WORK 239 92. DESIGR “F REINFORCED BRICKS SLAB 240 93, HOLLOW TILE ROOF en 242 94, DESIGN OF HOLLOW TILE ROOF CHAPTER 19 TWO-WAY SLARS 10.1.__INTRODUCTION. ls 10.2. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THE FOUR EDGES, WITH CORNERS NOT HELD DOWN AND CARRYING UDI... 245, 103.__SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THE FOUR EDGES WITH CORNERS HELD DOWN AND CARRYING U.D.L.__.. __249 0.4, SLAB WITH EDGES FIXED OR CONTINUOUS AND CARRYING UDL 105.__ OTHER CASES OF SLABS 5 106. INDIAN STANDARD CODE METHOD (IS : 456-1978) 262 CHAPTER 11 CIRCULAR SLABS iL INTRODUCTION ia 270 CARRYING U.D. sa 270 113. SLABS FIXED AT EDGES AND CARRYING UD.L. m 114. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THE EDGES WITH LOAD W UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE C!RCUMFERENCE OF A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE. . ~ me 115. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT EDGES, WITH U.D.L. INSIDE A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE ~ Mmai) 116. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT EDGES, WITH A CENTRAL HOLE AND CARRYING UD.L. 273 117. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THE EDGES WITH A CENTRAL HOLE AND CARRYING W DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE 28 CHAPTER 12 FLAT SLABS 121. INTRODUCTION 122, COMPONENTS OF FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION 123. INDIAN CODE RECOMMENDATIONS (IS : 456-1978) 124. DIRECT DESIGN METHOD. 125. EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD SHEAR IN 127. SLAB REINFORCEMENT 128. OPENINGS IN FLAT SLAB CHAPTER 13. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS 13.1. INTRODUCTION 132. LGNG AND SHORT COLUMNS 133. TYPES OF COLUMNS BBs ‘ 135.__ INDIAN STANDARD RECOMMENDATIONS (IS : 456-1978) a 8 DESIGN PROC! | DESIGN OF COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED BENDING AND DIRECT STRESSES (IS: 456-1978) os CASE_2_COMPRESSIVE LOAD AT LARGE ECCENTRICITY (e>15 D) . CASE_4_COMPRESSIVE LOAD AT MODERATE ECCENTRICITY 3 < 3] CIRCULAR SECTION SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOAD CASE 4: TENSILE LOAD AT SMALL ECCENTRICITY CASE_S: TENSIE LOAD AT LARGE ECCENTRICITY CASE 6: TENSILE LOAD AT MODERATE ECCENTRICITY SECTIONS OF IRREGULAR SHAPE DESIGN EXAMPLE BE EB BE E 8 3 REE ERE EE! RERE(ait) CHAPTER 15 CONTINUOUS AND ISOLATED FOOTINGS ‘15.1. INTRODUCTION a eee TINGS - 348 “OF FOOTINGS (IS: 456-1978) - oney 350 185 STABILITY OF CANTILEY ER_RETAINING WALL 7 ‘ LEVER RETAINING WALL 447 87. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH 449 Iz LE 2 . "= 485 189. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH 1810__DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL & 469 1811 BACK ANCHORING OF RETAINING WALL 470 Copyrighted material@) 19.1. __ INTRODUCTION 487. 193. __ ANALYSIS OF SPHERICAL DOMES a 488 195. DESIGN OF RC. DOMES a (CIS : 456-1978) = 5 INTRODUCTION 533 STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE (IS : 3370 - Part Il, 1965) .. 534 Copyrighted material@) 226, __ EFFECTS OF CONTINUITY 598 2.7. __ DESIGN OF TANK SUPPORTING TOWERS 598 228.__DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS 605 CHAPTER 23. _ WATER TANKS-IIl : RECTANGULAR TANKS 2%3.__INTRODUCTION 635 22___APPROXIMATE METHOD 635, 233.__EXACT METHOD 64) CHAPTER 24. WATER TANKS-IV : UNDERGROUND TANKS ‘24.1, _ INTRODUCTION 653 242.___EARTH PRESSURE ON TANK WALLS: 653 243___UPLIFT PRESSURE ON THE FLOOR OF THE TANK 655 (244.__DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TANK 655 Part II]_: Miscellaneous Structures CHAPTER 25. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES 251, LOADS ON PIPES 661 25.4. STRESSES DUE TO WEIGHT OF WATER INSIDE ~ 670 255. STRESSES DUE TO EARTHFILL OVER HAUNCHES - 670 256. STRESSES DUE TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON TOP 671 25.7. STRESSES DUE TO UNIFORM PRESSURE FROM SIDES 672 25.8. STRESSES DUE TO TRIANGULARLY DISTRI-BUTED LOAD 672 25.9. STRESSES DUE TO POINT LOAD ON CROWN ~ 673 25.10. STRESSES DUE TO OVER-BURDEN AND EXTERNAL LOADS ... 6B CHAPTER 26. BUNKERS AND SILOS 26.1.__ INTRODUCTION. 679 26.2. JANSSEN’S THEORY ie 619 263. __AIRY’S THEORY 682 264, BUNKERS 685 266, INDIAN STANDARD ON DESIGN OF BINS (IS : 4995-1968) .._ 687 CHAPTER 27. __CHIMNEYS 221 INTRODUCTION, OB 21.2.__WIND PRESSURE iB 213. ___ STRESSES IN CHIMNEY SHAFT DUE TO SELF-WEIGHT AND WIND sa 708ew) 214. STRESSES IN HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT DUE. TO WIND SHEAR 215. STRESSES DUE TO TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 226 ___ COMBINED EFFECT OF SELF LOAD, WIND 277. | TEMPERATURE STRESSES IN HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT 218. DESIGN OF R.C. CHIMNEY 294. | METHODS OF COMPUTING BM. 29.5.___ANALYSIS OF FRAMES SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL FORCES 296, PORTAL METHOD 297__ CANTILEVER METHOD. 298. FACTOR METHOD Part IV : Concrete Bridges CHAPTER 30. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS ‘40.1___AQUEDUCTS AND SYPHON AQUEDUCTS 302.__DESIGN OF AN AQUEDUCT 303. BOX CULVERT 304. DESIGN OF BOX CULVERT CHAPTER 31. CONCRETE BRIDGES 31.L___INTRODUCTION: VARIOUS TYPES OF BRIDGES 312.___SELECTION OF TYPE OF BRIDGE AND ECONOMIC SPAN LENGTH 313. TYPES OF LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES 314. LIVE LOAD 315. IMPACT EFFECT 316. WIND LOAD 3.2. __LONGITUDINAL FORCES BREE #288 BB EE 3 8 4 B BaBE anes 783evil) 318. LATERAL LOADS 785 319. __ CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 8S 3110. WIDTH OF ROADWAY AND FOOTWAY 4 786 3111. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS a 786 3112, SOLID SLAB BRIDGES a 788 1213, DECK GIRDER BRIDGES 798 3114. BM. IN SLAB SUPPORTED ON FOUR EDGES “ 800 31.15, DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS ON LONGITUDINAL BEAMS 808 31.16. METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS 809 3117. COURBON'S METHOD 821 3118__DESIGN OF A T-BEAM BRIDGE 822 Part V : Limit State Design CHAPTER 32, DESIGN CONCEPTS 32..__METHODS OF DESIGN 8 322. SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS . (IS : 456-1978) 864 323.__ CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS J. BO ‘CHAPTER 33. SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 33.1, LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE = 866 332. STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE 867 333. STRESS.STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL 867 334. | STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS. 3 869 335. DESIGN STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS (IS : 456- 1978) 3 871 336. | SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS : 872 337. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE - 873 338. DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTION 814 CHAPTER 34. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 34.1. NECESSITY : 881 ~ 342. STRESS BLOCK AND NA. 881 343. DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF RESISTANCE 882 344. DESIGN OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION 883 CHAPTER 35. T AND L-BEAMS 35.1. | INTRODUCTION 888 452. STRESS BLOCK AND NA. 888 353. MOMENT OF RESISTANCE WHEN ».Dy 889 354. MOMENT OF RESISTANCE WHEN NA. FALLS IN THE WEB 890(evil) 35.5. IS CODE PROCEDURE FOR FINDING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (IS : 456-1978) 893 35.6. _ DESIGN OF T-BEAM 894 35.7. DOUBLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS ‘901 CHAPTER 36. SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION 36.1. LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : SHEAR ~ 907 36.2. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH on 36.3, LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : TORSION . 913 CHAPTER 37. DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS 37.1 DESIGN OF BEAMS = 916 372. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER ~ 920 373. | DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM 922 8 B R RCEM 238 38.7. DESIGN_ SPECIFICATIONS (IS : 456-197) 938 CHAPTER 39. _COLUMNS WITH UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL BENDING 39.1. INTRODUCTION - 945 39.2. COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND UNIAXIAL BENDING __..._ 945 393.___ CONSTRUCTION OF INTERACTION CURVES FOR COLUMN DESIGN = 394. SHORT COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BEDNDING 8ST CHAPTER 40 DESIGN OF STAIR CASES IGN_OF STAIRS = 961 403. DESIGN OF DOG-LEGGED STAIR = 8S 40.4, DESIGN OF STAIRS WITH QUARTER SPACE LANDING 967 CHAPTER 41. TWO-WAY SLABS | N 970 FREE TO LIFT (LS. CODE METHOD). 413, RESTRAINED SLABS (1S. CODE METHOD) = OoCHAPTER 42. CIRCULAR SLABS 42.1. INTRODUCTION 422 SLAB FREELY SUPPORTED AT EDGES AND CARRYING UD.L. 981 981 423. SLABS FIXED AT EDGES AND CARRYING U.D.L 982 424, SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THE EDGES WITH LOAD W UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE 983 425. SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT EDGES, WITH U.D.L. INSIDE A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE 983 CHAPTER 43. YIELD LINE THEORY AND DESIGN OF SLABS 43.1. INTRODUCTION 989 432, YIELD LINE PATTERNS 989 434. ULTIMATE LOAD ON SLABS 992 435. | ANALYSIS BY VIRTUAL WORK METHOD 993 436. | ANALYSIS BY EQUILIBRIUM METHOD 1000 CHAPTER 44, __ FOUNDATIONS 441. INDIAN STANDARD CODE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN OF FOOTINGS (IS: 456-1978) 1008 442, ISOLATED FOOTING OF UNIFORM DEPTH __..__1011 443, ISOLATED SLOPED FOOTING. Part VI : Prestressed Concrete And Miscllaneous Topics CHAPTER 45. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 45.1. INTRODUCTION 452. BASIC CONCEPTS = 453. CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF PRESTRESSING 454. | PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS : END ANCHORAGES 455. LOSSES OF PRESTRESS 456 | COMPUTATION OF ELONGATION OF TENRONS 457. | PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 458. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 459. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 45.10. ANALYSIS OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE 45.11. KERN DISTANCES AND EFFICIENCY OF SECTION - 45.12. DESIGN OF SECTIONS FOR FLEXURE : MAGNEL'S METHOD ... 45.13. RECTANGULAR SECTION 45.14 SECTION 45.15. ALTERNATIVE DESIGN PROCEDURE 1019 1020 1029 1031 1039 1053 1056 1057 1057 1060 1064 1069 1072 1081ee) 45.16. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION = 1085 45.17. STRESSES AT ANCHORAGE. 1087 4526. INDIAN STANDARD CODE RECOMMENDATIONS (IS : 1343-1980) 1090 45, PROCEDURE. CHAPTER 46, SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 461. INTRODUCTION 111s 46.2. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE TS 463. | SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN SYMMETRICALLY REINFORCED SECTIONS WIT 464. SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS 18 465. INSTANTANEOUS AND REPEATED LOADING ON CONCRETE... 1120 466 SUSTAINED LOADING : CREEP 467 ___ FACTORS AFFECTING CREEP 4122 468. __ EFFECT OF CREEP ON £, AND m =: fiz 469 EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE AND CREEP IN COLUMNS 1124 4610 | EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE AND CREEP IN BEAMS 1125 CHAPTER 47. FORMWORK 47.1.___INTRODUCTION te 472. __ INDIAN STANDARD ON FORMWORK(IS : 456-1978) sa 1428, 473___LOADS ON FORMWORK tn 474. | SHUTTERING FOR COLUMNS on 1130 475. | SHUTTERING FOR BEAM AND SLAB FLOOR ow 1133 CHAPTER 48. TESTS FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE 48.1. INTRODUCTION 7,187 482, TEST FOR FINENESS OF CEMENT set MES 483.___TEST FOR CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE ___..__1140 484 TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF SETTING TIMES = Ua 485, TEST FOR SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT oT 486 TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT on 4. 487___ TEST FOR TENSILE STRENGTH OF CEMENT 1143 488. TEST FOR WORKABILITY MAS 489. TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = M146 4810. TEST FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH MAT APPENDIX-B __PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND CONCRETE __.._1153 APPENDIX-C___ REINFORCEMRNT _ 1160SYMBOLS ‘A= Total area of section. Ay= Equivalent area of helical reinforcement. Area of compressive stecl. Equivalent area of section, ‘Area of concrete core. ‘Area of steel or iron core. Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.) ‘Area of steel (tensile). ‘Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement. Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance 5, . Aw= Area of web reinforcement. Ag= Area of cross-section of one bar. Lever arm. Area of concrete. Flange width of T-beam. Width, Width of rib. Compressive force. Compressive stress in concrete. Stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel. Permissible tensile stress in concrete. Compressive stress at the jun Depth. Effective depth, Cover to compressive steel. Depth of siab. Cover to tensile steel. Eccentricity. = Compressive steel depth factor (= d./d) Shear force 1p of flange and web. = Design toad Radial shear force. Stress (in general). Characteristic compressive stress. i)(al) JG = Characteristic strength of steel, H = Height. Moment of inertia Equivalent moment of inertia of section. j= Lever arm factor. = Coefficient of active earth pressure. K, = Coefficient of passive earth pressure. k= Neutral axis depth factor (n/d). L= Length, L1= Development length. = Effective length of column ; Length ; Bond length. Bending moment ; moment. Moment of resistance ; Radial bending moment. Torsional: moment. Circumferential bending moment. Modular ratio. Depth of neutral axis. Depth of critical neutral axis. = Sum of perimeter of bars. = Active earth pressure. Passive earth pressure. = Ultimate Load. ercentage steel, Reinforcement ratio (A,/bd). Po Active earth pressure intensity, = Net upward soil pressure. , = Passive earth pressure intensity. Q= Shear resistance. q= Shear stress (due to bending). q’ = Shear stress due to torsion. - = Radius ; Resistance factor 70) - re Radius ; cost ratio of steel and concrete ; L/B ratio. 5 = Spacing of bars ; standard deviation. 44 = Average bond siress. 4y= Local bond stress. T= Tensile force ; Thickness of wall ; Torsional’ moment.(at = Torsional moment (limit state design) t= Tensile stress in steel. 4. = Compressive stress in compressive steel. V, = Shear force due to design load (limit state design) Ve = Strength of shear reinforcement (limit state design) W = Point load ; Total load. X = Coordinate. x, = Depth of neutral axis (limit state design) Z = Distance : Co-ordinate, Y,y = Coordinate Zs, Z;, = Bending moment coefficients. a= Inclination ; coefficient. B= Surcharge angle. y= Unit weight of soil. y’ = Submerged unit weight of soil 1y= Partial safety factor appropriate to the loading Yq = Partial safety factor appropriate to the material. Permissible stress in concrete (direct comp). oq! = Direct compressive stress in concrete. ce = Permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending. ~ = Ultimate compressive stress in concrete cubes. oO = Permissible compressive siress in bars. on = Permissible stress in helical reinforcement. op = Permissible punching shear stress, dy = Permissible stress in steel in tension. ou = Permissible tensile stress in main reinforcement. Gy = Yield point compressive stress in steel. = Coefficient of friction. © = Diameter of bar ; angle of intemal friction = angle tha = Design doid stress, tT. = Shear stress in concrete ‘Tomax = Max. shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement. Oe ty = Nominal shear stress.