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(P6) - Vectors
(P6) - Vectors
(P6) - Vectors
LECTURE 6
A.B Ax B x + A y B y + A z B z θ
cos θ = =
AB √ A x2 + A y 2 + A z 2 √ B x2 + B y 2 + B z 2 A
App. 3) To find angle between two vectors
Ax = A cos α
Ay = A cos β
Az = A cos γ
Ax Ay
cos α = cos β =
A A
Az
cos γ =
A
A x2 + A y 2 + A z 2
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = =1
2
A
What is Vector Product / Cross Product?
a × b
a × b
a ∧
× b = a b sinθ × u
a × b 2) c is perpendicular to a and b
c .a = c .b = 0
b
a
3) a × b = b × a c= a × b c ‘= b × a
a × b
│ c │ = │ c’ │
│a x b│ = │b x a│
b
θ a × b = b × a
a
a x b = -(b x a)
b × a
˄ ˄
i i
+ ve - ve
˄ ˄ ˄ ˄
k j k j
˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄
i × j = +k k×i=+j j×k=+i
˄j × ˄i = - k˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄
i×k=-j k×j=-i
How to calculate cross product of two 3D vectors?
An expression for cross product of two vectors
^i ^j ^k
A = Ax^i + Ay^j + Azk^
A×B = Ax Ay Az
B = Bx^i + By^j + Bzk^ Bx By Bz
Proof ^ ^ +A B ^ ^ ^ ^ +
A × B = Ax B x i×i x y i ×j + Ax B z i×k
Ay B x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ +
j × i + Ay B y j×j + Ay B z j ×k
Az B x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
k × i + Az B y k × j + Az B z k ×k
How to calculate cross product for two 3D vectors?
^ ^ +A B ^ ^ + A B ^ ^ + ˄ ˄ ˄
A × B = Ax B x i×i x y i ×j x z i×k k×i=+j
Ay B x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
j × i + Ay By j×j + Ay Bz j ×k + ˄ ˄ ˄
i×k=-j
Az B x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
k × i + Az B y k × j + Az B z k ×k ˄i × ˄j = +k
A × B = Ax B x 0 + Ax By ^k + Ax Bz ^ + ˄j × ˄i = - k˄
–j
Ay B x ^ +A B 0 + A B ^ + ˄j × ˄k = + ˄
–k y y y z i i
^
Az B x j + Az By –i^ + Az Bz 0 ˄k × ˄j = - ˄i
^ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄ ˄
^ ^ i×i=j×j=k×k=0
A × B = ( A y B z – A z B y ) i + ( A z B x– A xB z ) j + ( A xB y – A y B x) k
^ ^ ^
A × B = ( A y B z – A z B y ) i + ( A z B x– A xB z ) j + ( A xB y – A y B x) k
Solution + – +
i j k
A×B = 2 –5 3
3 4 –9
C = A× B
B.
C.
D.
Example → →
Find a unit vector ⊥ar to both A and B
→ ∧ ∧ → ∧∧
A=2i+4j B=i+j
Solution :
→ → ∧ ∧ ∧
A × B = (0 – 0) i – (0 – 0)j + (2 – 4)k
→ → → → ∧
C=A×B C = – 2k
∧ ∧ ∧
i j k C=2
→ → →
A×B= 2 4 0 ∧ C ∧
C= = –k
C
1 1 0
To find Area of Parallelogram and Triangle
B
h
θ
A
B
h
θ
A
= ⎪ A × B⎪
A
B
+B
A
A
→ →
Example If A & B represents sides of a parallelogram, then find its area.
→ ∧ ∧ ∧ → ∧ ∧ ∧
If A = 2i + 3 j + k and B = 2 i + 6 j + 2 k
A. 2√10 unit sq.
B. 2√11 unit sq.
C. 2√12 unit sq.
D. 2√13 unit sq.
Example → →
If A & B represents sides of a parallelogram, then find its area.
→ ∧ ∧ ∧ → ∧ ∧ ∧
If A = 2i + 3 j + k and B = 2 i + 6 j + 2 k
Solution :
→ → ∧ ∧
Area of Parallelogram = ⏐A × B ⏐ =–2j+6k
→ →
∧ ∧ ∧ ⏐A × B ⏐ = √4 + 36
i j k
= √40 = 2√10
→ → 2 3 1
A×B = = 2√10 unit sq.
2 6 2
∧ ∧ ∧ Thus,
= (6 – 6) i – (4 – 2) j + (12 – 6) k Area of Parallelogram = 2√10 unit sq.
Example Find the area of the triangle formed by
P = (3i + 4j + k)m and Q = (i – 2j + 2k)m as adjacent sides.
Solution A. 8.5 m2
B. 7.5 m2 Q
C. 6.5 m2
P
2
D. 5.5 m
Example Find the area of the triangle formed by
P = (3i + 4j + k)m and Q = (i – 2j + 2k)m as adjacent sides.
Solution
Q
1 P
Area of the triangle = ⎪P×Q⎪
2
i j k
∴ | P×Q | √ 100 + 25 + 100 = √ 225
P×Q = 3 4 1
=
1 –2 2 ∴ |P×Q | 15 sq. units
=
1
∴ P×Q i(8 + 2) – j(6 – 1) + k(–6 –4) A = ⎪P×Q⎪
2
=
∴ P×Q 10i – 5j – 10k 1
∴ A × 15 = 7.5 m2
= 2
=
Example
A. 0
B. -1
C. 1
D. √3
Example
Solution
Example
Example
Solution
Example A vector of magnitude a is rotated through angle θ. What is the
magnitude of the change in the vector ?
A. 2a sin θ/2
B. 2a cos θ/2
C. 2a sin θ
D. 2a cos θ
Example A vector of magnitude a is rotated through angle θ. What is the
magnitude of the change in the vector ?
Solution →
a2 →
Δa
θ
→
a1
Solution Hence
→
a2 → → →
Δa Δa =⎮ a2 – a1⎮ = [a22 + a12 – 2a2a1 cos θ] 1/2
θ = [2 a2 (1 – cos θ)] 1/2
→ = [22 a2 (sin 2 θ/2 )] 1/2
a1
= 2 a sin θ/2
A.
B.
C.
D.
→ →
Example If a and b are two vectors perpendicular to each other and
→ → → → → →
|a| = |b| = 1, determine the angle between ( a + b ) and (2a + b ).
Solution →
→
Let θ be the angle between a and b
→ → → →
( a + b ).(2a + b ) = 2a2 + a.b + 2 a.b + b2
= 2a2 + 3 a.b + b2
= 2a2 + b2 = 2(1) + (1) = 3
→ →
|a + b| = √a2 + b2 + 2ab cos θ
= √(1)2 + (1)2 + 2(1)(1) cos 90 = √2
→ →
|2a + b| = √(2a)2 + b2 + 2(2a)b cos θ = √4(1)2 + (1)2 + 4(1)(1) cos 90
= √5
Let α be the angle between
→ → → →
( a + b ) and (2a + b )
→ → → → 3
( a + b ).( 2a + b )
cos α = =
→ → → → √2 √5
|a + b||2a + b|
3 3
cos α = α = cos–1
√10 √10
Example Find component of vector
(i) x-axis
(ii)
Given - , and
A.
B.
C.
D.
Example Find component of vector
(i) x-axis
(ii)
Given - , and
Solution
F C
A a B
→ → → →
Example If a and b are the vectors AB and BC determined by the adjacent
sides of a regular hexagon. What are the vectors determined by
the other sides taken in order?
E D
Solution Given
Then b
A a B
→ → → → → →
Example If |a| = 1, |b| = 2 , |c| = 4 then resultant a + b + c CANNOT
have a magnitude of :
A. 7
B. 1
C. 5
D. 0
→ → → → → →
Example If |a| = 1, |b| = 2 , |c| = 4 then resultant a + b + c CANNOT
have a magnitude of :
A.
B.
C.
D.
The value of is
A.
B.
C.
D.
If and , then value of will be
A.
B.
C.
D.
A vector points vertically upward and points towards north. The vector
product is
A. Zero
B. Along west
C. Along east
D. Vertically downward
The angle between the vectors and is 𝝷. The value of the triple
product is
A. A2B
B. Zero
C. A2Bsin𝝷
D. A2Bcos𝝷
If , then which of the following statements is wrong
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following is the unit vector perpendicular to and ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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