Summary: Outline the process involved in genetic engineering

Traditional Breeding
 Occurs between closely related organisms.
 Genetic exchange occurs in reproductive cells, and occurs between related
chromosomes.
 Through homologous recombination.
 Amount of DNA and spacing between genes remain the same.

Genetic Engineering
 The use of technology to change the genetic makeup of living things for human
purposes.
 Is human-made and can subject to human and other errors.
 Involves any gene from any organism, alive or dead, or synthesized in a lab.
 Occurs in somatic cells.
 Insertion into chromosomes occurs randomly.

DNA Cloning
 The process of making multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of DNA

Summary: Discuss the application of recombinant DNA.

Recombinant DNA is the term used to describe the combination of two DNA strands
that are constructed artificially.

Applications in Medicine

 Insulin- Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the scientist to develop

human insulin by using the bacteria as a host cell and it is also available in the
market. This hormone is responsible for controlling the glucose level in humans.
 Vaccines- Recombinant DNA technology enables the scientists to develop
vaccines by cloning the gene used for protective antigen protein.
 Human growth hormones- Scientist have developed many growth hormones
using recombinant DNA technology. It is responsible for growth, reproduction of
cells and regeneration in humans as well as animals. The disease of dwarfism is
treated with this hormone.
 Gene Therapy- Genetic engineering may one day enable the medicinal scientists
to replace the defective genes responsible for hereditary diseases with normal
genes. This new system of therapy is called gene therapy.
Summary: Describe the general features of history of life on earth, including
generally accepted dates and sequence of geologic time scale and characteristics
of major groups of organism present during this time of period.

Geologic Time Scale - a tabular representation of the major divisions of the history of
Earth.

Divisions of Geologic Time Scale:

 Eon- longest division that spans hundreds to thousands of millions of years ago.
 Era- division that span time periods of tens to hundreds of millions of years.
 Period- division that spans no more than one hundred million yeays.
 Epoch- smallest division that is characterized by distinctive organisms.

Four Eons of Geologic Time Scale:

 Hadean - 4.6 to 3.9 billion years ago.

 Archean - 3.9 to 2.5 billion years ago
 Proterozoic – 2.5 billion years ago to 540 million years ago.
 Phanerozoic – 540 million years ago through today and divided into three
eras.

Eras in Geologic Time Scale

 Precambrian - 4600 to 542 million years ago and considered as the oldest era.
 Paleozoic – 570 to 250 million years ago, known as Age of Amphibians, Fishes
and invertebrates, and divided into six periods; Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian.
 Mesozoic- lasted from 250 million years ago to 65 million years ago, known as
time of reptiles and divided into three periods; Triassic Jurassic and Cretaceous.
 Cenozoic- 65 million years ago to present days and development of modern
mammals and human beings. It is divided into two periods; Tertiary and
Quaternary.

Periods under the Paleozoic Era

 Cambrian- 540 to 500 million years ago. Explosion of life forms. First shellfish,
primitive fish, trilobites, corals and mollusks.
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