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Sent Synt Curs 6
Sent Synt Curs 6
1. Introductory elements
conjunctions
because, Clauses introduced by because and He passed the exam successfully
on the grounds on the grounds that are placed in because he had studied hard.
that final position in most cases. It’s because he had studied hard that
The conjunction because is always he passed the exam.
used when the subordinate clause is The specialist rejected the method or
given emphasis (after it is/ it was). chemical analysis on the grounds that
When on the grounds that is used, the it was not accurate.
emphasis is implicitly laid on the
reason and the subordinate clause
comes last.
as, introduce clauses which are normally As Milton was blind when he
since, placed in initial position (the composed „The Paradise Lost”, he
considering that, emphasis being on the result stated in dictated it to his daughters.
seeing that, the main clause). Since we were short of moeny we
now that decided to postpone our trip abroad.
Seeing that it’s raining you had better
stay indoors.
Considering that the performance was
extraordinary, the actors were aearded
special prizes.
Now that we are here, we may as well
see the sights.
that after adjectives (and past participles) He is sorry (that) he can’t come.
that express feelings; the conjunction
is dropped in colloquial style.
1. Introductory elements
conjunctions: though, although, as, even if, even though, no matter
though, – usually interchangeable; She is taking the exam this summer
although though – more colloquial, seldom although/ though she does not expect to
employed at the head of the pass.
sentence, but it can occur in non- Although Britain considers itself an
initial position within the advanced country, it has a very old-
subordinate clause fashioned system of measurements.
Young though he is, he has already made
a name as a novelist.
He looks stupid; he knows a lot of things,
though.
as – expresses concession only in Rich as he is I don’t envy him. Pretty as
non-initial position within the she is few people like her.
clause (placed after an adjective Hard as he tried he could not open the
or adverb which are given front door.
position for emphasis); yet, as is Michael, fool as he was (= since he was a
ambiguous in non-initial position, fool, = being a fool; not concessive),
having the meaning of cause or completely ruined the dinner.
circumstance.
even if, even – indicate an overlap between Even of / Even though you don’t like him,
though conditional and concessive you can still be polite to him.
clauses, expressing both the
dependence of one circumstance
upon another and the surprising
nature of this dependence.
conjunctive adverb:
however However often I try (though I often try) I cannot find a solution.
conjunctive constructions:
no matter what / who / which; No matter how hard I try, I can never catch up with them.
it doesn’t matter what / who / which
2. Sequence of tenses
The Adverbial Clause of Affirmative Purpose usually contains an Analytic Subjunctive formed
by means of the modal auxiliaries will/would, can/could, may/might, shall/should.
The choice of the auxiliary depends on two factors:
a. the tense of the verb in the main clause
a main verb in the will, can, may, shall in the I’ll send the letter airmail so that he will /
present, present clause of affirmative purpose can / may get it right away.
perfect, future
a main verb in the past would, could, might, should in He wrote the notice in several languages so
tense the clause of affirmative that the foreign tourists could understand
purpose them.
b. the introductory conjunction
so that any auxiliary I lent him the dictionary so that he might
do the translation.
Thirty copies of the book were bought so
that each boy in the class should have one.
in order that may, shall I did it in order that everyone should be
satisfied.
that is normally followed by may The door of Scoorge’s house was open that
he might keep an eye upon his clerk.
2. Sequence of tenses
The Adverbial Clause of Negative Purpose usually contains an Analytic Subjunctive formed
by means of the modal auxiliaries will/would, shall/should, may/might or the Indicative Mood.
The choice of the auxiliary depends on two factors:
a. the tense of the verb in the main clause
a main verb in the will, can, may, shall in I’ll send the letter airmail so that he will / can /
present, present the clause of negative may get it right away.
perfect, future purpose
a main verb in the past would, could, might, He hid behind some bushes for fear that passers-
tense should in the clause of by should see him.
affirmative purpose
b. the introductory conjunction
for fear that any auxiliary He didn’t turn on the light for fear that she might
wake up.
I didn’t tell him for fear that she would put the
blame on me.
so that, lest, in case shall / should Put out the candles, so that they shan’t see the
light when I open the shutters. (G.B. Shaw)
I must give him a list so that he won’t forget what
to buy.
She dared not approach a window lest he should
see her from the street. (Charles Dickens)
She was going on tiptoes lest she should disturb
him.
The Indicative Mood (Simple Present or Past Tense) is only used in Clauses of Negative
Purpose introduced by in case:
e.g. I’ll give him a list in case he should forget what to buy.
I’ll give him a list in case he forgets what to buy.
gerundial construction preceded by the preposition for. The gerund is used to express the general
purpose of things, while the infinitive is used when we are considering a particular purpose:
A corkscrew is a tool for opening bottles.
I’m looking for a corkscrew to open this bottle with.
1. Introductory elements
conjunctions: so that, so, that (informally, in so that the conjunction that is omitted)
We planted hundreds of shrubs, so that by August the garden had improved out of all recognition.
I was tired, so that I went to bed early.