Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada
texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación en
inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships are
as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of the business
name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep
accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement for the
business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue
Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar year and can use the
cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations versus

other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate lower

than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import business
can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other sources. Sole
proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt retirement accounts.
(Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought to
protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the owner
may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the death or
disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.

Vocabulario significado
Advantages: Circumstanceor situation that Ventajas: Circunstancia o situación
givessuperiority in something. que da superioridad en alguna cosa
Disadvantages:Circumstance of Desventajas: Circunstancia de ser
beingworse or being in a peor o estar en peor situación una
worsesituation one thing withrespect cosa respecto a otras de la misma
to others of thesame nature with naturaleza con la que se compara.
which it iscompared. Less Situación menos favorable en que se
favorablesituation in which a personor halla una persona o cosa respecto a
thing is with respect toothers with otras con las que se compara.
which it iscompared.
Attorney: Person legallyauthorized to Abogado: Persona legalmente
advise anddefend the rights autorizada para asesorar y defender
andinterests of another personin legal los derechos e intereses de otra
matters andrepresent it in a persona en materia jurídica
lawsuit. y representarla en un pleito
Sin:Indicates lack or lackof Without: Indica falta o carencia de
something material orimmaterial. alguna cosa material o inmaterial
Proprietorships: PropertyrightsIn the Propietarios: Derecho de propiedad,
right, the domain orproperty, is the en el derecho, el dominio o
direct andimmediate power over propiedad, es el poder directo e
anobject or good, by which inmediato sobre un objeto o bien, por
isattributed to its owner theability to la que se atribuye a su titular la
dispose of it, without further capacidad de disponer del mismo,
limitationsthan those imposed by law sin más limitaciones que las que
imponga la ley.
Returns: The return is theact of giving Devoluciones: La devolución es el
somethingback to someone. It is acto de entregar algo nuevamente a
aprocess that is based on aright of
possession of acertain person with
respectto a certain good that
wasdelivered with some type
ofspecific objective
Applied: That puts effort,interest and
perseverancein the accomplishment
of awork or in the developmentof an
activity, especially inthe study.
Loans:A loan is anoperation by which
afinancial institution puts atour
disposal a certainamount of money
through acontract.
Skills: The ability is theinnate aptitude,
talent, skillor ability that a personholds
to carry out and ofcourse
with success,certain activity,
work
Losses: Small amount ofblood or
discharge from thewomb that is
abnormallyexpelled outside of
themenstrual period.
Upon: Heritage prefix ofLatin origin
that enters theformation of names
withthe meaning of 'above','besides'.
Judgment: Faculty ofunderstanding,
by virtue ofwhich man can
distinguishgood from evil and
truefrom false.
alguien. Es un proceso de se
sustenta en un derecho de posesión
de una determinada persona con
respecto a un determinado bien que
fue entregado con algún tipo de
objetivo específico.
Aplicado: Que pone esfuerzo, interés
y constancia en la realización de un
trabajo o en el desarrollo de una
actividad, en especial en el estudio.
Prestamos: Un préstamo es una
operación por la cual una entidad
financiera pone a nuestra disposición
una cantidad determinada de dinero
mediante un contrato.
Habilidades: La habilidad es la
aptitud innata, talento, destreza o
capacidad que ostenta una persona
para llevar a cabo y por supuesto con
éxito determinada actividad, trabajo
Pérdidas: Cantidad pequeña de
sangre o flujo procedente de la
matriz que se expulsa
anormalmente fuera del período
menstrual.
Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial de origen
latino que entra en la formación de
nombres con el significado
de ‘por encima de’, ‘además
de’.
Juicio: Facultad del entendimiento,
por cuya virtud el hombre puede
distinguir el bien del mal y lo
verdadero de lo falso
 Income: Amount of moneyearned or
collected
Little: That has a smallersize than
normal.
Sole: it applies to one or several things
of wich or of whose species there are
no others
Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero
ganada o recaudada.
Pequeño: Que tiene un tamaño
menor de lo normal.
Único: se aplica a una o varias cosas
de las cuales o cuya especie no hay
ninguna otra

3. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga transcripción
literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a presente
progresivo, también en inglés.

How to carry out a business.

There are different forms of commercial organizations.
The director controls all export and import operations.
The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs.
The owners are in charge of making all the decisions.
The individual companies are governamental.
The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate.

4. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.
How to carry out an export and import business, in different formsof
commercial organizations since the director controls all exportand import
operations, where the sole proprietors are simple andlow in cost and make
all the decisions in front of the business.Individual companies are
governmental and have a lower rate thanthe tax rate, thus carrying the
responsibility of the businessKnowing well that each legal form in which
the company has itslegal bases will apply different processes why you
should knowwhat you should apply to have greater knowledge and not
havelegal consequences in the environment even with a
singleadministrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal healthand
tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide thecompany
with better quality and good recognition at theinternational level and to
conquer or reach large countries for itsadvertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato .doc
o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades propuestas,
saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.