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Chemistry Study Sheet
Chemistry Study Sheet
Laws
Boyle’s Law Degrees Celsius has the same increments as degrees Kelvin.
1 To convert, plus 273.
P∝
v
PV = k Volume
P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law mL (cm3) L(dm3) m3
V∝T
V=kT
V1 V2
= To convert forward, multiply by 10-3. To convert back,
T 1 T2
multiply by 103. To skip an increment and increase or
Gay-Lussac’s Law(LOL)
decrease straight from mL to m3, multiply by 106 or 10-6
P∝T
accordingly.
P = kT
P 1 P2
=
T1 T2 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Quote this in the test!)
ALL LAWS ABOVE COMBINED - Gases are made up of particles moving with
P 1 V 1 P 2V 2 constant random motion.
=
T1 T2 - The average kinetic energy increases as
Ideal Gas Equation temperature increases.
PV = nRT; where: - Collisions with outer gas particles and with
P = Pressure in Pa(Nm-3) the walls of the container are perfectly
V = Volume in m3 elastic. (No energy is lost or gained)
n = Number of Moles (don’t - The forces of attraction and repulsion
forget that moles = between gas particles are practically zero.
M ( Mass) - The particles are very far apart – The volume
) of the particles is very small compared to the
m(Molar Mass)
R = Ideal Gas Constant; 8.31JK-1 volume of the container.
T = Temp in Kelvin. - Gases do not follow these assumptions,
s.t.p = Standard Temperature and especially if they are subjected to high
Pressure = 273K and 101 325Pa. pressure, low volume and low temperature
Molar Volume environments.
V - Gases that obey all the five assumptions are
n= ; said to be ‘Ideal’. Eg. H2, He.
Vm
Stoichi-betchcaking-ometry Extra Theory:
Steps: “Equal volumes of gases contain
1. Write a chemical equation and balance it. equal numbers of particles/moles”
2. Using the grams provided within the question, -Avogadro, Molar volume theory.
use the moles = mass over molar mass rule to
find the moles. Then use ratios to find out the
moles of substance given. Only use the Air Pollution – Ozone layer
numbers in front, eg. A ratio of two would From Chlorofluorocarbons. (CFC’s)
come from 2Na, not H2.
3. From there, use a the PV = nRT rule, OR, if the CHFCl2 (With UV) CHFCl + Cl
question contains either S.L.C or S.T.P, use the *Cl is a free radical.
n = V upon Vm rule. Cl + O3 ClO +O2
4. We only use the easy peasy switcheroo mole CLO + O3 2O2 +Cl
rule when BOTH THE REACTANT AND The free radical, Cl, persists, destroying
PRODUCT ARE GASES. WHEN BOTH THE ozone.
REACTANT AND PRODUCT ARE To reduce, stop using CFC’s in aerosol
cans. Note that this has already been
GASES.
reduced greatly and the hole is
shrinking.
Composition of Air
N2 – 78.08% Test is on Friday,
O2 – 20.95%
Ar – 0.93% 8.35-10.35
CO2 – 0.03%