Bataan Death March

The Bataan Death March (Filipino: Martsa

ng Kamatayan sa Bataan; Japanese: バタ
ーン死の⾏進, Hepburn: Batān Shi no
Kōshin) was the forcible transfer by the
Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000–80,000
American and Filipino prisoners of war
from Saysain Point, Bagac, Bataan and
Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell, Capas,
Tarlac, via San Fernando, Pampanga,
where the prisoners were loaded onto
trains. The transfer began on April 9, 1942,
after the three-month Battle of Bataan in
the Philippines during World War II. The
total distance marched from Mariveles to
San Fernando and from the Capas Train
Station to Camp O'Donnell is variously
reported by differing sources as between
60 and 69.6 miles (96.6 and 112.0 km).
Differing sources also report widely
differing prisoner of war casualties prior to
reaching Camp O'Donnell: from 5,000 to
18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650
American deaths during the march. The
march was characterized by severe
physical abuse and wanton killings, and
was later judged by an Allied military
commission to be a Japanese war crime.

Background
Prelude

When General MacArthur returned to

active duty, the latest revision of plans for
the defense of the Philippine Islands—
called WPO-3—was politically unrealistic,
assuming a conflict
Bataan Death
only involving the March
United States and
Part of the Battle of
Japan, not the Bataan, World War II
combined Axis
powers. However,
the plan was Use data to see photos

tactically sound,
and its provisions
A burial detail of
for defense were
American and Filipino
applicable under prisoners of war uses
any local improvised litters to
carry fallen comrades
situation.[1]
at Camp O'Donnell,
Capas, Tarlac, 1942,
Under WPO-3, the following the Bataan
mission of the Death March.
Philippine garrison
Date April 9,
was to hold the
1942
entrance to Manila
Location Mariveles,
Bay and deny its use
Bataan
to Japanese naval and Bagac,
forces. If the enemy Bataan to
Capas,
prevailed, the
Tarlac,
Americans were to
Luzon
make every attempt Island,
to hold back the Philippines
Japanese advance Casualties and
while withdrawing losses
to the Bataan Exact figures are
Peninsula, which unknown. Estimates

was recognized as range from 5,650 to

18,000 POW deaths.
the key to the
control of Manila
Bay. It was to be defended to the "last
extremity."[1] General MacArthur assumed
command of the Allied army in July 1941
and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring
a more aggressive course of action.[2] He
recommended—among other things—a
coastal defense strategy that would
include the entire archipelago. His
recommendations were followed in the
plan that was eventually approved.[1]

The main force of General Masaharu

Homma's 14th Army came ashore at
Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22
December. The defenders failed to hold
the beaches. By the end of the day, the
Japanese had secured most of their
objectives and were in position to emerge
onto the central plain. Late on the
afternoon of the 23rd Wainwright
telephoned General MacArthur's
headquarters in Manila and informed him
that any further defense of the Lingayen
beaches was "impracticable." He
requested and was given permission to
withdraw behind the Agno River.
MacArthur decided to abandon his own
plan for defense and revert to WPO-3,
evacuating President Manuel L. Quezon,
High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre, their
families, and his own headquarters to
Corregidor on the 24th. A rear echelon,
headed by the deputy chief of staff, Brig.
Gen. Richard J. Marshall, remained behind
in Manila to close out the headquarters
and to supervise the shipment of supplies
and the evacuation of the remaining
troops.[1]

On December 26 Manila was officially

declared an open city and MacArthur's
proclamation was published in the
newspapers and broadcast over the
radio.[1]

The Battle of Bataan began January 7,

1942, and continued until April 9, when the
USAFFE commander, Maj. Gen. Edward
King, Jr., surrendered to Col. Mootoo
Nakayama of the 14th Japanese Army.[3]
Surrender

Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma and

his staff encountered almost twice as
many captives as his reports had
estimated, creating an enormous logistical
challenge: the transport and movement of
over sixty-thousand starved, sick, and
debilitated prisoners and over thirty eight
thousand equally weakened civilian
noncombatants that had been caught up
in the battle. He wanted to move prisoners
and refugees to the north to get them out
of the way of Homma's final assault on
Corregidor, but there was simply not
enough mechanized transport to move the
masses of wounded, sick, and weakened
remainder of troops.[4]

March
Route of the death march; the section from San
Fernando to Capas was by rail cars.[5][6]

Dead soldiers on the Bataan Death March

Death March (95th km) marker, Bacolor, Pampanga

(where the Filipinos passed)
Following the surrender of Bataan on April
9, 1942, to the Imperial Japanese Army,
prisoners were massed in Mariveles and
Bagac town.[3][7]

As the defeated defenders were massed in

preparation for the march, they were
ordered to turn over their possessions.
American Lieutenant Kermit Lay recounted
how this was done:

They pulled us off into a rice

paddy and began shaking us
down. There [were] about a
hundred of us so it took time to
get to all of us. Everyone had
pulled their pockets wrong side
out and laid all their things out
in front. They were taking
 jewelry and doing a lot of
slapping. I laid out my New
Testament. ... After the
shakedown, the Japs took an
officer and two enlisted men
behind a rice shack and shot
them. The men who had been
next to them said they had
Japanese souvenirs and
money.[8]

Word quickly spread among the prisoners

to conceal or destroy any Japanese money
or mementos, as the captors assumed it
had been stolen from dead Japanese
soldiers.[8]

Prisoners started out from Mariveles on

April 10, and Bagac on April 11, converging
in Pilar, Bataan, and heading north to the
San Fernando railhead.[3] At the beginning
of capture there were rare instances of
kindness by Japanese officers and those
Japanese soldiers who spoke English,
such as sharing of food and cigarettes and
permitting personal possessions to be
kept. This was fast followed by unrelenting
brutality, theft, and even knocking men's
teeth out for gold fillings, as the common
Japanese soldier had also suffered in the
Battle for Bataan and had nothing but
disgust and hatred for his "captives"
(Japan did not recognize these people as
POWs).[4] The first atrocity—attributed to
Colonel Masanobu Tsuji[9]—occurred when
approximately 350 to 400 Filipino officers
and NCOs under his supervision were
summarily executed in the Pantingan River
massacre after they had
surrendered.[10][11] Tsuji—acting against
General Homma's wishes that the
prisoners be transferred peacefully—had
issued clandestine orders to Japanese
officers to summarily execute all American
"captives."[4] Although some Japanese
officers ignored the orders, others were
receptive to the idea of murdering
POWs.[12]

During the march, prisoners received little

food or water, and many died.[2][13][14]
Prisoners were subjected to severe
physical abuse, including being beaten and
tortured.[15] On the march, the "sun
treatment" was a common form of torture.
Prisoners were forced to sit in sweltering
direct sunlight, without helmets or other
head covering. Anyone who asked for
water was shot dead. Some men were told
to strip naked or sit within sight of fresh,
cool water.[8] Trucks drove over some of
those who fell or succumbed to
fatigue,[16][17][18] and "cleanup crews" put
to death those too weak to continue,
though some trucks picked up some of
those too fatigued to continue. Some
marchers were randomly stabbed by
bayonets or beaten.[2][19] The Death March
was later judged by an Allied military
commission to be a Japanese war
crime.[15]

Once the surviving prisoners arrived in

Balanga, the overcrowded conditions and
poor hygiene caused dysentery and other
diseases to spread rapidly. The Japanese
did not provide the prisoners with medical
care, so U.S. medical personnel tended to
the sick and wounded with few or no
supplies.[13] Upon arrival at the San
Fernando railhead, prisoners were stuffed
into sweltering, brutally hot metal box cars
for the one-hour trip to Capas, in 43 °C
(110 °F) heat. At least 100 prisoners were
pushed into each of the trains'
unventilated boxcars. The trains had no
sanitation facilities, and disease continued
to take a heavy toll on the prisoners.
According to Staff Sergeant Alf Larson:

The train consisted of six or

seven World War I-era boxcars.
... They packed us in the cars like
sardines, so tight you couldn't
sit down. Then they shut the
door. If you passed out, you
couldn't fall down. If someone
had to go to the toilet, you went
right there where you were. It
was close to summer and the
weather was hot and humid,
hotter than Billy Blazes! We
 were on the train from early
morning to late afternoon
without getting out. People died
in the railroad cars.[8]

Upon arrival at the Capas train station,

they were forced to walk the final 14 km
(9 mi) to Camp O'Donnell.[13] Even after
arriving at Camp O'Donnell, the survivors
of the march continued to die at rates of
up to several hundred per day, which
amounted to a death toll of as many as
20,000 Filipino and American deaths.[14][20]
Most of the dead were buried in mass
graves that the Japanese had dug behind
the barbed wire surrounding the
compound.[21] Of the estimated 80,000
POWs at the march, only 54,000 made it to
Camp O'Donnell.[22]
The total distance of the march from
Mariveles to San Fernando and from
Capas to Camp O'Donnell (which
ultimately became the U.S. Naval Radio
Transmitter Facility in Capas, Tarlac; 1962-
1989)[23] is variously reported by differing
sources as between 96.6 and 112.0 km
(60 and 69.6 mi).[3][22][24][25]

Casualty estimates

Credible sources report widely differing

prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching
their destination: from 5,000 to 18,000
Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American
deaths during the
march.[10][13][22][24][26][27][28][29]

Wartime public responses

United States
News of the Bataan Death March sparked outrage in
the US, as reflected in this propaganda poster.

It was not until January 27, 1944, that the

U.S. government informed the American
public about the march, when it released
sworn statements of military officers who
had escaped.[30] Shortly thereafter the
stories of these officers were featured in a
LIFE magazine article.[31][32] The Bataan
Death March and other Japanese actions
were used to arouse fury in the United
States.[33]
General George Marshall made the
following statement:

These brutal reprisals upon

helpless victims evidence the
shallow advance from savagery
which the Japanese people have
made. ... We serve notice upon
the Japanese military and
political leaders as well as the
Japanese people that the future
of the Japanese race itself,
depends entirely and irrevocably
upon their capacity to progress
beyond their aboriginal barbaric
instincts.[34]

Japanese
In an attempt to counter the American
propaganda value of the march, the
Japanese had The Manila Times report
that the prisoners were treated humanely
and their death rate had to be attributed to
the intransigence of the American
commanders who did not surrender until
the men were on the verge of death.[35]

War crimes trial

Portion of Bataan disinterment map highlighting the

site of the 1942 Pantingan Massacre

In September 1945, General Masaharu

Homma was arrested by Allied troops and
indicted for war crimes.[36] Homma was
charged with 43 different counts of crimes
against humanity.[37] Homma was found
guilty of permitting members of his
command to commit "brutal atrocities and
other high crimes".[38] The general, who
had been absorbed in his efforts to
capture Corregidor after the fall of Bataan,
claimed in his defense that he remained
ignorant of the high death toll of the death
march until two months after the event.[39]
Homma's verdict was predicated on
respondeat superior but with the added
liability standard, since the latter could not
be rebutted.[40] On February 26, 1946, he
was sentenced to death by firing squad,
and was executed on April 3, 1946, outside
Manila.[36]

Masanobu Tsuji, who directly ordered the

killing of POWs, fled to China from
Thailand when the war ended to escape
the British authorities.[41]
Also in Japan, Generals Hideki Tōjō (later
Prime Minister), Kenji Doihara, Seishirō
Itagaki, Heitarō Kimura, Iwane Matsui, and
Akira Mutō, along with Baron Kōki Hirota,
were found guilty and responsible for the
maltreatment of American and Filipino
POWs. They were executed by hanging at
Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December
23, 1948. Several others were sentenced
to imprisonment between 7 and 22 years.

Post-war commemorations,
apologies, and memorials

U.S. Army personnel toiled to identify the charred

remains of Americans captured at Bataan and
Corregidor and burned alive on Palawan Picture
Corregidor and burned alive on Palawan. Picture
shows charred remains being interred in grave. March
20, 1945.

In 2012, film producer Jan Thompson

created a film documentary about the
Death March, POW camps, and Japanese
hell ships titled Never the Same: The
Prisoner-of-War Experience. The film
reproduced scenes of the camps and
ships showed drawings and writings of the
prisoners, and featured Loretta Swit as the
narrator.[42][43]

On September 13, 2010, Japanese Foreign

Minister Katsuya Okada apologized to a
group of six former American soldiers
who, during World War II were held as
prisoners of war by the Japanese,
including 90-year-old Lester Tenney and
Robert Rosendahl, both survivors of the
Bataan Death March. The six, their
families, and the families of two deceased
soldiers were invited to visit Japan at the
expense of the Japanese government.[44]

Dozens of memorials (including

monuments, plaques, and schools)
dedicated to the prisoners who died during
the Bataan Death March exist across the
United States and in the Philippines. A
wide variety of commemorative events are
held to honor the victims, including
holidays, athletic events such as
ultramarathons, and memorial ceremonies
held at military cemeteries.

On April 3, 2002, the memorial "Heroes of

Bataan" was dedicated at Veteran's
Park,[45] Las Cruces, New Mexico. It
depicts three soldiers assisting each other
during the Bataan Death March. Two of the
soldiers are modeled after the uncles of
Las Cruces resident J. Joe Martinez, with
the Filipino soldier modeled after a NCO
stationed at WSMR (White Sands Missile
Range) whose grandfather was killed
during the March. Leading up to the statue
is an area where footprints of survivors
were cast in concrete.

Bataan Death March Memorial featuring Filipino and

American soldiers, Las Cruces, New Mexico
Footprints of survivors of the Bataan Death March
leading up to statue, "Heroes of Bataan", Veteran's

Park, Las Cruces, New Mexico

The Bataan Death March had a large

impact on the U.S. state of New Mexico,[46]
given that many of the U.S. soldiers in
Bataan were from New Mexico,
specifically from the 200th/515th Coast
Artillery of the National Guard.[47] The New
Mexico National Guard Bataan Memorial
Museum is located in the Armory where
the soldiers of the 200th and 515th were
processed before their deployment to the
Philippines in 1941.[48] Every year, in early
spring, the Bataan Memorial Death March,
a 42.2 km (26.2 mi) march/run is
conducted at White Sands Missile Range,
New Mexico.[49][50] On March 19th 2017,
over 6,300 participants queued up at the
starting line for the 28th annual event,
breaking not only all previous records of
attendance but also the amount of non-
perishable food collected for local food
pantries and overall charitable goods
donated. Out of all the veterans from New
Mexico that survived the Bataan Death
March, only four are still alive today.[51]

As of 2012, there were fewer than 1,000

survivors of the March still living.[52] The
old state capitol building of New Mexico
was renamed the Bataan Memorial
Building and now houses several state
government agency offices.[53]

Notable captives and

survivors
José Agdamag
Ramon Bagatsing
Bert Bank
Lewis C. Beebe
Clifford Bluemel
Albert Braun
Thomas F. Breslin
William E. Brougher
Albert Brown
Jose Calugas
Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr.
Charles C. Drake
William Dyess
Alva R. Fitch
Frank Albert Forni
Arnold J. Funk
Martin Gison
Samuel A. Goldblith
Samuel Grashio
Samuel L. Howard
Ray C. Hunt
Harold Keith Johnson
Albert M. Jones
Joe Kieyoomia
Edward P. King
Jesse Monroe Knowles
Charles S. Lawrence
Maxon S. Lough
Robert W. Levering
Joe Lingad
Allan C. McBride
George F. Moore
John E. Olson
George M. Parker
Clinton A. Pierce
Salvador A. Rodolfo, Sr.
Robert Sheats
 Austin Shofner[54]
Wilburn Snyder
James C. Spencer
Benigno G. Tabora
Robert P. Taylor
Mario Tonelli
Thomas J. H. Trapnell
James R.N. Weaver
Edgar Whitcomb
Manuel T. Yan
Teófilo Yldefonso
Edward W. Stewart

See also
Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)
Burma Railway
Manila massacre
Pantingan River massacre
 Raid at Cabanatuan
Sandakan Death Marches
The Great Raid (2005)
The March (1945)
USS Bataan (CVL-29)
USS Bataan (LHD-5)
Women of Valor (1986)

References
Notes

1. Morton, Louis (1953). The Fall of the

Philippines. US Army Center of Military
History.
2. Murphy, Kevin C. (2014). Inside the
Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and
Memory. Jefferson, North Carolina:
McFarland. p. 328. ISBN 978-0786496815.
3. Esconde, Ernie B. (April 9, 2012). "WW2
historical markers remind Pinoys of
Bataan's role on Day of Valor" . GMA
Network. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
4. Woolfe, Jr., Raymond G. (2016). The
Doomed Horse Soldiers of Bataan: The
Incredible Stand of the 26th Cavalry.
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 414.
ISBN 978-1442245341.
5. Hubbard, Preston John (1990).
Apocalypse Undone: My Survival of
Japanese Imprisonment During World War
II . Vanderbilt University Press. p. 87.
ISBN 978-0-8265-1401-1.
6. Bilek, Anton (Tony) (2003). No Uncle
Sam: The Forgotten of Bataan . Kent State
University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-87338-
768-2.
7. Falk, Stanley L. (1962). Bataan: The
March of Death. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company. OCLC 1084550 .
8. Greenberger, Robert (2009). The Bataan
Death March: World War II Prisoners in the
Pacific. Compass Point Books. p. 96.
ISBN 978-0756540951.
9. "The Causes of the Bataan Death March
Revisited" .
10. Norman, Michael & Norman, Elizabeth
(2009-06-09). Tears in the Darkness
(revised ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
ISBN 978-0374272609.
11. Lansford, Tom (2001). "Bataan Death
March" . In Sandler, Stanley. World War II in
the Pacific: an encyclopedia. Taylor &
Francis. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-0-8153-
1883-5.
12. "Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat,
Travail and Memory" Kevin C. Murphy p.29-
30
13. Lansford, Tom (2001). "Bataan Death
March" . In Sandler, Stanley. World War II in
the Pacific: an encyclopedia. Taylor &
Francis. pp. 159–60. ISBN 978-0-8153-
1883-5.
14. Olson, John E. (1985). O'Donell:
Andersonville of the Pacific. John E. Olson.
ISBN 978-9996986208.
15. "Bataan Death March. Britannica
Encyclopedia Online" . Britannica.com.
1942-04-09. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
16. Greenberger, Robert (2009). The Bataan
Death March: World War II Prisoners in the
Pacific. p. 40.
17. Doyle, Robert C. (2010). The enemy in
our hands: America's treatment of enemy
prisoners of war from the Revolution to the
War on Terror . University Press of
Kentucky. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-8131-2589-3.
18. Hoyt, Eugene P. (2004). Bataan: a
survivor's story . University of Oklahoma
Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8061-3582-3.
19. * Stewart, Sidney (1957). Give Us This
Day (revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN 978-0-393-31921-7.
20. "O'Donnell Provost Marshal Report" .
www.mansell.com.
21. Downs, William David (2004). The
Fighting Tigers: the untold stories behind
the names on the Ouachita Baptist
University WWII memorial . University of
Arkansas Press. pp. 106–7. ISBN 978-0-
9713470-5-2.
22. "Bataan Death March" . Interaksyon.
April 8, 2012. Archived from the original on
2016-12-20. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
23. http://navy-transmitter-facility-
capas.com/
24. Ornauer, Dave (January 20, 2016).
"American walks Bataan Death March to
raise awareness of Philippine
involvement" . Stars & Stripes. Retrieved
December 5, 2016.
25. Ahn, Tony (January 14, 2016). "Hiking
the Bataan Death March 2015" . MSN
Lifestyle. Microsoft Network. Retrieved
December 5, 2016.
26. "Bataan History" . New Mexico Guard
National Museum. Archived from the
original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved
December 5, 2016.
27. Herman, Arthur (2016). Douglas
McArthur: American Warrior . Random
House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-
0812994896.
28. Horner, David Murray; Robert John
O'Neill (2010). World War II: The Pacific .
Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1435891333.
29. Darman, Peter (2012). Attack on Pearl
Harbor: America Enters World War II .
Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1448892334.
30. Friedland, Roger & Mohr, John (2004).
Matters of culture: cultural sociology in
practice . Cambridge University Press.
p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-79545-6.
31. McCoy, Melvin; Mellnik, S.M.; Kelley,
Welbourn (February 7, 1944). "Prisoners of
Japan: Ten Americans Who Escaped
Recently from the Philippines Report on the
Atrocities Committed by the Japanese in
Their Prisoner-War-Camps". LIFE. 16 (6):
26–31, 96–98, 105–106, 108, 111.
32. "LIFE" . Time Inc. 7 February 1944 – via
Google Books.
33. Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making
of Modern Japan. p. 655.
34. Chappell, John David (1997). Before the
bomb: how America approached the end of
the Pacific War . University of Kentucky
Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8131-1987-8.
35. Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun:
The Decline and Fall of the Japanese
Empire 1936–1945. New York: Random
House. p. 300.
36. Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001). "Homma
Masaharu (1887–1946)" . World War II in
the Pacific: an encyclopedia. Taylor &
Francis. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-8153-1883-5.
37. Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at
Tokyo: the Japanese war crimes trials .
University Press of Kentucky. p. 21.
ISBN 978-0-8131-2177-2.
38. Solis, Gary D. (2010). The law of armed
conflict: international humanitarian law in
war . Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
ISBN 978-0-521-87088-7.
39. "The Trial Of General Homma" .
40. Solis, Gary D. (2010). The law of armed
conflict: international humanitarian law in
war . Cambridge University Press. pp. 384,
385. ISBN 978-0-521-87088-7.
41. "Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat,
Travail and Memory": Kevin C. Murphy p.30-
31
42. Brotman, Barbara (April 1, 2013). "From
Death March to Hell Ships" . Chicago
Tribune. pp. Lifestyles.
43. Among others, additional narration was
provided by Ed Asner, Alec Baldwin,
Kathleen Turner, and Robert Wagner.
"Never the Same: The Prisoner of War
Experience" . Gene Siskal Film Center.
School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Archived from the original on 2014-03-28.
44. "Japanese/American POW Friendship
Program" . www.us-
japandialogueonpows.org. 2010.
45. "Veterans Memorial Park - Live - City of
Las Cruces" . www.las-cruces.org.
46. Lauren E. Toney (24 March 2012).
"Bataan survivors attend rededication of
monument Saturday" . Las Cruces Sun-
News. Archived from the original on 14
March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
47. "Timeline" . Battle for Bataan!. New
Mexico State University. Archived from the
original on 28 March 2004. Retrieved
23 February 2013.
48. Phillips, R. Cody (2005). The Guide to
U.S. Army Museums . Government Printing
Office. p. 82. ISBN 9780160872822.
Retrieved 23 February 2013.
49. "USA Marathons & Marathoners 2007" .
marathonguide.com. Retrieved May 8,
2008.
50. Schurtz, Christopher (March 22, 2010).
"Record Number Gather To Honor Bataan
Death March". Las Cruces Sun-News. p. 1.
51. Ramirez, Steve. "Early reviews favorable
of Bataan Memorial Death March" .
www.abqjournal.com. Las Cruces Sun-
News, N.M.
52. "History of Bataan Death March - New
Mexico National Guard Museum" .
bataanmuseum.com.
53. "Central Complex" .
www.generalservices.state.nm.us.
54. Shofner was an American officer,
captured on Corregidor, who escaped
DaPeCol in 1943.

Further reading
Abraham, Abie (1997). "Oh God Where
Are You?" . Vantage Press. ISBN 978-
0533119875
Abraham, Abie (2001). Ghost of Bataan
Speaks. Beaver Pond.
ASIN B004L73AXC
Falk, Stanley L. (1962). Bataan: The
March of Death. New York: W. W. Norton
& Company. OCLC 1084550 .
Harrison, Thomas R. (1989). Survivor:
Memoir of Defeat and Captivity – Bataan,
1942. Western Epics, Inc., Salt Lake City,
Utah. ISBN 978-0916095291.
Jackson, Charles; Norton, Bruce H.
(2003). I Am Alive!: A United States
Marine's Story of Survival in a World War
II Japanese POW Camp. Presidio Press.
ISBN 978-0345449115.
Jansen, Marius B (2000). The Making of
Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press. pp. 654–655.
ISBN 978-0674003347.
OCLC 44090600 .
Levering, Robert (1948). Horror trek; a
true story of Bataan, the death march
and three and one-half years in Japanese
prison camps. Horstman Printing.
ISBN 978-1258206307. OCLC 1168285 .
Lukacs, John D. (2010). Escape from
Davao. New York: Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 978-0743262781.
OCLC 464593097 .
Machi, Mario (1994). Under the Rising
Sun, Memories of a Japanese Prisoner of
War. Wolfenden, USA. ISBN 978-
0964252103.
Masuda, Hiroshi (2012). MacArthur in
Asia: The General and His Staff in the
Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-
0801449390.
Moody, Samuel B.; Allen, Maury (1961).
Reprieve from Hell. New York: Pageant
Press. OCLC 14924946 .
Morrow, Don; Moore, Kevin (2011).
Forsaken Heroes of the Pacific War: One
Man's True Story. Roanoke, VA: Wounded
Warrior Project. ISBN 978-1565924796.
OCLC 725827438 .
Murphy, Kevin C. (2012). " 'Raw
Individualists': American Soldiers on the
Bataan Death March Reconsidered". War
& Society. 31: 42–63.
doi:10.1179/204243411X13201386799
172 .
Murphy, Kevin C. (October 13, 2014).
Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat,
Travail and Memory. McFarland.
ISBN 978-0786496815.
Olson, John E. (1985). O'Donell:
Andersonville of the Pacific. John E.
Olson. ISBN 978-9996986208.
Norman, Michael & Norman, Elizabeth
(2009-06-09). Tears in the Darkness
(revised ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
ISBN 978-0374272609.
 Also see: Webcast interview with
the authors at the Pritzker Military
Library on September 24, 2009
Resa, Jolinda Bull (2011). Honor Them
Always: For the Sacrifice of Their Youth
at Bataan. Outskirts Press, Inc.
ISBN 978-1432775551.
OCLC 782073328 .
Sides, Hampton (2001). Ghost Soldiers.
New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-
1299076518. OCLC 842990576 .
Stephens, Harold (October 16, 1994).
"Memories of the War". Humboldt Co.,
CA.: "Times-Standard," Sect.
Style/potpourri.
Stewart, Sidney (1957). Give Us This Day
(revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN 978-0393319217.
Tenney, Lester (2000). My Hitch in Hell .
Brassey's. ISBN 978-1574882988.
 OCLC 557622115 .
Young, Donald J. (1992). The Battle of
Bataan: A History of the 90 Day Siege
and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino
and United States Troops to the
Japanese in World War. McFarland.
ISBN 978-0899507576.

By the grace of God ... Author= Erwin

Johnson. Survivor of the death martch

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Bataan Death March.

Tragedy of Bataan
No Uncle Sam: The Forgotten of Bataan
– A link to the book's page on the
publisher's website
Hell's Guest author Colonel Glenn
Frazier, Bataan Death March Survivor
"Back to Bataan, A Survivor's Story" – A
narrative recounting one soldier's
journey through Bataan, the march,
prison camp, Japan, and back home to
the United States. Includes a map of the
march.
The Bataan Death March – Information,
maps, and pictures on the march itself
and in-depth information on Japanese
POW camps.
"Technical Sergeant Jim Brown U.S.
Army Air Corps (ret) Bataan Death
March Survivor Presentation to EAA
Chapter 108 May 16, 2000"
Proviso East High School Bataan
Commemorative Research Project –
Comprehensive history of the Battle for
 Bataan, the Death March and the role of
the 192nd Tank Battalion
4th Marines at Corregidor and Bataan
Death March
1200 Days, A Bataan POW Survivor's
Story A biography of Russell A.
Grokett's survival of the Bataan Death
March, including three years as a
Japanese Prisoner of War.
Japan Focus 2008
Bataan Death March and POW Camps
and Bataan Survivors Recall Horrors,
Borderlands articles

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Bataan_Death_March&oldid=880344754"

Last edited 7 days ago by GreenC bot

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless
otherwise noted.