Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guidance Education
Guidance Education
Guidance Education
CONCEPTS OF GUIDANCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO According to Downing (1968), guidance is an organized set of
EDUCATION specialized services established as an integral part of the school
environment designed to promote the development of students and
Guidance is one of the newest aspects of education, and it assist them toward a realization of sound, wholesome adjustment, and
sometimes subjected to criticism as one of the extras in education that maximum accomplishments commensurate with their potentialities.
could be removed without any adverse effect. Generally, however,
parents approved of guidance services, but teachers and counselors Guidance is continuous process of helping the individuals to
should be capable of explaining to parents the “whys” and “hows” of understand themselves in their world. It is a continuous process and
guidance. cannot be handled in few short sessions. It involves a series of actions
or steps progressing towards a goal. Guidance is needed from birth to
In many ways, guidance is a form of assistance given to people. death. Guidance is also considered here as an assistance given to
Parents, most of the time, assist their children grow and develop. individuals that occur during their development. As they pass through
Teachers, likewise, assist their students to learn in order to cope with different stages, the individual comes to know who they are as
the needs of the times. In a nutshell, guidance can be given by anybody, individuals, become aware of their personal identity; perceive clearly
anytime and anywhere to people who need of such assistance. the nature of their person; experience their world and the people with
Since helping and problem solving are such common human whom they interact more deeply and completely.
experience, training in both solving one’s’ own problems and helping Chrisholm (1951) believes that guidance seeks to help an
other solve theirs should be done by a person who is trained in this field. individual become familiar with facts about himself – his interest,
And that is the guidance counselor. abilities, previous development and plans.
Jones (1965) stated that guidance involves personal help given Jones (1965) stated that guidance involves personal help given
by someone. by someone.
Taxler (1954) says that guidance enables each individual to Traxler (1954) says that guidance enables each individual to
understand his abilities and his interests. understand his abilities and his interest.
The real meaning of guidance can be perceived by considering According to Brewer, guidance is a process through with an
the common use of the term “to guide”. To guide means to point out, to individual is able to solve their problems and pursue a path suited to
show the way or to direct. But guidance is more than guiding and giving their abilities and aspirations.
directions. Rather, guidance is assistance made available by personally
qualified and adequately trained men or women to an individual of any McBaniel believes that guidance is a facilitative service, which
age to help him manage his own life activities, develop his own point of provide aids to pupils and staff to: help pupils determine the courses
view, make his own decisions and carry his own burden. most appropriate to their needs and abilities; and find instructors who
will be more sympathetic to their individual requirements and seek out
Shirley Hamrin’s (1950) definition of guidance is “helping activities which will help them to realize their presentation.
John to see through himself, in order that he may see himself
through” is a simple and practical but challenging concept of guidance. Hamrin and Erikson explains that guidance is an aspect of
This means that guidance seeks to help an individual become familiar educational program which is concerned especially with helping the
with facts about himself to enable him to understand his abilities and his pupil to become adjusted to her present situation and to plan his future
interests as well as his weakness. in line with her interests, abilities and social needs.
Ruth Strang defines guidance as a process of helping every development of the individual- but methods used in education are by no
individual, through his own effort to discover and develop his means the same as those used in Guidance.”
potentialities for his personal happiness and social usefulness.
12. An organized guidance program should be flexible according to The aims of guidance service are similar to the aims of education
the individual and social needs. itself. It claims to define an objective and scientific attitude in education.
Stimulation in the attainment and fulfillment can also be provided by
13. The responsibilities for administration of guidance program guidance service. One of the major aim of Guidance Counseling
should be centered in a personally qualified and adequately Services is to encourage students’ academic, social, emotional and
trained person, working cooperatively with his assistance and personal development.
other community welfare and guidance agencies.
Hereunder are the aims of the guidance program:
1. To provide services which contribute to a realization of 5. To identify students with developing problems.
potentialities.
2. To provide teachers with encouragement and stimulation
toward better teaching. The Need for Guidance and Counseling
This may provide encouragement and stimulation through
the following ways: The need for guidance and counseling can be summarize as
Taking personal interest in each teacher.
1. To help is the total development of the students.
Recognizing commendable work and worthy efforts
2. To arise students in leading a healthy life by abstaining from
of teachers.
whatever is deleterious to health.
Discussing with teachers’ problems incident to their 3. To help the proper selection of educational program.
teaching. 4. To select career according to their interest and abilities.
Providing teachers with information about students 5. To help students in vocational development.
which may prove helpful and contribute to their 6. To develop readiness for change and to face challenges.
understanding of children. 7. To help freshens to establish proper written.
Making suggestions on how to assist students who 8. To identify and motivate students of the weaker society.
may be experiencing problems. 9. To help the students to overcome the period of turmoil and
Giving teachers the benefit of a guidance point of confusions.
view and by demonstrating how this philosophy 10. Ensure proper utilization of time –spend outside the class.
might make teaching a happier, more satisfying 11. To help in tackling problems arising out of student
experience. exploration and co-education.
3. To provide teachers with technical assistance. 12. To minimize the indiscipline.
The assistance that a guidance counselor may give to 13. To motivate youth for self-employment.
teachers are as follows:
Selecting, administering and interpreting tests.
Selecting and using cumulative, anecdotal and other
kinds of records and forms. III. PHILOSOPHY BEHIND GUIDANCE
Providing leadership or partnership in the
development of philosophy which emphasizes the
importance of each student.
Providing vocational information and suggesting The underlying philosophies of guidance are as follows:
appropriate vocational exploratory tools.
1. Know the individual. This involves the recognition of the
Providing leadership in promoting and conducting essential dignity and worth of the individual. The emphasis of the
in-service training. guidance and counseling program is to maximize the potential of all
Providing help and suggestions relative to students through a comprehensive developmental approach.
counseling techniques which may be employed by
teachers in their counseling with students. 2. Guidance is primarily dedicated to implement the essential
4. To contribute to the mutual adjustment of students and the concern of democracy for the dignity and worth of the individual. An
school. individual is not self-sufficient; therefore, he should be guided in the
beginning so that it will become as better citizen in a democratic society.
The ultimate success of democracy depends upon the individual.
A. History of Guidance
3. Guidance is a lifelong process. Guidance is forever.as long as
man live, problems arise, hence, guidance will continue to be a factor in 1. Vocational Guidance
changing the individual’s negative outlook of life to a positive one.
The first recorded attempt of providing
4. Guidance is based on human needs. It is a fact that human vocational assistance to young people was the guidance
being needs help. Everyone needs assistance at sometimes in his life; movement started in Boston by Frank Parsons. The
some need it only at rare intervals in time of crisis, while others need it Boston Vocational Bureau started training teachers to
constantly and throughout their lives. Humans beings are incapable of serve as vocational counselors immediately because one
solving all their problems in something inherent in every child that will of the most pressing problems facing Boston systems
enable him to solve all his problems himself given the chance to do so. was the selection of students for overcrowded vocational
All he needs is sympathetic understanding and freedom from control or high schools.
direction by others fortunately, few people can act upon the assumption.
In every walk of life in the ever-changing situations that confront each The vocational guidance spread rapidly
individual, the need for guidance is imperative. throughout the United States. Programs were relatively
informal, consisting mainly of the dissemination of
5. Guidance is an art of heling individuals to plan their own information about available jobs.
action wisely, in the full of light of all the facts about the world in which
they will live and work. 2. Educational Guidance
IV. HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF Increasing recognition among parents of the
GUIDANCE value to their children of continued education resulted in
not only a growing secondary school population but also
diversified curriculum offering. This meant that students
entering high school needed help in selecting a
The guidance movement has had an interesting, even though not curriculum in consonance with their interest and/or
satisfying history since its beginning early in the 20th century. Various wishes of their parents. Hence, educational guidance in
factors have combined to give impetus to the initiation of services that the form of programs advising was instituted in some of
could meet the increasing number of vocational, educational, and the larger secondary schools.
personal problems of both young and older members of our modern
complex society. 3. Personal Guidance and Mental Hygiene
In the olden times, guidance practices were based on superstitious Various conditions inherent in the 20th century
beliefs and other pseudo-scientific techniques. At the onset of the 20th life represents maladjusted factors causing leaders to
century, perceptions of people about their environment begin to change. become concerned about the personal welfare of the
Society became more complex that they now begin to question their children and adults. The mental hygiene movement
very existence. Hence, problems arose. And in order to cope with the provided another source of support for the conservation
growing problems of society, guidance was introduced. of human resources stressed by the vocational guidance
movement and the humanization of education stressed Credited as the first counselor and often referred to as
by the progressive education movement. Beer’s the “Father of Guidance”.
autobiography (1908) attracted the attention of educators To individualized counseling, he established the
as well as social reformers. Vocational Bureau of Boston in 1908.
At the Bureau, Parsons worked with young people who
Leaders of mental hygiene movement have tried were in the process of making career decisions. He
to help men and women from all lifestyles to understand “envisioned a practice of vocational guidance based on
mental illness, to let them to the conditions that seem to rationality and reason with service, concern for others,
cause it, to enlist their assistance in alleviating the cooperation, and social justice among its core values”.
causes, and to improve the facilities of treatment. Greater He theorized that choosing a vocation was a matter of
understanding of mental illness has a significant effect relating three factors: a knowledge of work, a
upon guidance. knowledge of self, and a matching of the two through
“true reasoning.” Thus, Parsons devised a number of
4. Child Guidance Clinic procedures to help his clients learn more
about themselves and the world of work. One of his
From the small clinic established in Chicago for
the purpose of studying and applying therapies to young devices was an extensive questionnaire that asked
people who gave evidence of serious maladjustment, the about experiences, preferences, and morals.
Illinois Institute of Juvenile Research was developed. At In 1909, a year after his death, his book Choosing a
present, child-guidance, psychological and educational Vocation was published wherein he discussed the role
clinics serve children, adolescents and adults in of the counselor and techniques that might be
practically every large city in the country, and some employed in counseling.
small communities.
3. Jesse B. Davis
B. Early Pioneers of Counselling “Founder of the Educational Guidance” and was the
1. Frank Parsons first person to set up a systematized guidance program
in the public schools
He implemented his ideas among his students on self-
study and the examination of self in relation to the Eli Weaver established teacher guidance committees in
chosen occupation throughout the 7th to 12th grades. every high school in New York City. These
His description of counseling seem to suggest that committees worked actively to help youths discover
students should be preached about the moral value of their capabilities and learn how to use those talents to
hard work, ambition, honesty, and the development of secure the most appropriate employment.
the character as assets to any person who planned to He believed in working within the framework of the
enter the business world. existing society and looked upon counseling as a
He use the “call” concept in relation to the way one means of keeping the wheels of the machinery well
should choose a vocation. When an individual was oiled.
called, he would approach it with the noblest and
highest ideals, which would serve society best by
uplifting humanity.
What he and other progressive educators advocated 5. Davis Spence Hill
was not counseling in the modern sense but a He organized the first guidance and counselling
forerunner of counseling: school guidance (a services in New Orleans. As Director of Research for
preventive educational means of teaching students how the New Orleans schools, he discovered a need for
to deal effectively with life events). guidance to assist youth in assessing their abilities and
in learning about the opportunities that would best help
them use those abilities.
He advocated and worked for a diversified curriculum
4. Anna Y. Reed and Eli Weaver complemented by Vocational Guidance.
American counselors who established counseling
services based on Social Darwinian concepts. Social
Darwinism is an application of Darwin’s biologic
theory of evolution to social organizations. 6. Carl Rogers
Anna Y. Reed established guidance services in the
Advocator of the Client-centered Counseling, which
Seattle. She came to the need for counseling services
he introduced in 1942 in his publication, Counseling
through her study of newsboys, penal institutions and
and Psychotherapy.
charity schools. She believes that guidance could be
important as a means of developing the best possible He offers nondirective counseling as an alternative to
educational product. the older, more traditional methods.
She believed in stiff competition and that people He stressed that the individuals had the capacity to
needed to give their best effort to any assigned task in explore themselves and to make decisions without an
order to see themselves as successful. authoritative judgement from a counselor (stressing the
client’s responsibility in perceiving his or her problem
and enhancing the self).
Since there was no advice given or persuasion used to the school system were given a series of guidance lectures. After
follow a certain course, this system was better known his seminar, the participants organized the Guidance Association
as Non-directive counseling. of the Philippines. The Bureau of Public Schools started to send
teachers and officials for observation and study of guidance
7. Clifford Beer services abroad.
A former Yale student who was hospitalized for Cognizant of the role of guidance in our schools, the
depression several times during his life. He found Joint Congressional Committee on Education, in its report in
conditions in mental institutions deplorable and 1951 to Congress stated;
exposed them in his book, A Mind That Found Itself
(1908), which became a popular best seller. “There should be established in every secondary
He used the book as a platform to advocate for better school a functional guidance and counseling program to help
mental health facilities and reform in the treatment of the students select courses, activities, occupations and friends
people with mental illness and future mates; to guide them in their work in school and at
His work was the impetus for the mental health home and to help them solve their personal problems.”
movement in the United States, as well as advocacy
groups that exist today including the National Mental In 1952, the Division Superintendent of Schools
Health Association and the National Alliance for the recommended the establishment of guidance services in the
Mentally Ill. His work was also a forerunner of mental public schools. The City of Manila at present has the most up-
health counseling. to-date organization and maintenance of functional guidance
program in general secondary school.
In 1951, the Philippines has its own beginning in the legal Bases of Present Guidance Approach
foundation of guidance when the Joint Congressional Committee on
Education, in its report to Congress, stated that: “there should be There were many early attempts at helping individual to
established in every secondary school a functional and counseling discover many things about themselves like their own potentialities or
program to help the students, to guide them in their work in school and what they are capable of doing, they also tried to analyzed their
at home and to help them solve their problems.” personalities or even predict their future life experiences but this were
crude and based on superstitions only. However, as time goes by and
To give more impact on the role of guidance in the Philippine life becomes more complex and dynamic more recent guidance
educational system, Section 4- Declaration of Objectives of Batas practices and approaches were discovered, providing a more scientific
Pambansa Blg. 232,an act providing for the establishment and method of helping individuals to find themselves. These methods are
maintenance of an integrated system of education which shall be known based on research in the natural and social sciences attuned to our
as the Education Act of 1982 states that the educational system shall present condition to make it more effective and efficient.
aims to 1) provide for a broad general education that will assist each
individual, in the peculiar ecology of his own society, to: a) attain his There are many factors that changes the approach of our present
potentials as a human being; b) enhance the range and quality of guidance programs and these are:
individual and group participation in the basic functions of society: and
c) acquire the essential educational foundation of is development into a 1. Pseudo-scientific approaches. It is a system of theories or
productive and versatile citizen; 2) Train the nations manpower in the assertions about the natural world that claim or appear to be
middle-level skills for national development; 3) develop the profession scientific but that, in fact, are not. This kind of approach has
that will provide leadership for the nation in the advancement of different forms as follows:
knowledge for improving the quality of human life; and 4) respond 1.1 Numerology- It is the study of the occult significance
effectively to changing needs and conditions of the nation through a of numbers. Many of our people still believes in the
system of educational planning and evaluation. effect of numbers into their lives.
For example, the numbers from 1-9 believes to
The realization of these objectives are stipulated under Section have its own personality and traits, for positive
3, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution to wit:” All educational characteristic number 1 is masculine, focused,
institutions shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of an originator and self-starter but for negative
humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national characteristics number 1 can be stubborn,
heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and selfish, weak and undisciplined.
duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop
moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative 1.2 Astrology- It is the divination of the supposed
thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge and promote influences of the stars and planets on human affairs
vocational efficiency.”
and terrestrial events by their position and aspects. The The phrenology head is composed of 35 different regions
most common instrument used by astrologers is the
horoscope. A horoscope is an astrological chart or
diagram representing the positions of
1.6 Physiognomy- It is the art discovering temperament, personality
the Sun, Moon, planets, astrological aspects,
trait and character from outward appearance.
and sensitive angles at the time of an event, such as the
moment of a person's birth. For example, some people claim that an
For example, Sagittarius’ (November 23- individual possessing blue eyes belongs to a
December 21) horoscope for June 22,2017 is famous or royal clan.
“You could make handfuls of money. The
belief that your life will be any happier is 1.7 Spiritualism- A belief that spirits of the dead
somewhat false. More, a relief to be able to pay communicate with the living usually through a
your bills on time. A deal will be put on the medium.
table today. Not quite enough to retire or secure For example, praying.
your future. A nice earner.”
Nowadays, still thousands of individuals believe in this kind of
1.3 Graphology- It is the study of handwriting especially pseudo-sciences which indicates a great need for helping this people.
for the purpose of character analysis. An individual
personality is analyzed from characteristic patterns or
features of his writing on the basis of intensity of
strokes, shapes, size and slant of the letter 2 Changing concepts of psychology. Guidance is an outgrowth of
For example, the size and the shape plays a various movements dealing with patters of human life. Early
significant role. The size tells concentration and psychologists, imbued with the philosophic point of view, were
desire for notice. The horizontal space tells prone to accept one or another philosophy of life which they then
emotional display, emotional confinement, attempted to apply to what seemed to be life experiences. They
extravagance, ultraconservative, elbowroom, discovered that human behavior does not always follow
covetous, detached, intrusive and despondent. philosophical determined patterns. Hence, psychologists embark on
Space also speaks of ostentatious, self- a series of research studies, investigations and experiments to
involvement, frenzy, self-aware, self-liaison discover what causes human begins to think and act as they do.
and loss of spontaneity.
3 Industrial and scientific progress. The invention of machineries
1.4 Palmistry- The art or practice of reading a person’s and the rapid increase of industrialism have led to a degree of
character or future from the lines on the palms. The occupational specialization unheard in earlier times. Increased
belief that line on one’s hand tells the faith and the production, distribution and consumption of goods have increased
destiny of an individual is still prevalent in our society. the number of special jobs to be performed; they have also led to the
1.5 Phrenology- The study of the conformation of the development of many other forms of service occupations to meet the
skull as indicative of mental faculties and character complexities of urban life and to provide for the leisure time
traits. Phrenologist claim that if a person has a wide or activities of workers.
prominent forehead, he is said to be intelligent.
4 Changing educational objectives. Twentieth century educational Values Education as a part of the school curriculum is the
emphasis on the learner rather than the materials to be learned had process by which values are formed in the learner under the guidance of
done much to further interest in guidance. Schools on every level the teacher and as he interacts with this environment. But it involves not
evidence an interest in all phases of the individual’s development. just any kind of teaching-learning process.
Formulated objectives of education exemplify this trend.
First, the subject matter itself, values, has direct and immediate
5 Increase in school population. The increase in the number of relevance to the personal life of the learner.
children and adolescents who are expected to be receiving formal Second, the process is not just cognitive but involves all the
school training has caused serious consideration of the problems of faculties of the learner. The teacher must appeal not only to the mind
administration, organization and guidance. There are budgetary but to the hearts as well, in fact, the total human person.
difficulties involved in the matter of providing building and school
personnel sufficient to meet the needs such as large number of Third, one learns values the way children learn many things
pupils. As a result of the continuing high birth rate since the from their parents. Children identify with parents, and this identification
beginning of world war II, our future school population may tax becomes the vehicle for the transmission of learning, be it language or
educational efforts and the budget almost beyond comprehension. the values of thrift and hard work. Hence, the teacher’s personal values
Almost unavoidable problems that crop-up are: play an important role in values learning.
Goals and Objectives
Lack of classrooms
Lack of teachers and school personnel.
Multiple tasks assigned to counselors other The goal of Values Education is..
than guidance work counseling
To provide and promote values education at all three levels of
the educational system for the development of the human person
committed to the building o “a just and humane society" and an
VI. THE RATIONALE FOR THE INCLUSION OF GUIDANCE independent and democratic nation.
AND COUNSELLING AND VALUES EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES For the objectives,
Proper implementation of the program will develop Filipinos who:
The Values Education in the Philippines are self-actualized, integrally developed human beings imbued
with a sense of human dignity;
The Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS) are social beings with a sense of responsibility for their
provides and promotes values education at all three levels of the community and environment;
educational system for the development of the human person committed are productive persons who contribute to the economic security
to the building "of a just and humane society" and an independent and and development of the family and the nation;
democratic nation. as citizens have a deep sense of nationalism and are committed
Values Education to the progress of the nation as well as of the entire world
community through global solidarity; and
Manifest in actual life an abiding faith in God as a reflection of 2. believe that all students are capable of learning
their spiritual being. 3. believe that when students trust in themselves they are
more open to learning
4. society benefits as a whole from a comprehensive
Principles and Guidelines school counseling program
C. Rationale
Values education, pursued at the national, regional, local, and
institution levels, should be guided by the following general principles: A better job must be done in communicating the benefit of
guidance and counseling to the entire educational community of
It must be oriented toward the total person of the learner-mind, parents and community. By applying a comprehensive school-
heart, and entire being. counseling program, it becomes possible for counselors to conduct
It must take into consideration the unique role of the family in an effective and beneficial program, for all students.
one’s personal development and integration into society and the
nation. School counselors are expected to provide support to every
In the school context, more important than lesson plans and any student so each individual can achieve success. Counselors work
list of values are the teachers themselves who have the proper with all students, parents, teachers, and community members.
sense of values, awareness of their inner worth, and utmost Counselors support the district's educational program through
respect for the person of the other. professional organizations, development, activities, and committee
work. Counselors also support their own program through
management and research activities, community outreach, and
professional development.
Guidance Counseling
The following are rationale for a framework for school
A. Beliefs counseling:
An effective school counseling program:
1. teaches life skills Benchmarking
2. involves all students ensuring continuity
3. allows for goal setting opportunities standardization
4. provides a safe place for problem solving guiding and directing practitioners in program
5. helps all children to become successful adults design, implementation, and evaluation
6. understands and values the student's capabilities providing one direction/purpose
7. facilitates and supports reciprocal integration of the direction setting in counselor preparation
curriculum ensuring professionalism
8. promotes supportive and collaborative issues among guaranteeing equity in services in public and private
parents and the community schools
9. include age appropriate issues such as careers,
providing structure that will inform the public about
academics, and personal/social
the importance of school counseling
B. Other beliefs:
rationalize the nature of school counseling programs
Additionally, effective school counseling programs:
1. encourage life-long learning define counselor competencies necessary to run the
programs
make public school administrators recognize the 4. Encourages better understanding of the role of
counselors’ relevance in the school system counselors and the total guidance program
D. Student Benefits: H. Local Board of Education Benefits:
1. Prepares all students in all areas of academics and 1. Provides a rationale for school counseling as a
career choices comprehensive program in the school system and the
2. Assists all students in the development of positive roles of counselors
social and personal skills 2. Creates greater school-community interaction
3. Provides continuity for smooth and effective levels of I. Counseling Staff Benefits:
transition from Kindergarten through the Fifth Grade 1. Provides a clearly defined set of functions.
4. Guarantees services to all students 2. Integrates the school counseling program with other
5. Focuses on the students’ needs school curriculum programs.
6. Develops proactive skills 3. Articulates competencies that students are expected to
7. Provides age-appropriate levels of interaction and achieve because of participating in a comprehensive
instruction developmental school counseling program.
8. Helps all students become more resourceful in decision-
making
E. Parent Benefits:
1. Encourages involvement of parents in students' learning
environment
2. Provides parents timely, appropriate support and
resources when needed
3. Increases opportunities for parent, student, and
counselor interaction
4. Brings about better understanding of the guidance and
counseling program
F. Teacher Benefits:
1. Promotes a team effort to address school counseling
competencies
2. Increases teacher accessibility to counselor as a
multiple resource
3. Integrates curriculum and associated competencies
4. Integrates interdisciplinary approach with all
curriculum areas
G. Administrator Benefits:
1. Creates structured program with specific school
counseling competencies
2. Provides accountability to school counseling program
3. Facilitates team approach between administration and
school counseling program