“Video Game”

Book of Writing
By Jonathan Chen
 Introduction
My journey in writing began when I learned how to write in preschool, and I remember
practicing writing the alphabet and my name. In kindergarten, I don’t remember much but I think
I started practicing writing simple test. During my elementary years, I remember writing a lot of
sentences because I got in trouble a lot and teachers would make me write standards. But that
was only up to 3rd grade. In 4th and 5th grade, I began learning how to write paragraphs. In 5th
grade, I learned the concept of the five paragraph essay. In middle school, I remember learning
how to write five paragraph essays. In 7th grade, I remember doing grammar worksheets every
Tuesday, and this helped me a lot in writing. In 8th grade, I remember learning how to write a
sonnet. In my high school years, I learned how to write in depth and what to put five paragraph
essays. In 10th grade, I learned how to write a precis, an APA format essay, ten page reports,
how to signal quotes, and more forms of grammar. In the 11th grade, I learned more about
grammar and how to refine an essay.

About the Author

My name is Jonathan Chen, and I am currently 16 years old. I am a junior attending
Bravo Medical Magnet High School. I was born in Monterey Park, CA, but I currently live in
Los Angeles, CA. My parents are from China, which makes me a Chinese-American. My
hobbies include swimming, playing video games, basketball, and sleeping.

About the Subject

My topic is video games because I enjoy playing video games and it has really helped me
to release negative energy. I just feel a connection with video games through the characters and
the story. When I play video games, it makes me happy because video games are fun. Many
times, I find myself reminiscing an amazing play that I did, and that just brings me happiness.

Dedication
I would like to dedicate this to my parents who work so hard for my me so that I can succeed.

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Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………1
About the Author……………………………………1
About the Subject…………………………………...1
Dedication…………………………………………...1
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 1………………...3
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 2………………...7
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 3………………...25
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 4………………...27
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 5………………...29
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 6………………...36
“Video Game” Book of Writing # 7………………...40
Glossary……………………………………………..42

“Video Game” Book of Writing

Section 1 Template and Guidelines

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 Book Section 1

Punctuation and Capitalization

1. Punctuation

a. . , - – : ; ? ! ‘ “ … [ ]{ } /

I. . Period (A punctuation mark used at the end of a sentence.)

The famous video game Pong was released in 1972 by Atari Inc.

Fortnite Battle Royale is currently the most popular game in the world.

II. , Comma (A punctuation mark that indicates pauses in a sentence and is also used to

separate items in a list.)

The three most popular video games of all time are Minecraft, Counter-Strike, and World

of Warcraft.

Ever since Nintendo released Pokemon Red and Green Version, it has released over 100

Pokemon games.

III. - En Dash (A punctuation mark used to show ranges in number and dates. It is also

used for clarity in complex compound adjectives.)

The London Spitfire swept the Philadelphia Fusion 3-0 in the Overwatch League Grand

Final, winning the first Overwatch League Grand Final.

IV. – Em Dash (A punctuation mark that can take the place of commas, parentheses, or

colons depending on the context)

The game director of Overwatch–Jeff Kaplan–had a small team but were able to create a

successful game in a span of months.

V. : Colon (A punctuation mark that is used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an

explanation. A colon is also used to separate two independent clauses when the first

explains the second.)

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In 2000, the most popular game was The Sims: selling 200 million copies worldwide.

Counter-Strike, Overwatch, and Call of Duty all have something in common: they are all

first-person shooter games.

VI. Semicolon (A punctuation mark used to link two independent clauses that are closely

related in thought. It is also used between two independent clauses that are connected by

a conjunction or a transitional phrase.)

There have been many scandals in esports history; most notably, when five professional

CS:GO players were banned from competing in majors due to match-fixing.

VII. ? Question Mark (A punctuation mark that is used at the end of a direct question.)

Why has Valve CEO Gabe Newell not released the third game for its most popular series,

Half-Life?

VIII. ! Exclamation Point (A punctuation mark that is used to show emotion, emphasis,

or surprise. It is also used as a mark of terminal punctuation.)

The Star Wars fanatic exclaimed, “I am so excited for the new Star Wars Battlefront

game from Electronic Arts!”

IX. ‘ Apostrophe (A punctuation mark that is used to indicate possession and is also used

for contractions and plurals.

Atari’s Pong became a huge success, and it might have been what kickstarted the video

game industry.

X. “ Quotation Marks (A punctuation mark is used to indicate material being

reproduced word by word.)

One of my favorite quotes is from a character from Overwatch, which says, “Never

accept the world as it appears to be, dare to see it for what it could be.”

XI … Ellipsis (A punctuation mark consisting of three dots that indicates an omission of

a word, sentence, paragraph, or more from a quoted section.

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 If Valve were to release it’s long awaited game, Half-Life 3...I am not sure how people

will react.

XII. Brackets (A punctuation mark used within a sentence to include information that is

not essential to the main point.)

The creation of Twitch [2011] has allowed content creators to stream their favorite video

games to an audience and possibly make money through streaming.

XIII. Braces (A punctuation mark that are used in certain programming languages,

mathematical expressions, and musical notation.)

Blizzard Entertainment, a video game company, has won many awards in consecutive

years for their games. {2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017}

XIV. / Slash (A punctuation mark that is used to indicate line breaks, abbreviations, the

word or, the word and, the word per, and fractions)

In the racing game, Forza Horizon 3, the top speed recorded was 486 km/h or 302 mph.

2. Capitalization

1. Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence

There are around 2.2 billion active gamers in the world.

2. Capitalize Names and Other Proper Nouns

My favorite game director is Jeff Kaplan.

3. Don’t Capitalize After a Colon

My favorite moment in Star Wars Battlefront: becoming Luke Skywalker.

4. Capitalize the First Word of a Quote

A quote from a Overwatch character, Tracer, which says, “The world could use more

heroes.”

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 5. Capitalize Dates, Months, and Holidays, But Not Seasons

The game, Pacman, was released in October 26, 1980.

6. Capitalize Words in Titles

Many people prefer Dota 2 over League of Legends as their favorite MOBA game.

7. Capitalize Cities, Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

The Nintendo headquarters is located in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

8. Capitalize Time Periods and Events

During the time period of the Baby Boomers, Atari was the biggest video game company.

“Video Games” BOOK OF WRITING

SECTION 2
PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of Speech – All Eight (8) Parts

Nouns Endings (3)
Types (5) Tense (11)
Identifiers (5) Forms (3)
Functions (13) Types (11)
Pronouns Voice (2)
Personal Verbals (3)
Relative Adjectives
Interrogative Kinds (3)
Reflective Endings
Demonstrative Conversions
Indefinite Articles
Verbs Comparatives/

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 Superlatives Interjections
Adverbs
Endings
Key Associated Terms
Conversions
Types
Conjunctive Antecedents
Intensifiers Complements
Comparatives/ Objects
Superlatives Direct
Conjunctions Indirect
Coordinating Modifiers
Correlative Transitions
Subordinate Expletives
Relative Agreements
Pronoun Subject-Verb
Prepositions Noun-Pronoun
I. NOUNS
Types of nouns:
Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas.
Gamer, Software Engineer, Game Designer, Video game controller
Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing,
or idea (must be capitalized). Esports Arena, Jeff Kaplan, Gabe Newell, Staples
Center
Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun.
Keyboard, Overwatch, Battlefield V, Fallout
Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places.
Computer, Laptop, Console
Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Happiness,
Hard work, Ambitious

Noun identifiers:
Noun endings:
-er -eer -st -ness -tion -ism -ist -ture -tude
-ment -ance -ence -ity -ster -ory -hood

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Examples: Gam-er, Software Engin-eer, Game Analy-st, Muscle Mem-ory,
Achieve-ments, Animation prior-ity, Ac-tion game, Experi-ence Point, Mon-ster,
Aggressive-ness, Ati-tude, Game Appear-ance,

Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my,
our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Emboldened
words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives,
i.e., Some boxes are square. (“Some” acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun marker).
Some are square. (“Some” acts as a noun so it’s not a noun marker).
NM N NM N
The game is beautiful. The popular game is graphically intensive.

Plural form: for example: “gamers” or “games”

Possessive form: for example: “gamer’s game” or “gamers’ game”

Following a preposition:

These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across,
across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among,
apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of,
before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by
means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for,
from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of,
including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead
of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of,
onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to,
past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via,
with, within, without.

NM N ADV V Prep ADJ N

The top-tier gamer drastically dropped down in rankings after five losses.

Note: Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs.

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 The coach was suddenly fired despite winning a championship with
the team.

Functions (How nouns are used):

Subject (comes before the verb)
N–V S V
The coach criticized his players’ playmaking after a tough loss.
S V
The team captain called out the plays before the round started.
Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
N–V–N S V DO
The players yelled at the team captain for forgetting to call the play.
S V DO
Zenyatta, a character in Overwatch, throws orbs at other characters.
Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)
N–V–N–N S V DO IO
The casters screamed at an amazing play that a player pulled off.
S V DO IO
The players received a huge paycheck from MLG for winning the
tournament
Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)
N–V –N S V AO
The players practice from morning to night, honing their skills.
S V AO
The new update for Fortnite will be live early tomorrow morning.

Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition)

Prep – N S V Prep OPrep
Mike went to the store to pick up his new gaming rig.
S V Prep OPrep
In Overwatch, a player can go on top of an opponent by pressing the
spacebar when close to the opponent.

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 Subject Complement (following a linking verb)
N – LV – N S LV SC
Epic Games’ Fortnite is the most popular game in the entire world
currently.
S LV SC
Fallen is the team captain on the professional CS:GO team, MiBr
Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)
N–V–N–N S V DO OC
The CS:GO community began to call KQLY a hacker for hitting two
impossible shots.
S V DO OC
The players voted Derek support role because he was an amazing healer
and could do damage as well.
Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)
N, N S APP V
Jeff Kaplan, the game director of Overwatch, usually discusses the new
patches to the game.
S APP V
Saebyeolbe, captain of South Korea’s OW team, led the team to victory
in the Overwatch World Cup in 2017. .
Adjective (describes noun following it)
N–N S V Adjvl
The Overwatch World Cup is held at the Anaheim Convention Center.
S V Adjvl
The League of Legends World Championship sold out Staples Center in
2016.
Noun in Direct Address
N
Derrick, have you started to scrim yet?
N, N or N, N N
Have you finished practice, Kevin, or are you scrimming?
Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)
Gerund – N G OG

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 Winning the CS:GO Major in Boston, cemented Cloud9 as the first team
to win a championship in North America.
G OG
Beating Faze Clan in any game made players from Team Optic feel
happy.
Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle)
Participle – N Part OPart
Getting ready for the world championship, Faker prepared himself
mentally.
Part OPart
Walking to the restaurant for dinner, Daniel wanted to squeeze another
Clash Royale game in.
Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive)
Infinitive – N __Inf__ OInf
To win a championship would mean the world to Phillip.
_Inf_ OInf
Derek could hear the cheers through his headphones when he made an
insane play.

II. PRONOUNS

1. Personal: Every pronoun in English comprising a set that shows contrasts or a person,
gender, number, and case.
Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)
I/we me/us
you/you you/you
He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them
I saw the Overwatch League on ESPN2.

Possessive
My, mine our, ours
Your, yours your, yours
His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

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My friends have gaming consoles such as the PS4 or the Xbox One.

2. Relative: Begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that
precedes it in the sentence.
Nominative Objective Possessive
who whom whose
That that of that
those/ this
The game PUBG is a game that should not be ignored.
I am not sure who to play with: a stranger or a person at school.

3. Interrogative: Used to begin or introduce a interrogatives sentence.

who, which, what, whatever, whoever
What company created the games World of Warcraft, Starcraft, Diablo, Hearthstone, and
Overwatch?
What company received rights from Marvel and which created and in-game event out of it?

4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Points back to the subject of
the sentence.
Used only:
A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:
Kevin blamed himself for causing his friends to lose a ranked match.
B. to intensify a point:
James himself carried the team on his own to a sweet Victory Royale.

5. Demonstrative: Points out specific persons, animals, places, things, and ideas.
this, these that, those
That game called Fortnite was once an idea in someone’s brain.
These companies that sponsor gamers really help them financially.

6. Indefinite: Replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace.

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all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything,
everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several,
somebody, someone, such.
Very few gamers are lucky enough to play professionally.
Not everybody has a chance to be a professional gamer, only several will make it.

III. VERBS
Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.
How verbs are identified:
1. Verb ending: - s, -ed, -ing are the basic ones. Show the others, as well.
Playing, Games, Gaming

2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

Simple past: Played
Past: Played
Past perfect: has played
Past progressive: were playing
Simple present: is playing
Present: to play
Present perfect: have played
Present progressive: are playing
Present perfect progressive: have been playing
Future: will play
Future perfect: will be playing

3. Forms:
a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These
verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main
verb, they are always linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of
be, become, and seem).

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 b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be
used as helping verbs or main verbs).

c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be
used as helping verbs or main verbs).

4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:

auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): am playing, are playing, is playing
linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of
sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate): was playing, are
playing
lexical verbs (main verbs): is playing
dynamic verbs (indicate action): plays basketball
stative verbs (describe a condition): believes in team
finitive verbs (indicate tense): was playing before she came in
nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles): to play, playing
regular verbs (weak verbs)- play
irregular verbs (strong verbs): Not available
transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)- was playing, played
intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)- play, am playing

5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts
with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE.
Passive: John played the game.
Active: The game that John played.
6. Verbals:
Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun.
Playing, Gaming, Spectating,
Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective
Playing games, Gaming session, Watching games

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 Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs
To play, To game, To watch, To learn

IV. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper
Common adjective: A simple, regular adjective
Video games, Professional gamer, Playing games
Demonstrative adjective: Point out nouns
This game, That player, These teams
Proper adjective: Derived from a proper noun and is capitalized
Brazilian team, American team, Chinese team
Endings: What suffixes are adjective endings?
-able/-ible: Winnable
-al: Fall
-ful: Beautiful
-ic: Toxic
-ive: Immersive
-less: Careless
-ous: Enormous
Conversions: How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives?
Challenge-Challenging
Advance-Advanced
Profession-Professional
Articles: What are these? How/when are they used?
Articles are special kinds of adjectives and they are a, an, and the. The is a
definite article meaning that it points out a specific person, place, or thing. A
and an are indefinite articles because they do not point out specific people,
places, or things.
Are you going to play the new game that came out?

15
 You would play a game if given a specific amount of money?
The knight is a good hero, but an archer is even better.

Comparatives/Superlatives: What are these? How/when are they used?

Comparatives is when you compare two things. Superlatives is when you are
comparing three or more things.
Good- Great- Greatest
Good- More- Most
Bad- Worse- Worst

V. ADVERBS
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
a. Endings
–ly, -wards, -wise
Chris accidently used his ability to early.
Jose pressed the W button to make his character move forward.
Whatever Timothy does in-game, his brother does likewise.
b. Conversions
Adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding adverb endings such as -ly, -
wards, and -wise.
Quick- Quickly
Probable- Probably
Lucky- Luckily
c. Types:
Manner- The London Spitfire easily dismantled the Shanghai Dragons.
Time- The LAN tournament is today.
Place- The pro players are walking outside of there hotel.
Frequency- Blizzcon is a convention that is held every year.
Degree- Faker is the most exceptional player in League of Legends.
d. Conjunctive
When a adverb connects ideas, it is called a conjunctive adverb.
Paul may have won the 1v1, however, he was caught cheating during the match.
Intensifiers

16
 Describes the quality of the action-how strong or weak it is.
I really want to play another game so I can get my revenge.
I kind of like this game in a way.
e. Comparatives/ Superlatives
Comparatives are adverbs that are used when comparing two actions or
qualities.
Fallen may be a good AWPer, but KennyS is a great AWPer.
Superlatives are adverbs that are used when comparing three or more things.
Phillip, Jonathan, and Derrick all play Fortnite, and out of all of them, Jonathan is
the best player.

VI. CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
A Coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Bob likes the games PUBG, Realm Royale, and Fortnite, but is terrible at all of
them.
Atari was the biggest game company in the 1970s, but has quickly fallen off.
Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so
Used in pairs but have the same function as a coordinating conjunction
Both Phillip and Jonathan dislike their father’s taste in video games.
Not only did I get destroyed in a ranked match, but also was banned from touching
my PS4 for a week.
Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in
order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where,
whereas, while.
Conjunctions that connect dependent adverb clauses to independent clauses.
I am not going to watch the Major unless Cloud9 makes it.
Matthew is going to the local LAN tournament as long as Ethan is there.
Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or
animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
Kuroky, who is the captain of Team Liquid’s Dota 2 team, led his team to a victory
in the World Championship.

17
VII. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.
Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word
prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common prepositions:
aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along,
alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far
as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite,
down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from
between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place
of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to,
notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite,
out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward,
under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

One-word prepositions: show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun

and some other word in the sentence.
Complex prepositions: phrases of two or more words that function like one-
word prepositions.
Bobby went outside to play until his ban was over in his game.
According to statistics, the value of the video game industry in 2017 was 18.4
billion USD.
Apart from being in the same genre, Fortnite and PUBG have totally different
gameplay mechanics.

VIII. INTERJECTIONS

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 A: ahem, aha O: oh, oh dear
B: bam, bingo P: phew, pow
C: cheers, congratulations S: shh, shoo
D: dang, drat, darn T: thanks, there
E: eh, encore U: uh-huh, uh-oh
G: gee, gee whiz W: Well, whoops
H: hello, ha-ha Y: Yes, yeah
“Darn,” the team captain screamed, after losing an important team fight.
“Congratulations, Cloud9, are your ELeague Major Champions,” the caster
exclaimed.
“Phew, that was really close game!”

IX. Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech:

Antecedents- is the word, phrase, or clause that you replace with a third-person
personal pronoun.
Atari was huge in the 1970s and 1980s, but they quickly fell off as other
companies created video games.
Complements- is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, verb,
or an object.
The video game got many people excited.
Objects
Direct- the receiver of an action in a sentence.
The player accidently killed his teammate during a team fight.
Indirect- Identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is
performed.
Jim’s father built Jim a gaming PC for Christmas.
Modifiers- Words, phrases, and clauses that provide description in sentences.
Poor Faze Clan, who were going to win another championship, but quickly blew
their lead away and lost.
Transitions - Words or phrases used to connect one idea to the next.

19
 Milder Stronger

Addition a further x further

and furthermore
and then moreover
then in addition
also additionally
too besides
next again
another equally important
other first, second
nor finally, last

Comparison just as ... so too similarly

a similar x comparable
another x like in the same way
likewise

Contrast but however

yet still
and yet nevertheless
still on the other hand
otherwise on the contrary
or even so
though notwithstanding
but another for all that
rather in contrast
alternatively
at the same time
though this may be
otherwise
instead
nonetheless

20
 conversely

Time then meanwhile

now at length
soon presently
afterward at last
later finally
shortly immediately
earlier thereafter
recently at that time
first, second, third subsequently
next eventually
before currently
after in the meantime
today in the past
tomorrow in the future

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Purpose to do this to this end
so that with this object
for this purpose
for that reason
because of this x

Place there at that point

here opposite to
beyond adjacent to
nearby on the other side
next to in the front
in the back

Result so hence
and so therefore
then accordingly
consequently
thus
thereupon
as a result
in consequence

Example that is for example

specifically for instance
in particular an instance of this
for one thing this can be seen in

22
Summary and Emphasis in sum in short
generally on the whole
after all as I said
by the way in other words
in general to be sure
incidentally in fact
naturally indeed
I hope clearly
at least of course
it seems anyway
in brief remarkably
I suppose I think
assuredly
definitely
without doubt
for all that
on the whole
in any event
importantly
certainly

Expletives- words or phrases that do not add any structural or grammatical

meaning to the sentence.
It is necessary for Jonathan to finish his homework.
Agreements
Subject-Verb- The subject must agree with the verb. This means that
both need to be singular or both need to plural.
Singular - Alex plays a lot of different games.
Plural- Alex and Alan play a lot of different games.
Noun-Pronoun- The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number.
A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun, and a plural pronoun

23
 must replace a plural noun.
Singular- Jacob decided to play Fortnite, and he had a lot of fun.
Plural- Both Jacob and Kai played Fortnite, and they had a lot of fun.

“Video Game” BOOK OF WRITING

SECTION 3 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3
PHRASES

1. Phrases – A group of words that function as a part of speech.

a. Prepositional: A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with
an object of the preposition.
The home team was welcomed with cheers and roars from the crowd.
Despite being down three in the beginning of the team fight, Cloud9 was able to
clutch out and win the game.
b. Appositive: A noun that renames another noun or pronoun. An appositive
phrase is the appositive and all its modifiers.
Dyrus, a former professional League of Legends player, enjoyed talking trash
about his competition when he was a professional player.

24
Fortnite, the world’s most popular game currently, was created by the company
Epic Games.
c. Verbal (3): A group of words formed by verbs.
i. Gerund: Words that are formed from verbs but act as nouns. A
gerund phrase consists of a gerund and words that complement and
modify it.
Playing video games with my friends is the best.
I enjoy watching streams of my favorite professional players so Ican
learn from them.
ii. Participle: Words that are formed from verbs but act as adjectives.
Participial phrases consist of a participle and its modifiers and
compliments.
Players mocking each other in a team game affect the team chemistry.
Annoying people screaming in voice chat make me lose my focus.
iii. Infinitive: Formed from a verb but does not act as a verb. Infinitive
phrases are made of infinitives and their modifiers and complements.
Wario waited for the new video game to come out since January.
Kyle used his friend’s phone to watch the grand final between
Cloud9 and Team Liquid.

25
 “Video Games” BOOK OF WRITING
SECTION 4 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4
CLAUSES

1. Clauses – A group of words with a subject and verb.

A. INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a
simple sentence pattern. Must express a complete thought.
My favorite video games are Overwatch, Fortnite, and CS:GO.
His favorite esport team is Team Solomid.

B. SUBORDINATE (Dependent) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence

and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. Not a complete
thought.
Since I play a lot of video games.
Until Mario wins a game.

26
 1. Noun Clause: Used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a
subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect
object, or an appositive.
Can you tell me when your ultimate ability is ready? (Direct Object)
Whatever game you want is fine with me. (Subject)
2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.
A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word:
The boy who looked very happy after getting a Nintendo Switch for Christmas.
B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns:
There is always a game which swepts the entire world in popularity.
d. NOTE: The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and it
is used as a sentence-part within the clause.
3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an
independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to
Indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.

a. Modifying verbs:
You open the motherboard box while I open the CPU box.
His face got red when he lost five times in a row.

b. Modifying adjectives:
Brock was confident that he was the best player coming in to the
tournament.
Losing a grand final seems twice as painful as it is in general.
He is as extremely hyperactive as his brother during games.
c. Modifying adverbs:
Team SoloMid works harder than other teams usually do.
The team took time off for a much needed vacation from a tough
season.
4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.
The players who scream in voice chat are extremely annoying to play with.
To calm his girlfriend for spending too much time playing video games, Joe
decided to take his girlfriend on a date which she gladly accepted.

27
 5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
When playing video games, Kevin is focused on the game.
My brother is better gamer than me.
6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
The gaming franchise who really excites Fred is the Assassin's Creed franchise.
The games that interest Carl the most are first person shooters.
7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning
of the sentence.
Los Angeles, the city that Jill lives in, is now hosting the biggest gaming event in
the world.
The old Xbox game, a game that is ten years old, is able to run on the newest
Xbox

“Video Games” BOOK OF WRITING

SECTION 5 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5
SENTENCES

1. Sentences

a. Sentence Parts
ii. Predicate (3)
i. Subject (3) 1.
1. Compl
Compl ete
ete 2. Simple
2. Simple 3.
3. Compo
Compo und
und

28
 b. Sentence Types (4)

i. i. Simple
Declarative
ii. Complex
ii. Interrogative
iii. Compound
iii. Imperative
iv. Complex/
iv. Exclamatory Compound

v. Loose
c. Sentence Errors
Sentence
(Incomplete/Incorrect Types)
(with correction guidelines)
vi. Periodic
Sentence

i. Fragment vii. Balanced

Sentence
ii. Run-
on/Rambling viii. Parallel
Structure
iii. Fused
Sentence ix. Chiasmus

iv. Misplaced x. Asyndeton

Modifier
xi. Polysyndeton
v. Comma Splice
xii. Anaphora
vi. Double
Negative xiii. Epistrophe
d. Sentence Patterns (13)

Sentence Parts

1. Subject (3)- what the sentence is about

29
 a. Complete-what the sentence is about
Gabriel and Chris enjoy playing video games together.
Gabriel plays the game Fortnite Battle Royale everyday after school.
b. Simple- a subject with just one noun as the focus of the sentence
My favorite professional Overwatch player is going to do a meetup.
My Halloween costume is based off a cosmetic item in the game Team Fortress 2
c. Compound- a subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun
Skins, cosmetics, and random stuff were what made up Kyle’s items in Team
Fortress 2.
His brother and he enjoyed playing competitive Counter-Strike together.
2. Predicate (3)- tells something about subject
a. Complete- tells something about subject
Cole is interested in going to E3 to try out all the new games.
Jack wants to buy three new games: Spiderman PS4, Call of Duty: Black Ops
4, and Red Dead Redemption 2.
b. Simple- the verb or verbs that link up with the subject.
Joel felt that the new mouse from Logitech will fulfill his need for a new mouse.
Harry has been wanting to play Rainbow Six Siege for a long time.
c. Compound- a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to
the subject.
Jackie went to the League of Legends Arena and watched his favorite team
compte.
Ted created one of the most successful gaming franchises, but ended up selling
the game to a bigger company.

Sentence Types

1. Declarative- A sentence that makes a statement.

Brian likes to play video games with his older brother, Joseph.
Derrick wants to play this weekend, but his parents won’t let him.
1. Interrogative- A sentence whose grammatical form shows that is a question.
When did Red Dead Redemption 2 come out?
When will Valve finally release another Triple A title?

30
1. Imperative- A sentence that gives a command
Phillip, watch our flank!
Let’s go from middle to B site.
1. Exclamatory- Sentences that are exclamatory in function and end in exclamation
marks. Sentences that exclamatory in form start with what and how, are not
interrogative, and shift in word order.
I can’t find my PS4 controller!
I am so excited to get the Nintendo Switch for my birthday!

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types)

1. Run-On/Rambling

a. Phillip and Derrick are playing Fortnite they decided to land at Tilted Towers.

b. Phillip and Derrick are playing Fortnite, and they decided to land at Tilted Towers.

2. Fused

a. Blizzard Entertainment's Overwatch started a charity for breast cancer research in 2018
they donated $12.7 million dollars to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
b. Blizzard Entertainment's Overwatch started a charity for breast cancer research in
2018. They donated $12.7 million dollars to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
3. Fragment

a. Since Pokemon Let’s Go is on sale,

b. Since Pokemon Let's Go is on sale, Andrew decided to buy the game.

4. Misplaced Modifier
a. The student, who played video games up until 5 a.m. in the morning, blamed the
foolish teacher for not teaching.
b. The foolish student, who played video games up until 5 a.m. in the morning, blamed
the teacher for not teaching.
5. Double Negative

31
 a. I don’t know nothing about the new game coming out in 2019.
b. I don’t know anything about the new game coming out in 2019.
6. Comma Splice
a. E3 was going to start late, I decided to grab breakfast.
b. E3 was going to start late, so I decided to grab breakfast.

Sentence Patterns

1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Compound
4. Complex/Compound
5. Loose Sentence
6. Periodic Sentence
7. Balanced Sentence
8. Parallel Structure
9. Chiasmus
10. Asyndeton
11. Polysyndeton
12. Anaphora
13. Epistrophe

1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one Independent clause.

Joey plays video games.

Turner enjoys watching video games.

1. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no

dependent clauses.

32
 Gabriel wanted to play video games with his friends, but he got grounded.

Christopher enjoys watching people play games, but he is not the best at them.

1. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
After Karen got back home, she decided to play Sims 4.

Since his brother is out of town, Kelly decided to play Fortnite on his PS4.

1. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at

least one dependent clause.
Although Kevin usually plays Pokemon, he bought Fallout 4, and enjoyed it a lot.

When Gerald comes back from work, he plays role playing games because it helps him
relax.
5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a
subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).
My new personal computer is arriving tomorrow, with the newest computer parts and
RGB lighting.
Robert finally finished working on his game after many long nights and a lot of hard
work.
6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end
of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.
As Josh walked to the kitchen to get a drink from the refrigerator, he was queued for
quick play.
Since everybody was sleeping and Tom was scared to talk in voice chat, he stopped
playing video games.
7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by
virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length
Howard called out an enemy flanking, but his teammate disagreed with him.

8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two
or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend
what is being written
Ryan likes playing video games, watching people play video games, and reading about
video games.

33
My friend Bowen took me to a microcenter, and a gaming convention.
9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or
clauses) in inverted (reversed) order
Don’t let games control you, you control the game.
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or
clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
The computer made noise. It clicked. It clacked.
11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to
each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
My brother likes Fortnite and Overwatch and CS:GO and Paladins.
My friend owns a Wii and Nintendo Switch and PS4 and Xbox.
12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or
a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis
and draw attention.
Every hour, every day, every week, I am getting better and better in Overwatch.
Who is to blame, Who is to turn to, Who is to target, when the team loses.
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same
word or words.
He turned on his computer, he put in his password, and he started playing games on the
computer.

34
 “Video Game” BOOK OF WRITING
SECTION 6 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6
PARAGRAPHS
1. Paragraphs – Explain what needs to be in each of the three (3) types of paragraphs, how many
sentences each paragraph should have, and include one (1) example for each of the pieces in each of
the paragraph sections.
a. Introductory Paragraphs
i. Hook/lead

1. Anecdotal
2. Query Based

ii. Thesis statement (7 types)

1. Assertion (Claim)
2. Fact
3. Opinion
4. Belief
5. Generalization
6. Document Based
7. Theory

b. Body Paragraphs
i. Topic sentence
ii. Sentences with examples
1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes INTO sentences)
a. MLA Citation
2. Paraphrase

35
 3. Summary
4. Anecdotes
5. Concrete examples
6. Abstract examples
iii. Closing sentences
c. Closing Paragraphs
i. Statement extending the thesis
ii. Consequences of disregarding the thesis
iii. Establishing the significance of thesis
iv. Final sentence (“Smokey the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)
1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions)- Introduces the Reader to Essay
a. Hook (Lead)
i. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic)
Jake plays video games all day and night. He doesn’t go to school very
often and does not do homework. He doesn’t listen to his parents and just
stays in his room playing video games. Jake clearly has an addiction to
video games, and many scientists have seen many similarities between
addiction with drugs and video games.
ii. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic)
Are video games as addictive as drugs?
b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length
– and something that is arguable.
i. Assertion (claim)
Video games are as addictive as drugs.
ii. Fact (empirically verifiable)
60 percent of Americans play video games daily.
iii. Opinion (personal position on a topic)
Video games become addictive when the person does not have self-
control.
iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many
to be a fact, though it is not necessarily)
Video games can lead to violence.
v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every,
never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement)
All video games containing blood can lead to violence.
vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)

36
 According to Christopher Ferguson, a professor at Florida’s Stetson
University, believes that video games are not as addictive as drugs. He
compared the dopamine level when playing video games and how much
was released when using drugs. Video games only increased the
dopamine level by 100-200 percent, while meth increased the dopamine
level by 1400 percent.
vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven)
Video games can be as addictive as drugs.
2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present
evidence to support or expand on the thesis)
a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on
one subject and area of evidence or support)
Multiple sources indicate that video games are not as addictive as drugs.
b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences –
quotes should be embedded within sentences)

According to Christopher Ferguson, “most video games are based on

"continuous reinforcement" — rewards that come at predictable intervals,
such as when a player defeats an enemy and advances to the next level.
That gives players more control than they have in gambling..”
(www.chicagotribune.com, 2017)
According to Joel Billieux, "(The studies) support the view that these
behaviors are often displayed to cope with real-life problems or
psychological difficulties (such as depression or anxiety)...”
(www.chicagotribune.com, 2017)
vi. Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same
length without quotation marks, but still citing the source)
1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – According to Joel Billieux, "(The
studies) support the view that these behaviors are often displayed
to cope with real-life problems or psychological difficulties (such
as depression or anxiety)...” (www.chicagotribune.com, 2017)
2. Ex. PARAPHRASE – Studies have shown that videogames are
used to cope with problems.
vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections)

37
 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – According to Joel Billieux, "(The
studies) support the view that these behaviors are often displayed
to cope with real-life problems or psychological difficulties (such
as depression or anxiety)...” (www.chicagotribune.com, 2017)
2. SUMMARY – Video games are being used to cope with
problems
viii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples – AVOID)
If people had self-control, they would not get addicted to video games.
ix. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples)

c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a
transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the
essay)
Researchers agree that there is

3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of

the previous paragraphs of your essay)
a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of
disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT)

b. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the

implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences)

c. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis

d. Final Sentence (connects to the hook)

“ Video Games” BOOK OF WRITING

38
 SECTION 7 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7
ESSAYS
1. Essays
a. Types
i. Persuasive (Argumentative)- An essay used to convince the target audience to
do something or not do something. It provides a situation that forces the reader to
be for it or against it. It provokes the reader to do certain things and take action.
The purpose of the persuasive essay is a call to action that forces the reader to pick a
side.
ii. Expository (Informative)
1. Definition or Description- An essay used to explain information in
detail to make readers understand. The purpose of the expository essay is to explain
or clarify people, places, things and ideas. It is to make readers aware of the subject.
2. Process (How-to)- A process essay explains a process of making or
doing something.
3. Compare and Contrast- An essay that compares and contrasts two
things.
4. Cause and Effect- an essay that finds the cause of something and its
effect on something.
iii. Analytical/Critical- An essay that analyzes something such as literature. In an
analytical essay, the subject is broken down into parts, and explained part by part to
enhance understanding. The purpose of an analytical essay is to help enhance the
understanding of the reader.
1. Evaluative- An essay to provide validation for the quality of a
particular item.
2. Interpretive- An essay that interprets or critically analyzes a subject
into parts.

iv. Narrative (Tells a story)- A short story written in essay format. It is a type of
essay where there is one motive that the entire narrative is about. The purpose of a
narrative is to describe people and narrates their experience to teach lessons to the reader.

39
 1. Personal Anecdote- A story about the writer and their personal
experiences.
v. Research
1. MLA Citation Format- Allows readers to properly credit their information
without plagiarizing.
2. APA Citation Format
vi. Timed
1. Document Based Question (DBQ)
2. Synthesis
3. Prompt Based

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps
i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining
ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources
c. Work Cited Page
i. MLA Format- Displays the sources that were used and included in the
project.
ii. APA Format-

Glossary
Video Games- a game played by electronically manipulating images produced by
a computer program on a television screen or other display screen.

40
PC (Personal Computer)- a game played by electronically manipulating images
produced by a computer program on a television screen or other display screen.

Overwatch- a team-based multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed

and published by Blizzard Entertainment, which was released on May 24, 2016 for
PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows.

Counter Strike- Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) is a multiplayer first-

person shooter video game developed by Hidden Path Entertainment and Valve
Corporation.

Fortnite- Fortnite is an online video game first released in 2017 and developed by
Epic Games.

Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or

a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis
and draw attention.

Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a

subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).

Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the

end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.

Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two
or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend
what is being written

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same
word or words.

41
Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or
clauses) in inverted (reversed) order

Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or

clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to

each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

42