METODOS DE REFLEXION SISMICA

PARA INGENIERIA DE RESERVORIOS

Pet-620

M S C . I NG . SA LVA DOR Y. L I M ACHI L .

 CONTENIDO
•Cognition •Interpretación estratigráfica
•Introducción •Atributos sísmicos
•Conceptos Geofísicos •Hacer superficies (mapas
estructurales)
•Adquisición sísmica
•Mapas y Modelo de velocidades
•Procesamiento sísmico
•Conversión a profundidad
•Interpretación sísmica
•Modelo estructural 3D (profundidad)
•QC data sísmica
•Analisís de mistie
•Amarre sísmica pozo
•Interpretación estructural
salvadorlimachi@hotmail.com
Miercoles 20
Lista 3 estudiantes por grupo
1 presentación de 10 min + 5min preguntas
1 informe de 2 planas, arial 12, espacio interlineado 1.5
Types of Pulses Minimum Phase
Reflection Causal (real – no motion before wave
Coefficients arrives)
Front loaded
Peak arrival time is frequency
dependent
RC is at the first displacement;
maximum displacement (peak or
trough) is delayed by ¼ λ
Types of Pulses Zero Phase
Reflection Not causal (not real, since there is
Coefficients motion before the wave arrives)
Symmetric about RC
Peak arrival time is not frequency
dependant
Maximum peak-to-side lobe ratio
RC is at the maximum displacement
(peak or trough)
 Processing Objectives
Obtain an accurate, interpretable subsurface image

• Seismic data acquisition and

seismic data processing work
together to produce the best
earth image.
• Ideally, processed seismic data
should represent the true earth
response. In practice, the
processed data will only be an
approximation.
Subsurface ‘Image’
• The image to the right shows a
well processed, interpretable
subsurface image.
Seismic Processing - Basics
Data Processing
Stream

Field Record
(marine)
Subsurface ‘Image’
Elements of Good Processing
1. Accurate Geometry
reflection travel times free from distortion for true trap
definition
2. Compact Wavelets
correct reflection amplitude and pulse shape for reservoir
lithology and fluid property prediction
3. Reduced Noise
good signal to noise for mapping reflections of interest
Good Processing
Great Processing
 Generic Processing Flow
Processing generally proceeds in several stages
• Signal – steps to:
Signal Processing

• Control and shape the wavelet.

• Preserve the relationship of amplitude to the RCs.
• Improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
• Imaging
Imaging – steps to:
• Focus the subsurface image.
• Correct for positioning errors.
• Signal Processing– steps involving:
SignalProcessing

• Application of pre- and post-stack enhancements.

 Generic Processing Flow (post-stack migration)
Front End /Geometry

Amplitude/Phase Control Signal

Processing
Noise Mitigation

* Stack

Velocity Analysis
Imaging
Migration

Post-Migration Processing
Signal
Processing
Post-Stack Processing
 Generic Processing Flow (pre-stack migration)
Front End /Geometry

Amplitude/Phase Control Signal

Processing
Noise Mitigation

Velocity Analysis
Imaging
Migration

Post-Migration Processing

Signal
* Stack
Processing

Post-Stack Processing
 Stacked Section

Stacking = summing appropriate traces to enhance the

geologic signal and reduce the random noise.
 Repeated Measurements
We discussed fold and how we
get repeated measurements
in the acquisition lecture.

We can get four (4) independent

measures of the geology in the
red box by using a series of
different shot points and
receiver locations
 Full Stack – Characteristics
• Summation (stacking) decreases random noise and
increases signal.
• Often the best dataset for structural interpretation.
• Cleanest dataset to interpret in areas with low SNR.
• Summation (stacking) of all angles (near to far)
angles will decrease the overall bandwidth.
• May not be the best dataset for stratigraphic detail.
• May not be the best dataset to investigate DHIs.
DHI = Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator
 Partial Stacks
Traces within a specific angle range of a CMP gather are summed to
make angle stacks
◦ e.g. as near, mid, and fars
A

25°

20°

Note that with increasing depth, the emergent

angle is limited by the offset of the acquisition

Nature of seismic acquisition results in offset limited data

 Pre-Stack Processing
There are a number of processing steps that are done
before stacking.
These are done to:
◦ Correct for amplitude loss with depth (time).
◦ Correct for elevation changes for land acquisition.
◦ Minimize the effect of the wavelet (deconvolution).
◦ Determine the optimum velocity function for stacking.
 Amplitude Loss with Time
Spherical Divergence
Energy varies as 1/radius2
• Loss of energy through or 1/time2
time/depth/distance
traveled.
• Energy decays by the
inverse square of the
distance traveled.
Since we know how signal strength
is lost by geometric spreading
from the surface source location,
we are able to apply a correction
factor.
 Amplitude Loss with Time
Energy is partitioned at each
acoustic interface. N=1

• At a reflecting interface, normal

incidence energy is converted N=2
into two waves:
– reflected P waves, and N=3

– transmitted P waves. N=4

• The incident energy at layer N
has been reduced by all of the
overlying reflected energy.
Transmission Loss
 Amplitude Loss with Time
Attenuation
• Seismic energy is converted to Q = 50, F = 5 Hz
heat.
• This is frequency dependent.
• The higher the frequency, the
greater the loss of signal.
• Absorption is referred to as Q. Attenuation
Q = 50, F = 50 Hz
• Q varies by rock type.

Amplitude varies as Ao e-X/Q

Absorption
 Gain Compensation
Automatic Gain Control Programmed Gain Control

Original Original
Trace Trace

15 sample
AGC applied PGC
applied

Gain Gain
Function Function

Boosting signal strength to a Controlling signal strength to

preset level over a specified preserve proportionality with
time interval bedding reflectivity
 Elevation Correction
• Source and receivers may be Shot Layout
located at different surface Variable Surface Elevations
Source

elevations. Receivers
R R R
R R
R R Receivers

• Travel time to any reflector (a R

R

flat one in the figure) will

vary as the length of the
travel path changes.
• This effect must be removed
Gathers are not flat after Moveout
from the data if the traces Correction due to Elevation Artifacts
are to be successfully Time
Origin
flattened and then stacked.

Statics Distorted Hyperbolas

 Elevation Correction
Shot Layout
Variable Surface Elevations
Source

• After applying this time shift,

Receivers
R R R
R R R Receivers
R
the data appears as if it has Seismic Reference Datum

all been recorded on the

seismic reference datum.
• This is referred to as a static
shift.
Shot Record:
• All the samples for each Corrected Moveout Curve
Time

individual trace are moved Origin

by the same amount.

Seismic Reference Datum ‘Clean’ Hyperbolas

 Static Correction
A time
correction was
applied to
datum traces
to a common
reference
elevation.

Distorted Hyperbolas ‘Cleaner’ Hyperbolas

 Trace Muting

Removing
shallow
portions of
traces that are
dominated by
direct arrivals
and refractions.
 Removing the Wavelet Shape
Wavelet shaping to improve recognition and resolution of
reflected events.

Ringing

Deconvolution
 Surface-related multiple
reflection at th

Multiple Removal
Surface-related multipl
Surface-related
Multiples: multiples have at least one
Seismic energy that reflection at t
has been reflectedreflection
more than at theWater
surface Second-order
Bottom Multiple
First-order

once. Surface-related
S R S R
Multiple removal steps are often Source-side
pegleg
applied several
lated times, especially
multiples First-order have
Second-order
in areasFirst-order
with strong multiples.
Second-order First-order
Surface-relatedSubsurface Second-order
Multiple
eflection Surface-related at the surfa
Receiver-side
Surface-related
pegleg

 A “peel the onion” approach.

S Surface-related
R S R I
S R S R
Source-side
 Pre-Stack and Post-Stack
Source-side pegleg
pegleg
migration steps.
econd-order Receiver-side
First-order
Receiver-side
Peg-leg Multiple
pegleg
related pegleg Surfac
Surface-related
Velocity Analysis
Reflections on a Velocity Semblance
CMP Stack Diagram

Used to determine the

velocity function that best
flattens the gathers

Two-Way Time
Values that
indicate the
degree of
‘flatness’

Velocity
Velocity Segregation of Multiples
Semblance Gather

Muted

Energy from Energy from

Multiples Multiples
Normal Moveout (NMO)
Corrected Gather
About
400 fold

Energy from
Multiples • What happens to the energy
from multiples when traces
are stacked?
• What is the difference in
multiple removal for near vs.
far angle stacks?
Normal Moveout (NMO)
Corrected Gather
About
400 fold

Energy from
Multiples

The gently dipping The strongly dipping multiple

multiple will not be will be canceled by destructive
canceled during stacking interference during stacking
 Multiple Removal
Approach:
In “velocity space” the
• Marine: technique is determined multiples can be
by water depth recognized and filtered
 Deep water – velocity out
separation (Radon)
 Shallow Water -
deconvolution

• Land: uses velocity separation

(Radon) and/or deconvolution
Radon
Radon Applied to Remove Multiples
Before Radon After Radon

Conflicting dip due to Multiples effectively

primaries and multiples removed with Radon
Pre-Stack Processing
There are other advanced processing steps that can be done
before stack.
They are quite expensive is terms of money, time and
resources.
 Non-Layer Cake Geology
Things get more complicated with dipping strata.
The ‘bounce’ point is not simply the midpoint.

Midpoint

Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

Unmigrated Impulse Response
Migrating the Stacked Image

Time
This energy (peak/ trough) The shape of this arc is
could have come from controlled by the
anywhere along this arc. velocity field.

Unmigrated Image
 Sweeping Arcs for Three Wavelets
Migrating the Stacked Image

Time
Destructive
Interference

Constructive
We get constructive Interference
interference where the
true reflector is located.

Unmigrated Image
When Many Arcs are Swept
Migrating the Stacked Image

Time
Poststack Migration
Sweeps Out Arcs
(Kirchoff Summation)
 Seismic Migration
Migrating the Stacked Image

Time
Unmigrated
Image
In Red

Reflection
Surface

Migrated
Time Display Image
Location
In Blue
Seismic Migration

Red lines mark the unmigrated

position of two reflections
 Seismic Migration
Migration noise

Red lines mark the unmigrated

position of two reflectors

Edge effect from

the model
Migrated Model
Stacked – Unmigrated Line

Reflections are not properly located in the subsurface

It is difficult to interpret the structure
Stacked – Migrated Line

Reflections are mare accurately located in the subsurface

Now a thrust fault can be interpreted
 Migration Options
There are many methods/algorithms for seismic migration.
Each has advantages and disadvantages as we go from
simple, quick methods to more rigorous, expensive
methods.
“You get what you are willing to pay for”

Post-Stack Pre-Stack Pre-Stack

Time Time Depth
$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$
Good to Poor Great to Fair Excellent to
Imaging Imaging Good Imaging
Gracias por su atención