CE 2025

For B.E 6th semester

Civil Engineering
PIXOR Branch
PUBLICATIONS
 ARCHITECTURE CE 2025

ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

UNIT I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Architectural Design – an analysis – integration of function and aesthetics –

Introduction to basic elements and principles of design.

UNIT II SITE PLANNING

Surveys – Site analysis – Development Control – Layout regulations- Layout

design concepts.

UNIT III BUILDING TYPES

Residential, institutional, commercial and Industrial – Application of

anthropometry and space standards-Inter relationships of functions – Safety
standards – Building rules and regulations – Integration of building services –
Interior design

UNIT IV CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVE DESIGN

Man and environment interaction- Factors that determine climate –

Characteristics of climate Types – Design for various climate types – Passive and
active energy controls – Green building Concept

UNIT V TOWN PLANNING

Planning – Definition, concepts and processes- Urban planning standards and

zoning Regulations- Urban renewal – Conservation – Principles of Landscape
design

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UNIT 1
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

 Architectural Design is concerned with satisfying human needs. The

outcome or result of architectural design is a large-scale environment, or
building. The activity of architectural design consists of certain kinds of
tasks done in a specific order, the Architectural Design Process. “It is the
process by which an object which is to be physically constructed later is
first visualized as an idea” The Architectural Design Process begins when
a client identifies a need to accommodate new or expanded activities with a
new building, or the enlargement of an existing building. The architect
works closely with the client in order to clearly understand their user needs.
The architect then produces a Design Program. This is a written document
that spells out the characteristics that the new building must have in order
to satisfy the identified needs. The Design Program is a design brief for the
building. It begins with a Problem Statement - design objectives -
describing the general characteristics of the proposed building. Its style or
overall appearance how it relates to its surroundings energy and
environmental impacts. The Program also includes Design Requirements.
These are detailed and specific properties that the building must have in
order to be successful. These are also referred to as design criteria.
 AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
The object r the actual building to be created in architectural design is
architectural space defined are enclosed by a structure that should satisfy
both aesthetics and function
BUILDING
It is defined as an object which integrates space and structure aesthetically
and functionally

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Object in architectural design= architectural space +structure

 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

o Requirements
o Circulation
o Anthropometrics
o Space standards
o Site planning
o Land scape design
o Climate
o Integration of basic service
o Safety regulations
o Building rules and regulations
o Layout regulations

 REQUIRMENTS
The set of spaces that is required for a particular building forms the design
requirements for the particular building
 The Design Requirements include
Space List - the functional areas that are to be provided.
Sizes and Dimensions - the floor area and critical lengths and heights of
the spaces.
Proximity Relationships - how close the spaces must be to each other and
the type of access between them.
Fixtures and Fittings - detailed built-in features and equipment required to
support the functions of the spaces.
Special Features - anything unusual that must be provided in order for the
spaces to function properly. With the Program complete, and there to guide
the design activities, the architect will next generate ideas. This part of the
architectural design process is called Schematic Design. Schematic Design
is a search for an essential organizing principle an idea that will suggest the

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overall arrangement and form for individual and groups of spaces that make
up the building. Directions or guidelines for using the elements of design

 ANTHROPOMETRICS
It is based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body. There is
assumption architecture that the form and space are decided by the
dimensions of the human body.
 SPACE STANDARDS
Space is a specific value which provides for a specific form of human
activity. The common factor in building and areas is the concept of space.
The space created must be technically efficient and aesthetically satisfying
 SITE PLANNING
It involves arranging structures on the land and shaping spaces between
them. The site plan locates objects and activities in space and time. It is an
art linked to architecture engineering, landscape architectures and city
planning.
 LANDSCAPE DESIGN
It enhances the aesthetic appeal of the building. It entails planning the space
outside or surrounding a construction or building
 CLIMATE
An architect is interested specifically in those aspects of the climate which
affect human comfort and the use of buildings. These includes average
changes and extremes of temperature, temp differences between the day
and night, humidity, sky conditions, incoming and outgoing radiation,
rainfall and its distribution, air movements and special features such as
trade winds thunder storms, dust storms and hurricanes.
 INTEGRATION OF BASIC BUILDING SERVICES
In the design of buildings a provision should be made for essential services
The services are: water supply and sanitation, drainage, electricity
distribution, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and illumination, fire
safety.

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 SAFETY REGULATIONS IN BUILDINGS

Public buildings b the nature of the their occupancy and use, require higher
standards of safety than other types of buildings. Provision of life safety
takes top project and affects the entire design/plan, the construction and the
selection of materials.
 BUILDING RULES AND REGULATIONS
The rules to be followed during a constructions project are decided by the
location of the project and the types of development to be carried out.
Specific areas are largely covered by the directorate of town and country
planning rules.
 LAYOUT REGULATIONS
It is the preparation of layouts which will satisfy standards with respect to
open spaces outside and adequate area inside the building and the provision
of good light and ventilations.

 BASIC ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

The elements of design are the tools of the designer
Architecture design involves the selection of design elements and the
arrangement of them within a spinal enclosure to satisfy certain functional
and aesthetic needs.
 THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

Line
Shape
Form
Space
Texture
Color

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 LINE
Line is the visual direction of a design. It can be used to emphasis a
pleasing element or disguise an undesirable one.
Different types of lines have different effects on design.

 The different types of lines are as follows:-

Vertical
Horizontal
Diagonal
Curved
 VERTICAL LINES:-
Vertical lines lead the eye up, adding height, formality and strength to a
design. Emphasize height in a room. Vertical lines can make rooms seem
more spacious than they actually are and ceiling appears higher.
IT CAN BE SEEN IN
Tall furniture
Columns
Stripped wallpaper
Long narrow draperies.
HORIZONTAL LINES
Horizontal lines lead the eye to the left or right, suggesting informality and
restfulness. It can make a person appear heavier. It can be seen in:
Long, low roofs
Long, low furniture pieces such as safes and chests.
Horizontal lines can make buildings rooms and furniture seem wider and
shorter. Diagonal lines: Diagonal lines suggest action, Movement and
excitement. It breaks monotony of vertical and horizontal.
Diagonal lines can be over powering and tiring, so they should be used
sparingly in design. It can be seen in:Stair cases Cathedral ceilings Gable
roofs.

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 CURVED LINES
Too many curved lines create a busy look. Curved lines add a softening,
graceful effect to designs. It can be seen in:
Doorway arches
Ruffed curtains
Curved furniture
Rounded accessories.
 SHAPE- Shape is a flat image with two dimensions (i.e.) length and width.
FORM- It is the outlined edges of a three dimensional object. it has length,
width and depth as well as volume and mass related forms tend to look
better together than unrelated forms. a room is more pleasing if the form of
the dominate piece is repeated in minor piece and accessories in a room.
SPACE-it is the total area a person can see. large shapes and forms breakup
space. area around space / form is negative space
TEXTURE-it is a surfaces tactile quality. Tactile refers to the perception of
touch. in design, texture appeals to sight as well as touch. Often patterns or
colors are used to create the illusion of texture. Smooth surfaces reflect
more light than rough surfaces, making them look lighter and brighter.
Rough surfaces absorb more light, making them look darker and lesser
intense. a room with same texture throughout is monotonous, but too many
different textures can appear disjointed and distracting. most well-designed
rooms have a dominate texture with accents of contrasting textures.
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEXTURES ARE
Rough
Smooth
Dully
Shiny
Soft

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 COLOUR
It is considered the most important element of design. color can have strong
emotional and psychological impact.

 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
HUE
VALUE
INTENSITY
HUE- it the name of the color e.g.: red, green etc.
the color may be lightened or darkened, brightened or dulled but the hue will
remain the same.
VALUE-it is the lightness and darkness of hue.
INTENSITY- it is the brightness or dullness of a hue.
TYPES OF COLOR
Warm color: red-orange-yellow, active, exiting, aggressive cool color: blue-
violet-green calming, restful, passive

 THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Proportion (Scale)
Balance
Emphasis
Rhythm
Harmony
 BALANCE

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A sense of equilibrium. When establishing balance consider visual

weight created by size, color, texture and number of objects.

 TYPES OF BALANCE
SYMMETRICAL-Achieved by placing identical objects on either side of a
central point. Creates a quiet, restful feeling, Suggests restraint,
orderliness, formality also called, and FORMAL balance.
ASYMMETRICAL- Achieved by placing different objects of equal visual
weight on either side of a central point. Creates more interesting
arrangements, Suggests informality, relaxed, Also referred to as
INFORMAL balance.
 RADIAL BALANCE
Radial Balance involves having furnishings or patterns arranged in a
circular manner. Radiation creates a sweeping, dramatic, circular motion in
a room.
 RHYTHM
Leads the eye from one point to another, creates motion.
 TYPES OF RHYTHM
Rhythm by Repetition
Rhythm by Gradation
Rhythm by Radiation

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Rhythm by Opposition
Rhythm by Transition
RHYTHM BY REPETITION-Rhythm created by duplicating (repeating)
shapes, colors, pattern, line, texture.
RHYTHM BY GRADATION- Rhythm created by a gradual change in size or
color.
RHYTHM BY RADIATION- Rhythm created by identical objects coming
from a central axis.
RHYTHM BY OPPOSITION-Rhythm created by lines at right angles or
contrasting colors.
RHYTHM BY TRANSITION-Rhythm created by curved lines that carry your
eye across a straight surface.
 SCALE & PROPORTION
Scale relates to the size of a design in relation to the height and width of the
area in which it is placed. Proportion relates to the parts of the object and
how one part relates to another.
 SCALE
Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the design and its
components. Furniture and accessories must be in scale to the room
 PROPORTION
The Golden Mean – the division of a line or form so that the smaller
portion has the same ratio to the larger as the larger has to the whole.
 EMPHASIS
The center or focus of attention and interest within a design. The feature
that commands attention and makes a design visually interesting. The
creative use of color, texture, pattern, and furniture arrangement can create
illusions of properly proportioned space.
 Harmony

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There are 2 types of harmony:

Unity
Variety
UNITY occurs when all the parts of a home or room are related by one
idea. A unified design has consistency of style. When two or more
different elements of design are used to add interest to a design.
VARIETY can be achieved by combining different styles and materials, as
long as they are compatible. When two or more different elements of
design are used to add interest to a design. Variety can be achieved by
combining different styles and materials, as long as they are compatible.

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Unit 2, 3, 4&5 coming soon…….

For more details contact:

M.Ramanathan B.E
PIXOR PUBLICATIONS,
COIMBATORE,
TAMILNADU.

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO

All Civil engineering students
&
My frnds: Ram Kumar, Raja, pandiyarajan, Rajesh, vignesh
kumar, prakash, robin, prabhakaran, Vijay, others.

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