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IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. ELECTROSTATICS

1. Electrostatic force between two charges

= . = .
For air, =
Fair = . = ×
→
2. Electric field intensity due to a point charge, ⃗ = →

3. Electric field intensity due to infinite linear charge density (λ)

= .
4. Electric field intensity near an infinite thin sheet of surface charge density
=
For thick sheet = .
5. Electric potential, = →

Electric potential due to a point charge, = .

6. Relation between electric field and potential =− = (numerically)

7. Dipole moment, ⃗ = . ⃗
8. Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field, ⃗ = ⃗ × ⃗.
9. Potential energy of dipole, ∪= − ⃗. ⃗ = −
10. Work done in rotating the dipole in uniform electric field from orientation Q1 to Q2
is
= − = ( − )

11. Electric field due to a short dipole

(i) at axial point, = .

(ii) at equatorial point, = .

12. Electric potential due to a short dipole
(i) At axial point, = .
(ii) At equatorial point, = .
13. Dielectric constant, = =
14. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

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(i) = , in medium of dielectric constant K

(ii) = ; if space between plate partially filled with dielectric of
( )

thickness t.
15. Combination of capacitors :-
(i) In series, = + + , = = , = + +
(ii) In parallel, C= + + , = + + , = = =

16. Energy stored by capacitor

∪= = =
17. Electrostatic energy density
= , in air
= , in medium
18. Total electric flux, = ∮ ⃗. ⃗ = ×

2. Current Electricity

1. Electric current = or I = =
2. In case of an electron revolving in a circle of radius r with speed v, period of revolution is

T= ; Frequency of revolution, v = = , Current, I = ev =

3. Ohm’s law, R = or V = IR

4. Current in terms of drift velocity ( ) is I = enA

5. Resistance of a uniform conductor, R = =

6. Resistivity or specific resistance, = =

7. Conductance =

8. Conductivity = or σ = =

9. Current density = or j = = en

10. Relation between current density and electric field,

j = σ E or E = j

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11. Mobility µ =

12. Temperature coefficient of resistance, α = ( )

13. The equivalent resistance of a number of resistances connected in series is given by

= + + + …..

14. The equivalent resistance of a number of resistances connected in parallel is given by

= + + + ….

15. EMF of a cell, E =

16. For a cell of internal resistance r, the emf is E = V + Ir = I (R + r)

17. Terminal p.d of a cell, V = IR =

18. Terminal p.d. when a current is being drawn from the cell, V = E – Ir
19. Terminal p.d. when the cell is being charged, V = E + Ir

20. Internal resistance of a cell, r = R [ ]

21. For n cell in series, I =

22. For n cells in parallel, I =

23. Heat produced by electric current, H = Rt joule = .

cal

24. Electric power, P = = VI = R=

25. Electric energy, W = Pt = VIt = Rt

26. Potential gradient of the potentiometer wire, k =

27. For comparing e.m.f.s of two cells, =

28. For measuring internal resistance of a cell, r = xR

29. For a balanced Wheatstone bridge, = , If X is the unknown resistance =

or X =

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30. in a slide wire bridge, if balance point is obtained at l cm from the zero end,

then = =( )

3. Magnetic effect of current

 Biot-Savart law (Magnetic field due to current element)

 0 I dl sin 
dB 
4 r2

 Force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field

  
F = qvB sin or F = q( v  B )

 Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop

0 N I a 2
B 3
.
2 (r 2  a 2 ) 2

 Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight current carrying wire

 I
B 0
2 r
 Magnetic field at a point on the axis of a solenoid
B   0 nI
 Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
mv 2 m
r= T
qB qB
 Torque on a rectangular coil in a uniform magnetic field
 = NIBA sin

 Force per unit length acting on each of the two straight parallel metallic conductors
carrying current
F  I I
f  2  0 1 2
l 2 r

 Deflection in moving coil galvanometer

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NBAI

k

 Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter

I gG V
S R  RG
I  I g  Ig

 Elements of Earth’s magnetic field

H  B E cos  V  B E sin 
 P.E. of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
U  mB cos

 Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

evr  eh 
m  n 
2  4 me 

 Magnetising field intensity

H = nI

 Intensity of magnetization
m
M
V

4. All possible formulae at a glance Unit EMI and AC

Physical Quantity Formula SI unit Dimension

   
Magnetic flux (ϕ) B  A  BA cos  =  B  d A Wb = Tm 2
[ML2T-2A-1]
d

dt
 N d
Induced current i  
R R dt

Induced emf (e) Volt [ML2T-1A-1]

N
Induced charge q = i∆t =  
R
Motional emf induced in a straight conductor
(i) Linear motion = Blv
(ii) Rotation about one end = Bl2ɷ/2

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
L  and L 
I dI
Self-inductance dt Henry [ML2T-2A-2]
Self-inductance of a long solenoid
L = μrμ0 n2 A l
2
M 12   2 and M 12 
I1 dI 1
Mutual inductance dt Henry [ML2T-2A-2]
Mutual-inductance of two long co-axial solenoids
M12 = μ0 n1 n2 πr2 l, M12 = √³L1L2´
Magneto static U = ½ LI2 Joule [ML2T-2]
energy stored
e =E0 sin (ɷt+ϕ) or e = E0cos (ɷt+ϕ)
Alternating current i = I0 sin (ɷt+ϕ) or i = I0cos (ɷt+ϕ)
and voltage Irms = Io/√2 = 0.707 I0 and Erms = Eo/√2 =
0.707 E0
For R : No phase difference betn V and I
For L: Voltage leads the current by π/2
For C: Current leads the voltage by π/2
 X  XC 
For LCR circuit: if f >fr   tan 1  L  or
 R 
 V  VC 
Phase relationship   tan 1  L  Unit less Dimensionless
 VR 
 X  XL 
If f<fr   tan 1  C  or
 R 
 V  VL 
  tan 1  C 
 VR 
Inductive reactance XL = ɷL
Capacitive reactance XC = 1/ɷC
Reactance and
Impedance of LR circuit Z = √{XL2 + R2} Ohm [ML2T-1A-2]
impedance
Impedance of RC circuit Z = √{XC2 + R2}
Impedance of LCR circuit Z = √{(XL – XC)2 + R2}
Resonance 1 1
fr  , angular frequency  r  Hertz, rad/s [T-1]
frequency 2 LC LC
1 L  L 1
Quality factor Q= = r = r = Unit less Dimensionless
R C 2 R  r CR
In pure inductor and capacitor: Zero
Power dissipated in
[ML2T-3]
Watt
In pure resistive circuit: I2R/2
ac circuit
In a combination of L,C and R: VrmsIrmscosϕ
Power factor cosϕ = R/Z Unit less Dimensionless

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Wattles current Irmscosϕ Ampere [A]

Frequency of LC 1
fr  Hertz [T-1]
oscillations 2 LC
Energy of ideal LC
½ Q2/C + ½ LI2 = ½ Q02/C Joule [ML2T-2]
oscillator
Transformation v S NS
ratio and efficiency =
v P NP
of transformer
vs I s P Unit less Dimensionless
Efficiency:- η =  0
v p I p Pi

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5.ELECTOMAGNETIC WAVES

ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

= = 3x108 m/s

∅
=

Maxwell’s equations

∮ ⃗ . ⃗= ∮ ⃗. ⃗=0 ⃗
∮ ⃗ . ⃗ =∫ . ⃗ ∫ ⃗ . ⃗ =0 I + 0 0∫
⃗
. ⃗

6.Optics

 Relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a mirror f = R/2

 Mirror formula: = +
 Magnification produced by a mirror: m=- =-
 Snell’s law: = 1n 2 =
 2
n1= 1
n
 n= = =
 If object is in medium of refractive index n, then n = =

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 Apparent shift, = − = 1−
 Critical angle for total internal reflection: sin C =
= r
n
 Refraction at spherical (convex) surface: For object in rarer medium and real
image in denser medium, the formula is − = where & the
refractive indices of denser and rarer media are.
 Lens formula: = −
 Linear magnification produced by a lens: m = =
 Lens maker’s formula : = − = ( a n g−1) − = (n −1) −
 Power of a lens: P = diopter ( f is in metre)
 Lenses in contact: = + or P = P 1 + P2
 Focal length of lens in liquid: = ×

 Refraction through a prism: r1 + r2 = A and i + e = A + δ where A is angle of

prism and δ is angle of deviation.
 For minimum deviation, i = e = i and r1 + r2 = r . Therefore, δm = 2i – A
 Refractive Index of the material of prism: = =
( )
 For a thin prism: δ = (n – 1)A
 Angular dispersion = −
 Dispersive power, = =
 Simple microscope: Magnifying power =1+ (if final image is at D)
= (if final image is at infinity)
 Compound microscope:
i) Magnification M =
ii) Magnification M = − 1+ ≈ − 1+ (for final image at
D)
ii) Magnification M = − { }≈− (for final image at infinity)
 Astronomical Telescope:
i) M=− and L= + (for final image at infinity)
ii) M=− 1+ and L= + (for final image at D)

 Resolving power:
i) For microscope: - The resolving power is the reciprocal of limit of
resolution or separation between two points such that they are
distinct. So, the resolving power is given by R.P.= =

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Here, d = is limit of resolution, is numerical

aperture and θ is the well resolved semi-angle of cone of light rays of
wavelength λ entering the microscope.
ii) For telescope: - The resolving power is the reciprocal of angular limit
of resolution or angle subtended between two points such that they
are distinct. So, the resolving power is given by R.P.= = .
.
Here, dθ = is the angular limit of resolution, ‘a’ is the
aperture or diameter of objective lens.
 The distance for which ray optics is good approximation for an aperture D
and wavelength λ is called Fresnel distance, given by = .

 Interference of light:-
i) If two waves of same intensity Io interfere, then the resultant intensity
∅
will be I = 4 Iocos where ϕ is the initial phase difference
between the waves.
ii) Resultant intensity at a point in the region of superposition is
I = a + a + 2a a cos∅ = I + I + 2 I I cos∅where I =
a is the intensity of one wave &I = a is the intensity of other wave.
iii) Condition for maxima: - Phase difference ϕ = 2nπ & path difference
Δ= n λ where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
iv) Condition for minima: - Phase difference ϕ = (2n-1)π &
Path difference Δ= (2n-1) where n = 0, 1, 2,
3,
v) Fringe width β = where D = distance between the slits & the
screen,
d= separation between the slits and λ is the wavelength of light used.
vi) Angular fringe width , = =
vii) Minimum amplitude, Amin = ( a1 – a2 )
viii) Minimum intensity, Imin = (a1 – a2 )2 = I + I − 2 I I
ix) Position of nth maxima, yn =
x) Position of nth minima, yn = (n - ½)
 Diffraction of light: -
i) The condition for the position of nth minima: d sinθ = n λ where d is
the width of slit, θ is angle of diffraction and λ is the wavelength of
light used.
ii) Linear half-width of central maximum : y=
iii) Total linear width of central maximum : β o or 2y =
 Polarisation of light:-
i) Brewster’s law:- n = tan ip
ii) Malus law : I = Iocos θ

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**********

7. (ATOMS AND NUCLEI)

GIST OF LESSON/FORMULAE ANDSHORTCUT FORMULAE

1. Rutherford’s -Particle scattering experiment (Geiger – Marsden experiment)

IMPOTANT OBSERVATION
Scattering of -particles by heavy nuclei is in accordance with coulomb’s law.
Rutherford observed that number of -particles scattered is given by
N∝
2. Distance of closest approach : Estimation of size of nucleus
=
3. Impact Parameter (b)
⁄
b=
( )
4. Bohr’s atomic model
( )
Radius of orbit = Frequency v= ( )

v =( )
X = Where = ( )
= is called fine structure constant

5. Energy of electron
En= − ( ) En = − R= = 1.097 X 107 m-1
and is called Rydberg constant.
.
En= − eV ̅ = − where ̅ is called wave
number.
Short Cut Formula –

K.E. = - ( Total Energy )

P.E.= - 2 K.E.

6. Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom

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7. Energy level diagram for hydrogen atom

We know that for hydrogen atom, energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by
.
En = − eV

8. NOTE-Bohr’s quantisation condition of angular momentum

Let us consider the motion of an electron in a circular orbit of radius r around the nucleus
of the atom. According to de-Broglie hypothesis, this electron is also associated with

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wave character. Hence a circular orbit can be taken to be a stationary energy state only if
it contains an integral number of de-Broglie wavelengths i,e, we must have
2 = nλ

But λ = 2 =n = n , This is famous Bohr’s quantisation condition

for angular momentum.
9. Atomic Mass Unit (u)
One atomic mass unit is defined as th of the actual mass of c-12 atom.
1u= X mass of C-12 atom = X 1.992678 X 10-26 kg = 1.66 X 10-27
kg.
10. Electron Volt (eV)
It is the energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential
difference of 1 volt.
1 eV = 1.6 X 10-19 J
-13
& 1 MeV = 1.6 X 10 J
11. Relation Between amu& MeV We know, 1 u = 1.66 X 10-27 kg ≈ 931 MeV
12. Nuclear Density ( ) = 2.3 X 1017 Kg/m3 obviously, nuclear density is independent of
mass number A.
13. Isotopes The atoms of an element, which have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers are called isotopes.
For examples Hydrogen has three isotopes , &
14. Isobars
The atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called
isobars.
For examples & , & , &
15. IsotonesThenuclids having the same number of neutrons are called isotones.
For examples & , &
16. IsomersThese are the nuclei having the same atomic number & same mass number but
existing in different energy states. For exampleA nucleus in its ground state and the
identical nucleus in metastable excited state, are isomers.
17. Properties of nuclear Forces
(i) Nuclear forces are very short range attractive forces.
(ii) Nuclear forces are charge independent.
(iii) Nuclear forces are non-central forces.
(iv) Nuclear forces do not obey inverse square law.
18. Nuclear force as a separation between two nucleons

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19. Potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a separation between two nucleons

20. Mass Defect (∆ ) ∆ = [Z mp + (A – Z) Mn ] − MN

21. Packing fraction (P.F.)
It is defined as the mass defect per nucleon.
∆
i,e, P.F. =
Nucleus is stable if P.F.>1 & unstable if P.F.< 1
22. Binding Energy (B.E.) The binding energy of a nucleus may be defined as the energy
required to break up a nucleus in to its constituent protons and neutrons and to separate
them to such a large distance that they may not interact with each other. It is equivalent
energy of mass defect.
i,e, B.E. = ∆ X c2
⇨ B.E. = [{Z mp + (A – Z) Mn} −MN ] x c2
. .
23. Binding Energy per nucleonB.E. per nucleon =
24. Binding Energy Curve

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25. Imortance of binding energy curve

This curve can be used to explain the phenomenon of nuclear fission & fusion.
(i) Nuclear Fission
There is overall gain in the binding energy per nucleon, when we move from
heavy to medium range nuclei, hence release of energy. This indicates that energy can be
released when a heavy nucleus is broken in to small fragments. This is called nuclear fission.
(ii) Nuclear Fusion
Similarly there is overall gain in the binding energy per nucleon, when we move
from lighter to medium range nuclei, hence release of energy. This indicates that energy can be
released when two or lighter nuclei fuse together to form a heavy nucleus. This is called nuclear
fusion.
26. Radioactivity
The phenomenon of spontaneous and continuous disintegration of the nucleus of an
atom of a heavy element on its own with the emission of certain type of radiations is called
radioactivity.
27. −particles, -particles & −rays When radiations emitted by a radioactive element is
placed under electric field or magnetic field, radiations split in to three rays, classified as
−particles, -particles & −rays.

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28.
−particlesAn −particle is the nucleus of helium or it is a doubly ionised He- atom. It
is denoted by .
Charge on −particle = + 2e =3.2 X 10-19 C.
Mass of −particle = 6.645 X 10-27 Kg.
−particles −particles are fast moving electrons. It is denoted by or .
Charge on −particle = - 1.6 X 10-19 C.
Mass of −particle = 9.1 X 10-31 Kg.
−rays −rays are electromagnetic waves of wavelength 0.01 A0. Obviously these are
not having any charge.
29. Explanation of process of -decay
-decay is a process in which an unstable nucleus transforms itself in to a new nucleus
by emitting an −particle.
For example-
238 234 4
92U 90Th + 2He + Q
In general,
A A-4
ZX Z-2Y + 2He4 + Q
Where Q is the energy released in -decay and is shared by daughter nucleus and
−particle.
During the −decay ratio increases.
30. Explanation of process of -decay
The process of spontaneous emission of an electron (e-) or a positron (e+) from a
nucleus is called −decay.
For example-
32 32 0
15P 16S + -1e +
In general,
A A 0
ZX Z+1Y + -1e +
orZXAZ-1YA + +1e0 +
During the −decay ratio decreases.
31. Explanation of process of -decay
The process of spontaneous emission of a -ray photon during the radioactive
disintegration of a nucleus is called -decay.
In general,
A A
ZX Z X +
32. Radioactive decay

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The spontaneous emission of radiation from a radioactive element is called radioactive

decay.
33. Decay Law

The number of nuclei disintegrating per second of a radioactive sample at any instant is directly
proportional to the number of
undecayed nuclei present in the sample at that instant. i,e,
∝ N
N = N0
34. Half Life Period (T)
The time interval in which one –half of the radioactive nuclei originally
present in a radioactive sample disintegrate, is called half-life of that radioactive substance.
S.I. unit of half life is second.
35. Relation between decay constant ( )& Half Life Period (T)
.
=
36. Mean Life( )
= .
37. Activity or Decay rate (R)
R = − R = N R = R0
38. Units of activity
(1) Becquerel (Bq)
One Becquerel is defined as the decay rate of one disintegration per second.
i,e, 1 Bq = 1 decay/sec
S.I. unit of activity is Becquerel.
(2) Curie (Ci) One curie is the decay rate of 3.7 X 1010 disintegration per second.
i,e, 1 Curie = 3.7 X 1010 decays/sec
(3) Rutherford (Rd)
One Rutherford is the decay rate of 106 disintegration per second.
i,e, 1 Rutherford = 106 decays/sec

8.DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

1. Energy of a photon E =hʋ = ℷ

2. Number of photon emitted per second N =
ʋ
3. Momentum of photon P = mc = =ℷ =
ʋ
4. Equivalent mass of photon m = = =
5. Work function W0 = hʋ0 = =
ℷ
6. Kinetic energy of photoelectron is given by Einstein’s photoelectric equation:
Kmax = = hʋ - W0 = h(ʋ - ʋ0) = h ( ℷ -ℷ )
7. If V0 is the stopping potential, the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron,

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1 2
8. K = mv max =eV0
2
9. Kinetic energy of De-Broglie Waves K = 2 = P2/2m

10. Momentum of De-Broglie Waves P =√2

11. Wavelength of De-Broglie Waves ℷ = = = √( )
12. De –Broglie Wavelength of an electron beam accelerated through a potential difference
. .
of V volts is ℷ = √( )
= √
nm = √
A0
13. De –Broglie Wavelength associated with gas molecules of mass m at temperature T
kelvin is
λ = √( )
K = Boltzmann constant
14. The value of hc = 12400eV A0
15. The Value of = 1240 X 10 -9eV m

9. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Formulae of this Unit:

1. = −1

2. =

3. = +
4. =

5. =

6. =

7. =
∆
8. = ∆

∆
9. = ∆

10. =

11. (a) OR operation, Y= A+B

(b) AND operation Y=A.B
(c) NOT operation Y= A

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