Short notes on C

 The C programming language is a language that was developed to do system

programming for the operation system,UNIX and is an imperative programming
language. C was developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
at Bell Labs. It is a procedural language, which means that people can write their
programs as a series of step-by-step instructions. C is a compiled language.
 Because the ideas behind C are kept close to the design of the computer, the compiler
(program builder) can generate machine code/native code for the computer. Programs
built in machine code are very fast. This makes C a good language for writing
operating systems. Many operating systems, including Linux and UNIX, are
programmed using this language. The language itself has very few keywords, and
most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code for them to be
reused.
 C is available for many different types of computers. This is why C is called a
"portable" language. A program that is written in C and that respects certain
limitations can be compiled for many different platforms.
 C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute since 1989 and
subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization.

Short notes on C++

 C++ is a general-purpose object-oriented programming (OOP) language, developed

by Bjarne Stroustrup, and is an extension of the C language
 C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-
constrained software and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility
of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts,
with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained
applications, including desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, Web search or
SQL servers), and performance-critical applications
 C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with
the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as
ISO/IEC 14882:2017 (informally known as C++)
 Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Danish computer
scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language;
he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level
features for program organization

Short notes on C++

Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was
initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems'
Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).

Java is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.

Java is −
  Object Oriented − In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since
it is based on the Object model.
 Platform Independent − Unlike many other programming languages including C
and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine,
rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web
and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run
on.
 Simple − Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of
OOP Java, it would be easy to master.
 Secure − With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free
systems. Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.
 Architecture-neutral − Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file
format, which makes the compiled code executable on many processors, with the
presence of Java runtime system.
 Portable − Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent
aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI
C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
 Robust − Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing
mainly on compile time error checking and runtime checking.
 Multithreaded − With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs
that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the
developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly.
 Interpreted − Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions
and is not stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical
since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process.

Short notes on Python

Python (programming language) Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming

language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy
emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace.

Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms,

including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Python is often described as a
"batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.

Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language. Python 2.0, released
2000, introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system capable of
collecting reference cycles. Python 3.0, released 2008, was a major revision of the language that is
not completely backward-compatible, and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on
Python 3.

Short notes on PHP

PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor". PHP is a server side scripting
language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session
tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites. ... PHP supports a large number of major protocols
such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP.
  PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read,
write, and close them.
 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, through email
you can send data, return data to the user.
 You add, delete, modify elements within your database through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.

Five important characteristics make PHP's practical nature possible −

 Simplicity
 Efficiency
 Security
 Flexibility
 Familiarity

Short notes on .Net

.NET Framework (pronounced as "dot net") is a software framework developed by Microsoft

that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library named as
Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can
use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs
written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to a hardware
environment) named the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR is an application
virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception
handling. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code".
FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.

.NET Framework began as proprietary software, although the firm worked to standardize the
software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite the standardization
efforts, developers, mainly those in the free and open-source software communities,
expressed their unease with the selected terms and the prospects of any free and open-source
implementation, especially regarding software patents. Since then, Microsoft has changed
.NET development to more closely follow a contemporary model of a community-developed
software project, including issuing an update to its patent promising to address the concerns.