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Journal of Food Composition and Analysis: W. Becker, L. Jorhem, B. Sundstro M, K. Petersson Grawe
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis: W. Becker, L. Jorhem, B. Sundstro M, K. Petersson Grawe
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history: The aim of this study was to estimate the average dietary exposure to toxic and essential mineral
Received 26 January 2010 elements in the Swedish population (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Se, Ca, K, Mg, Na, I). Market baskets
Received in revised form 13 October 2010 were purchased during March–May 1999 in four cities representing the major geographical regions and
Accepted 25 October 2010
population centres in Sweden. The market baskets were based on food disappearance data representing
Available online 30 October 2010
more than 90% of annual supply, and were divided into 12 food groups.
Large variations between food groups were seen for the average concentrations of most essential
Keywords:
elements. Differences between the four cities were relatively small (CoV < 10–20%), exceptions being
Market baskets
e.g. Se in cereals and I in meat. Pb concentration varied considerably among food groups ranging from
Diet
Mineral elements <0.001 mg/kg in soft drinks to 0.027 mg/kg in wine. Cd concentration varied from <0.001 mg/kg in soft
Nutrients drinks and dairy products to 0.024 mg/kg in cereal products. Average contents of the elements were (per/
Heavy metals person/day) 1110 mg Ca, 2580 mg Na, 3320 mg K, 285 mg Mg, 11.3 mg Zn, 9.2 mg Fe, 3.5 mg Mn,
Trace elements 1.15 mg Cu, 0.20 mg I, 0.052 mg Se, 0.09 mg Ni, 0.025 mg Cr, 0.011 mg Co, 0.007 mg Pb and 0.010 mg Cd.
Recommended intakes Compared to a previous study in 1987 no or minor changes in the supply of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd
PTWI have occurred. The content of Fe was about 40% lower in the present study, mainly due to cessation of
Food composition
flour fortification. The content of Se was about 30% higher. The content of Pb was about 50% lower,
probably due to the elimination of Pb from petrol and other measures taken to reduce Pb emissions in
Sweden. The average content of essential mineral elements in the Swedish diet was close to or above
daily recommended intakes for adults, except for Mg and Fe. The average Pb and Cd content corresponds
to 3% and 17% of the JECFA PTWI, respectively. The content of Cd corresponds to 47% of the new TWI
established by EFSA in 2009.
ß 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
0889-1575/$ – see front matter ß 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.10.001
280 W. Becker et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 279–287
Table 1
Foods included in market baskets purchased in four different cities in Sweden 1999.
Food group 1% of annual consumption No. of food items Description of food items
per person (g/ml) included in the food group
Cereal products 694 11 Flour, grain, corn flakes, pasta, bread incl. wholemeal bread
Pastries 137 4 Biscuits, buns, cakes
Meat products 567 16 Beef, pork, lamb, poultry, cured/processed meats
Fish 133 13 Fresh and frozen, canned products, shellfish
Dairy products 1685 12 Milk, sour milk, yoghurt, cream, hard cheese,
processed cheese, cottage cheese
Egg 92 1
Fats 175 6 Butter, margarine, cooking oil, mayonnaise
Vegetables, incl. root 548 19 Fresh and frozen, canned products
vegetables
Fruit 641 15 Fresh and frozen, canned products, juice, nuts,
cordials, jam
Potatoes 514 4 Fresh, French fries
Sugar and sweets 286 6 Sugar, chocolate, sugar sweets, mustard, ketchup
Soft drinks, beer 1188 4 Soft drinks, mineral water, beer (2.1-3.5% alcohol)
Wine 145 4 Red and white wine (2 varieties each)
Strong beer (>5% alcohol) 218 3 Different brands
Spirits 28 3 Different brands
Ice cream 68 2 Dairy and vegetable fat-based
The purpose of this study was to estimate the average dietary they would be in a general household, e.g. meat and fish were freed
exposure to the environmental contaminant mineral elements Cd from skin and bones, potatoes and root vegetables were peeled.
and Pb and the following essential mineral elements: Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, The samples were then mixed and homogenized in an acid washed
Fe, Mn, Co, Se, Ca, K, Mg, Na and I. The results are compared with a food blender with a bowl of acrylonitrile styrene plastic and
previously reported Swedish market basket study (Becker and equipped with a titanium blade. The samples were stored in acid
Kumpulainen, 1987) and other reports on exposure assessment in washed containers at 20 8C until analysis (CEN, 2002).
Sweden (Becker and Pearson, 2006; Jorhem et al., 1998). The study For analysis of Ca, I, K, Mg, Na and Se the two baskets from each
is a part of the ongoing market basket program monitoring trends of the four cities was merged, resulting in one sample per food
in dietary exposure of essential and toxic compounds. group and city. For analysis of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn
Cd BCR no. 184a Bovine muscle 2 0.020 0.005 0.013 0.002 +2.6
BCR no. 422 Cod muscle 2 0.021 0.005 0.017 0.002 +1.5
NBS 1549b Non-fat milk powder 4 <0.0006 – 0.0005 0.0002
ARC/CLc Potato powder 4 0.031 0.007 0.035 0.0016 1.1
CRM-SG-B HPSd Sugar B 2 0.007 0.002 0.010 0.003 1.7
NIST 1567a Wheat flour 2 0.021 0.005 0.026 0.002 1.9
NIST 8415 Whole egg powder 2 <0.008 – (0.005)
Co NBS 1549 Non-fat milk powder 4 0.024 0.021 (0.0041)
CRM-SG-B HPS Sugar B 2 <0.011 – <0.005
NIST 1567a Wheat flour 2 0.015 0.014 (0.006)
NIST 8415 Whole egg powder 2 <0.015 – 0.012 0.005
Cr NBS 1549 Non-fat milk powder 4 <0.018 – 0.0026 0.0007
281
BCR CRM 189 Whole meal flour 2 0.130 0.022 0.132 0.01 0.2
282 W. Becker et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 279–287
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
+0.1
+0.1
+0.1
+1.0
+0.8
+0.8
+0.8
+0.6
+1.0
+0.9
+0.2
0.0 not tested statistically due to low number of samples.
0.0
2.3. Chemical analyses
0.01
0.05
0.02
reference materials (in duplicate) and two sample blanks. The
148
533
185
190
301
200
37
28
63
65
10
60
20
4
4
9145
2365
2018
9940
7088
2420
2200
0.81
0.17
116
562
749
676
485
208
510
601
0.019
0.020
958
739
255
251
203
230
12
21
51
59
59
73
46
70
0.029
0.074
9913
2342
9577
7392
2546
2512
2032
0.83
0.17
116
513
596
585
729
457
207
704
Simulated diet D
Simulated diet D
Simulated diet D
Simulated diet B
Simulated diet B
Simulated diet B
Simulated diet B
Hay powder
Wheat flour
Wheat flour
Wheat flour
Bovine liver
Bovine liver
Bovine liver
Bovine liver
Rye grass
above.
NBS: National Burau of Standards, presently NIST.
tration of >20 blanks, analysed over time, was deducted from the
High Purity Standards, Charleston, USA.
NIST 1577
NIST 1577
NIST 1577
Material
Due to differences in sample mass and dilution the LOD may vary
ARC/CL
ARC/CL
ARC/CL
NFAe
NFA
NFA
NFA
NFA
NFA
NFA
0.006 mg/kg for Pb, 0.004 mg/kg for Se, 0.010 mg/kg for I,
0.002–0.004 mg/kg for Se, 0.018–0.15 mg/kg for Cu, 0.029–
0.25 mg/kg for Fe, 0.008 0.03 mg/kg for Mn and 0.011–
0.024 mg/kg for Zn.
Metal
Na
Ca
d
b
a
e
c
I
Table 3a
Average concentration (mg/kg fresh weight) of mineral elements in market baskets purchased in four different cities in Sweden 1999, divided into food groups. Mean SD and
ranges for the lowest and highest values in the baskets are given. Results preceded by a <-sign indicate that they are below the LOD, n = number of samples.
Food group n Ca Na K Mg n Zn Fe Mn Cu
Cereal products 4 400 45 3190 292 2150 106 395 21 8 12.1 1.01 17.6 3.78 9.88 1.04 1.9 0.24
363–458 2830-3550 2020–2280 366–410 10.9–13.7 13.3–23.4 8.86–11.6 1.68–2.35
Pastries 4 423 71 1940 129 1520 52 323 31 8 7.04 0.68 13.8 2.56 6.25 1.43 1.88 0.33
370–527 1790–2090 1470–1590 288–364 6.25–8.35 8.98–16.6 3.55–7.91 1.51–2.56
Meat products 4 132 21 4770 235 2690 130 170 5,8 8 22.5 1.54 12.8 2.93 0.32 0.16 0.74 0.19
114–160 4430–4940 2520–2830 165–178 21.2–25.4 8.73–15.4 0.14–0.66 0.50–0.95
Fish 4 280 90 4590 280 2340 94 185 8.12 8 7.09 0.62 4.56 1.13 0.45 0.071 0.73 0.12
192–405 4340–4860 2230–2450 175–193 6.14–7.89 3.28–6.24 0.33–0.52 0.61–0.96
Dairy products 4 1790 35 802 105 1540 72 111 4.65 8 7.00 0.96 0.37 0.028 0.090 0.023 0.096 0.022
1750–1830 685–936 1480–1650 107–117 5.57–8.49 0.33–0.43 0.063–0.12 0.065–0.14
Egg 4 508 11 1280 42 1240 47 109 10 8 13.3 1.25 19.49 2.64 0.43 0.097 0.63 0.058
495–519 1250–1340 1200–1280 98–118 11.5–14.7 16.4–24.7 0.25–0.54 0.54–0.71
Fats 4 133 23 5250 176 305 46 16 2.45 8 0.96 0.61 <0.25 <0.03 < 0.15
113–161 5060–5450 266–355 14–19 0.49–1.93 <0.25–0.32
Vegetables, incl. 4 264 12 819 247 2110 233 102 12 8 2.35 0.25 4.34 0.52 1.38 0.16 0.67 0.73
root vegetables 250–279 590–1150 1770–2280 85–113 2.04–2.73 3.50–5.02 1.14–1.62 0.58–0.77
Fruit 4 181 21 47 14 2290 154 146 3.77 8 1.06 0.059 2.45 0.69 2.97 0.86 0.90 0.076
160–208 39–68 2100–2440 141–150 0.97–1.12 1.63–4.02 2.16–4.80 0.81–1.00
Potatoes 4 52 2.22 298 21 4240 165 225 27 8 2.77 0.47 3.94 1.01 1.72 0.27 0.77 0.14
50–55 271–323 4050–4450 191–257 2.19–3.53 1.93–5.64 1.27–2.11 0.57–0.92
Sugar and sweets 4 493 79 1590 262 1850 201 242 58 8 4.36 0.87 7.92 2.48 2.81 1.36 1.82 0.50
425–587 1330–1910 1650–2130 162–296 2.86–5.68 4.90–11.54 1.09–5.49 1.03–2.32
Softdrinks, light 4 31 2.63 86 44 142 35 23 2.38 8 <0.011 <0.029 0.12 0.21 0.018 0.018
Beer 27–33 49–149 117–192 20–25 <0.011–0.035 <0.029–0.052 0.037–0.64 <0.018–0.055
Ice cream 1a 846 535 1611 137 2 4.03 0.85 5.89 6.29 1.15 1.51 0.54 0.47
3.42–4.62 1.44–10.4 0.076–2.22 0.21–0.87
Wine/spirits 1b 68 20 847 74 9 0.49 0.52 2.65 2.52 0.087 0.71 0.046 0.053
<0.024–1.60 <0.060–7.39 <0.008–1.81 <0.040–0.18
a
Two pooled.
b
Nine pooled.
duplicates, together with the samples. Since the CRMs are not 3. Results and discussion
certified for all elements, different combinations of CRMs may have
been analysed for each element. The found results were evaluated The concentrations of the analysed elements in the food groups
using the zeta-score procedure as described in NMKL Procedure no. are given in. Large variations were, as expected, seen for the
9 (NMKL, 2007). This gives a result similar to the z-score, but it average concentrations of most essential elements between the
incorporates the uncertainty for both the found mean and the food groups. There were generally no large differences between the
certified value. See Table 2b. The expanded measurement four cities for most of the essential elements and the coefficients of
uncertainty (U) is based on the measurement uncertainty (u) variation (CoV) generally were in the range of 10–20%, or below
which is multiplied with an expansion factor of two. This is roughly (Table 3a). Exceptions were e.g. iodine in meat, eggs, vegetables
equal to a 95% confidence interval. Zeta-scores below 2 are and potatoes. The iodine content in eggs varied threefold and in
usually acceptable and scores between 2 and 3 seen as meat twofold. The concentration of selenium in the cereals’ group
questionable. It is estimated that one score of 20 falls outside of (bread, flour, pasta, rice), varied twofold, and cereals in baskets
2 for statistical random reasons. sampled in Sundsvall and Uppsala contained more Se than baskets
During the study period the laboratory participated in four sampled in Malmö and Gothenburg (see Table 3b).
proficiency tests (PT) for Cd, three for Pb and one for Cu. The tested The lead concentration varied considerably among food groups
levels for Cd ranged from 0.64 to 7.4 mg/kg and the z-scores ranged ranging from <0.001 mg/kg in soft drinks and lemonade to
from 0.8 to +0.9, for Pb from 0.093 to 0.74 mg/kg with z-scores 0.027 0.009 mg/L in wine. The lead concentration tended to be
from 1.0 to +0.2 and for Cu 62.5 mg/kg with a z-score of +0.8. For higher in cereal based products than in other food groups (Table 3b).
the other elements no PT was available. The cadmium concentration varied from <0.001 mg/kg in
Furthermore, the results of the duplicate analyses of samples beverages and dairy products to 0.024 mg/kg (range 0.021–
were generally very similar, which indicate that contamination 0.031 mg/kg) in cereal products. The concentration tended to be
during sample pre-treatment and analysis was not a problem. higher in cereal-based products and potatoes than in other food
The conclusion from the fact that the zeta-scores for the PT- groups (Table 3b).
results were within 2, that only three zeta-scores of 66 were The average content of the elements in the baskets, expressed
outside of 2 but inside 3 zeta-scores, and that there was no on a daily basis, is shown in Table 4. In general, there were only
significant contamination, is that the analytical quality of the results marginal differences between the four cities. The percentage
in this survey are satisfactory. contribution from each food group to the total intake of the
284 W. Becker et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 279–287
Table 3b
Average concentration (mg/kg wet weight) of mineral elements in market baskets purchased in four different cities in Sweden 1999, divided into food groups. Ranges for the
lowest and highest values in the baskets are given. Results preceded by a <-sign indicate that they are below the LOD (n = number of samples).
Food group n Cr Ni Co Pb Cd n Se I
Cereal products 8 0.021 0.007 0.14 0.027 0.015 0.005 0.009 0.002 0.024 0.003 4 0.053 0.017 0.033 0.003
0.016–0.035 0.094–0.18 0.009–0.023 0.008–0.012 0.021–0.031 0.035–0.070 0.029–0.036
Pastries 8 0.079 0.028 0.28 0.096 0.024 0.004 0.011 0.003 0.014 0.004 4 0.014 6.5 0.023 0.005
0.032–0.13 0.11–0.40 0.020–0.029 0.007–0.014 0.08–0.017 0.006–0.021 0.017–0.027
Meat products 8 0.019 0.004 <0.017 <0.003 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 4 0.071 0.002 0.068 0.027
0.012–0.026 <0.017–0.026 <0.003–0.005 <0.003–0.006 0.002–0.003 0.069–0.074 0.045–0.106
Fish 8 0.025 0.022 <0.021 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.001 4 0.320 0.071 0.845 0.143
0.011–0.074 <0.021–0.038 <0.003–0.006 <0.003–0.009 0.004–0.008 0.278–0.426 0.741-1.054
Dairy products 8 <0.003 0.016 0.017 0.003 0.001 <0.002 <0.001 4 0.019 0.004 0.244 0.016
<0.003–0.003 <0.008–0.052 <0.002–0.005 0.015–0.023 0.229–0.267
Eggs 8 <0.005 <0.018 0.004 0.003 <0.004 <0.002 4 0.204 0.031 0.410 0.175
<0.004–0.009 <0.0044 0.161–0.233 0.230–0.619
Fats 8 <0.009 <0.031 <0.006 <0.006 <0.003 4 0.017 0.005 0.054 0.014
<0.009–0.027 0.012–0.024 0.036–0.067
Vegetables, incl. 8 <0.005 0.018 0.010 0.004 0.001 <0.003 0.007 0.002 4 0.005 0.002 0.021 0.015
root vegetables <0.005–0.006 <0.016–0.031 <0.003–0.006 <0.003–0.008 0.005–0.009 <0.004–0.008 0.010–0.043
Fruit 8 0.011 0.006 0.053 0.015 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.002 <0.001 4 <0.004 <0.010
0.007–0.022 0.033–0.074 0.002–0.007 0.004–0.009 <0.001–0.001 <0.004–0.005
Potatoes 8 0.005 0.005 0.030 0.014 0.009 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.013 0.006 4 <0.004 0.013 0.007
<0.005–0.016 0.014–0.053 0.006–0.014 <0.002–0.004 0.006–0.025 <0.004–0.005 <0.01–0.021
Sugar and sweets 8 0.10 0.033 0.36 0.11 0.035 0.012 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.002 4 0.019 0.007 0.189 0.043
0.039–0.13 0.17–0.47 0.018–0.051 <0.006–0.013 0.003–0.012 0.013–0.028 0.138–0.243
Soft drinks, light 8 <0.001 <0.004 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0004 4 0.002 0.001 <0.010
beer <0.001–0.004 0.001–0.004 <0.010–0.011
Ice-cream 2 0.066 0.067 0.11 0.11 0.011 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.002 1a 0.007 0.47
0.019–0.11 0.032–0.18 0.003–0.019 0.002–0.010 <0.001–0.003
Wine/spirits 9 0.017 0.010 0.019 0.010 0.004 0.003 0.018 0.014 <0.001 1b <0.002 0.010
<0.002–0.032 <0.008–0.034 <0.002–0.008 <0.002–0.039
a
Two pooled.
b
Nine pooled.
Table 4
Content of minerals and trace elements in the market baskets purchased in four cities in Sweden in 1999, expressed in mg per person per day.
City Ca Na K Mg Zn Fe Mn Cu I Se Ni Cr Co Pb Cd
Malmö 1110 2530 3390 296 11.8 9.2 3.6 1.20 0.20 0.047 (0.045)a,b 0.10 (0.09)a,b 0.023 0.011 0.007 (0.006)a,b 0.010
Göteborg 1120 2560 3340 276 11.1 9.8 3.6 1.22 (1.21)a,b 0.21 0.048 (0.044)a,b 0.09 0.028 (0.027)a,b 0.011 (0.010)a,b 0.008 0.010
Uppsala 1100 2670 3290 290 11.1 8.6 3.6 1.12 (1.11)a,b 0.21 0.052 (0.050)a,b 0.11 0.024 0.012 (0.11)a,b 0.007 (0.006)a,b 0.009 (0.008)a,b
Sundsvall 1110 2550 3280 277 11.1 9.1 3.4 1.07 0.19 0.063 0.08 0.024 (0.023)a,b 0.011 0.007 (0.006)a,b 0.009
All cities, 1110 2580 3320 285 11.3 9.2 3.5 1.15 0.21 0.052 (0.050)a,b 0.10 (0.09) 0.025 (0.24)a,b 0.011 0.007 0.010 (0.009)a,b
mean
a
Values represent calculations where LOD have been used for results below LOQ. For LOD’s see analytical quality control.
b
Values in parenthesis represent calculations where results below LOQ have been set to 0.
Table 5
Average percentage contribution to total daily supply of mineral elements and contaminants from food groups. Based on data in Tables 3a and 3b.
Food group Ca Na K Mg Zn Fe Mn Cu I Se Ni Cr Co Pb Cd
Cereal products 7 24 12 26 20 37 53 31 3 18 29 16 26 24 48
Pastries 1 3 2 4 2 6 7 6 0 1 11 12 8 6 6
Meat products 2 29 13 9 31 22 1 10 5 20 2 12 2 9 4
Fish 1 6 3 2 2 2 <1 2 15 21 <1 4 1 3 2
Dairy products 74 14 21 18 29 2 1 4 55 16 7 3 11 4 1
Egg 1 1 1 1 3 5 <1 1 5 9 <1 <1 1 <1 <1
Fats 1 10 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 1 2 <1 1 <1 <1 <1
Vegetables 4 5 10 5 3 7 6 9 2 2 3 1 5 5 11
Fruit 3 0 12 9 2 5 15 14 1 3 10 8 7 18 1
Potatoes 1 2 18 11 3 6 7 9 1 2 5 3 11 4 19
Sugar, sweets, ice cream 4 5 5 7 3 7 7 13 9 3 30 34 25 8 6
Soft drinks, light beer 1 1 1 3 0 <1 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1
Strong beer, wine, spirits 1 0 2 3 0 2 2 <1 1 1 2 4 2 15 <1
Table 6
Average daily supply of mineral elements according to the market basket studies and the food consumption survey Riksmaten 1997–1998.
elements is shown in Table 5. Dairy products contributed 74% of Ca concentration in flour fell from about 65 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, which
with other food groups contributing less than 10%. Meat products is the typical concentration in non-fortified sifted wheat and rye
(29%) and cereals (24%) were main sources of Na. Dairy products flour (Anonymus, 1995). In the 1999 basket the Se content tend to
(21%) and potatoes (18%) contributed most of K. Cereals was the be higher compared to the 1987 basket. This is mainly due to a
main source of Mg (26%), whereas potatoes, fruit, meat products higher Se content in the baskets collected in Uppsala and
and vegetables contributed about 10% each. The major contribu- Sundsvall. The reason for this finding may be connected to market
tors of Zn were meat products (31%) and dairy products (29%). availability of bread produced in Finland, where fertilizers are
Cereals (37%) and meat products (22%) contributed most of Fe. fortified with Se (Aro et al., 1995).
Cereals were the main source of Mn (53%) with fruit contributing Average content of most of the essential elements, except Mg
15%. The major source of Cu was cereals (31%). Fish (21%), meat and Fe, was close to or above daily recommended intakes or
(20%), cereals (18%) and dairy products (16%) were major sources reference values for adults set by Nordic and US expert committees
of Se. Dairy products (55%) were the main source of I, followed by (Institute of Medicine, 2005; NNR, 2004). Compared to a previous
fish products (15%), all other sources provided less than 10%. study carried out in 1987, Fe content was about 40% lower while Se
Sweets, including chocolate, and ice cream, were the main sources content was about 30% higher (Table 6). No clear trends were seen
of Ni (30%) and Cr (34%). Main sources of Co were cereals (26%), for Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cd. Iron fortification was phased out
together with sweets/chocolate and ice cream (25%). mainly due to low bioavailability of added iron compound
Cereal products (25%), fruit (18%) and alcoholic beverages (carbonyl-Fe) (Hallberg et al., 1986). Subsequent studies have
(17%), were main contributors of Pb. Main sources of Cd were shown that this had a marginal effect on iron status (Samuelson
cereal products (48%), potatoes (19%), and vegetables (11%). et al., 2000; Öhlund et al., 2008). The increased Se content in the
Table 6 shows a comparison of the results from the present market baskets indicates that actual intake may be closer to the
study with that of a previous market–basket study from 1987 and recommendations (NNR, 2004). It should be underlined, however,
with results from the national food consumption survey carried that the market baskets provide an energy supply of about 12.5 MJ/
out in 1997–1998. The results of the market basket studies show d, which corresponds to energy requirement of an adult male with
no or minor changes in the supply of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu. For Fe moderate physical activity.
the average content is considerably lower in the 1999 basket than Table 7 summarises the current and previous studies providing
in the 1987 basket. A main reason for this is that the fortification of analytical and calculated estimates of dietary Pb and Cd exposure
sifted flour in Sweden ceased in 1995. As a consequence Fe in Sweden. Pb exposure decreased by about half from 0.017 mg/
Table 7
Analytical and calculated estimates of dietary Pb and Cd exposure in Sweden (SD and range).
Pb
1987 0.017 Market basket Becker and Kumpulainen
(1991)
1988 0.025 0.008 (0.013–0.040) Duplicate portion study, 7-days Women Jorhem et al. (1998)
1999 0.008 (<0.001–0.039) Market basket Per capita statistics Present study
Cd
1987 0.012 Market basket Per capita statistics Becker and Kumpulainen
(1991)
1988 0.009 0.002 (0.005–0.014) Duplicate portion study, 7-days Women Jorhem et al. (1998)
1992 0.011 0.0042 (0.0057–0.026) Duplicate portion study, 4-days Women, mixed diet Berglund et al. (1994)
1992 0.016 0.0071 (0.0055–0.038) Duplicate portion study, 4-days Women, high fibre diet Berglund et al. (1994)
1992 0.0278 0.0176 (0.0032–0.175) Duplicate portion study, 4-days Women, shellfish consumers Vahter et al. (1996)
1998 0.017 0.006 (0.005–0.042) Food frequency questionnaire Farmers; men and women Olsson et al. (2002)
1999 0.010 (<0.0004–0.031) Market basket Per capita statistics Present study
1997–1998 0.0064 7-d food record, Average intake, calculated from European Commission
men and women 18-74 y 8 food categories (2004)
286 W. Becker et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 279–287
Lombardi-Boccia et al.
present market basket study. This corresponds to 3% of the PTWI of
Values represent ranges for men and women in age groups 25–30, 40–45, 60–65, and >70 y, respectively. Values for iodine refer to lower and upper bound and are from 2003 to 2006 TDS (Murray et al., 2008).
Thomson et al.
Present study
Leblanc et al.
Iyengar et al.
estimate is conservative, since the foods in the basket correspond
Reference
(2008)
(2003)
(2002)
report (European Commission, 2004) the average daily Pb
exposure in Sweden was calculated to 0.005 mg, which was the
lowest among the participating EU member states with full record
of Pb concentration data. The decrease in Pb dietary content since
(0.009)
0.011–
0.011–
0.0027
0.008–
0.012/
0.013
0.015
0.010
–
decrease in blood Pb levels in Swedish children during the last
decades (Strömberg et al., 1995, 2003). The decrease in Pb
0.006–
0.003–
0.004–
0.016/
0.018
0.007
0.007
Market baskets, duplicate diets or major staple foods for adults 20–50 y, collected in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Vietnam.
Pb
–
reduce Pb emissions in Sweden. The observed time trends are
0.0096–
0.018
0.008
0.060–
0.224
0.077
0.029
weight) and 47% of the TWI of 2.5 mg/kg body weight proposed by
EFSA (2009), assuming a body weight of 60 kg. It is not possible to
0.094
0.13
concluded that the exposure has not increased over this time
period. Duplicate portion studies and dietary assessments using
(0.050)
0.048–
0.066–
0.091–
0.053–
0.049/
0.088/
0.126
0.141
0.052
0.042
0.058
0.067
0.104
0.192–
0.060–
0.196/
0.060/
et al., 1994; Jorhem et al., 1998; Olsson et al., 2002; Vahter et al.,
0.284
0.085
0.25b
2.99
0.21
0.87–
0.96/
1.15
1.36
2.17
0.98
1.2
1.2
Cu
portion studies often are limited. In Table 7 it can be seen that the
upper ranges of Cd exposure in the duplicate portion studies are
2.38–
2.83–
2.07–
10.54
2.40/
2.31
2.93
Mn
3.5
5.2
12.8–
et al., 1996).
12.7
13.9
6.6–
31.4
9.0–
9.9/
9.2
Fe
–
Contents of mineral elements (in mg/kg) in international total diet studies.
total dietary exposure can be very high (Olsson et al., 2002). Crab
4.34–
10.6–
8.66
7.6–
12.7
13.5
10.6
8.0/
8.8
Zn
245–
140–
tion of these food items are on average less than 0.5 kg/year they
200/
285
224
262
262
460
Mg
2509–
1040–
given in Table 8. Although design and time frames for studies differ,
2048/
2913
2739
3320
2700
2304–
1960–
1842/
2150/
3812
2739
2580
3047
2300
3900
notable for iodine with a very high intake in Japan, possibly from
Values are for adults >15 y.
625–
1110
220–
526/
721
738
796
720
France, TDS
Asian diets
1995e
2000a
2004c
previous study in 1987, Fe and Pb content was about 40% and 50%
2006
2002
Study
Table 8
e
c
clear trends were seen for Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cd. The results
W. Becker et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 279–287 287
contribute to the ongoing market basket program monitoring by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a Total Diet Study. Food and
Chemical Toxicology 43, 1647–1655.
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Administration’s Total Diet Study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine.
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