Thomas Calculus 12th Edition George B. Thomas

NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
YELAHANKA, BANGALORE 560064
for
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING

(14CED14/24)
Prepared by
Dr. Kiran Aithal S
Mr. Manjunath HN.
Third Angle Projection
In the third angle projection method, the object is assumed to be in the third
quadrant. i.e. the object behind vertical plane and below the horizontal plane.
In this projection technique, placing the object in the third quadrant puts the
projection planes between the viewer and the object
Orthographic Projections
Lines are used to construct a drawing. Various type of lines are used to
construct meaningful drawings. Each line in a drawing is used to convey some
specific information.
Conventions used for lines
In orthographic projections, many times different types of lines may fall at the
same regions. In such cases, the following rules for precedence of lines are to
be followed:
Visible lines take precedence over all other lines
Hidden lines take precedence over center lines
Center lines have lowest precedence
When a visible line and a hidden line are to be drawn at the same area, It will
be shown by the visible line only and no hidden line will be shown. Similarly,
in case of hidden line and centre line, only hidden line will be shown. In such
case, the centre line will be shown only if it is extending beyond the length of
the hidden line.
Projection of Points
A POINT -The position of a point in engineering drawing is defined with
respect to its distance from the three principle planes i.e., with respect to the
VP, HP, & PP.
Conventions used while drawing the projections of points with respect to the 1st
angle projection of point “P’
Top views are represented by only small letters eg. p .
Their front views are conventionally represented by small letters with dashes
eg. p΄
Profile or side views are represented by small letters with double dashes eg. p΄΄
Projectors are shown as thin lines.
The line of intersection of HP and VP is denoted as X-Y.
The line of intersection of VP and PP is denoted as X1-Y1

Projections of Points
1 Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line. Keeping convenient distance
between each projector. Name the Quadrant in which they lie.
A. 30mm above HP & 35mm in front of VP.
B. 35mm above HP & 40mm behind VP
C. 40mm above HP& on VP
D. 35mm below HP & 30mmin front of VP
c'
b
b'
a'
40
40
35
30
X Y
c
30
35
35
d
a
d'
A I Quadrant C I as well As II Quadrant

Solution:
B II Quadrant D IV Quadrant
2. Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line. Keeping convenient distance
between each projector. Name the Quadrant in which they lie.
F. 30mm below HP & 25mm behind VP
F. 35mm below HP & 30mm in front of VP
G. On HP & 30mm in front of VP.
H. On HP & 35mm behind VP.
e
35
25
g' h'
X Y
30
30
30
35
e' f
g
f'
Solution: E III Quadrant G I as well As IV Quadrant

F IV Quadrant H II as well as III Quadrant
3 Draw and state the quadrants in which the following points located. Assume any distances
A. Front view below XY line & top view above XY line.
B. Front and Top views are below XY line
C. Front & top views are above XY line.
D. Front views above XY line & top view below XY line.
c
a d'
c'
X Y
b'
a'
b d
A III Quadrant C II Quadrant

Solution:
B IV Quadrant D I Quadrant
A point 30mm above XY line is the front view of two points A&B. The top view of A is 40mm
4 behind & the top view of B is 45mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the Points & state
the Quadrants in which points are situated.
a
a' b'
40
30
X Y
45
Solution: A I Quadrant B I Quadrant

A point ’A’ is 30mm in front of VP and 40mm above HP. Another point B is 20mm behind VP &
5 35mm below HP. The Horizontal distance between the points measured parallel to XY line is
60mm.Draw the three projections of the points. Join their front and top views.
X1 a"
a'
b
40
20
45 °
X Y
60
45 °
30
35
a
b' b"
Y1
Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60mm below HP, 70mm in front of VP and 40mm
6 from the RPP. Also state the Quadrant in which it lies.
X1
X Y
HP(VP)
45 °
40
60
70
p'
P"
p
Y1 RPP
A point P is on HP and 35mm in front of VP. Another Points Q is on VP and below HP. The line
7 joining their front views makes an angle of 30deg to XY line, while the line joining their top
views makes an angle of 45 deg with XY line. Find the distance of the points Q from HP.
p' q
X Y
30 °
20,21
35
4 5°
q'
Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm Below HP
Two points R and S are on HP. The Point R is 35mm in front of VP, while S is 50mm behind VP.
8 The line joining their top views makes an angle of 40deg with XY. Find the horizontal distance
between the two projectors.
s Locus of Point S of top view(s)

50
40 °
r'
X Y
s'
101,3
35
Ans: Distance Between Two Projectors is 101.3 mm

A point G is 25mm below HP & is situated in the third quadrant, its shortest distance from XY
9
line is 45mm Draw its projections and find its distance from VP.
X1
g
37,42
45 °
VP
X Y
HP
25
g"
g'
RPP
R
45
Y1
Point G is 37.42 mm Behind VP
A point S is in the first quadrant and equidistant of 50mm form all the three principal Planes.
10
Draw the projections of the points. Draw all three views of the point.
X1
s'
s"
50
RPP
X Y
4 5°
Y1
Draw the projections of point G which is in first quadrant such that it is equidistant from HP &
11
VP. The point is 25mm from RPP. Determine its distance from VP, HP& PP.
X1
27,75 g"
g'
27,75
27,75
RPP
VP
X Y
HP
4 5°
27,75
25
Y1
Ans: The Point is 27.75 mm from VP & HP
A point R is 25mm above HP & 20mm in front VP. Another point S is on HP and 30mm behind
12 VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection of VP and
HP is 50mm.Find the distance between top views of points R&S.
,7 1
70
s
r'
30
25
Y
X 50 s'
20
r
Ans: The Distance between Top views of R and S is 70.71mm
A point M is on HP & 30mm in front of VP, Another point N is 20mm below HP and 20mm in
13 front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50mm.Find
the distance between front views of the points M & N.
50
m' Y
X
20
30
n n'
5 3 ,8 5
The distance between front views of M & N is 53.85mm
A point P is on HP and 30mm in front VP. Another point Q is on VP and 40mm above Hp. The
14 distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50mm. Find the distance between their
front and top views of the points P & Q.
q'
03
64,
40
p' q
X Y
50
30
1
5 8 ,3
p
The distance between top views of P & Q is 58.31mm

The distance between front views of P & Q is 64.03mm
A point P is 30mm in front of VP, 40mm above HP and 50mm form RPP. Draw its
15
projections
X1
p' p"
40 Left Side View

50
RPP
VP
X Y
HP
4 5°
30
Y1
The point P is 45mm above HP, 60mm behind VP and 30mm from RPP. Draw the three
16
principles view of the points. Also state the quadrant in which it lies.
X1
P' P"
30
60
45
RPP
4 5°
VP(HP)
X Y
Y1
Ans: Point P lies in II Quadrant

Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60mm below HP, 70mm in front of VP and 40mm
17
from the RPP. Also state the quadrant in which it lies
X1
P' P"
30
60
45
RPP
4 5°
VP(HP)
X Y
Y1
Ans: Point P in IV Quadrant
A point is 30mm in front of VP 20mm above HP & 25mm in front/behind/from LPP. Draw its
18
Projections and name the side view.
X1
Right Side View
a" a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
4 5°
30
25
Y1
A point is 40mm behind VP, 15mm above HP and 25mm in front /behind/from LPP. Draw its projections
19 and name the side view.
X1
Left Side View

b
25
40
b'
b"
4 5°
VP(HP)
15
LPP
X Y
Y1
A point is 30mm behind Vp, 30mm above HP and 25 mm in front/behind/from LPP. Draw its
20
projections and name the side view.
X1
Left Side View

c" c'(c)
30
VP(HP)
4 5°
LPP
X Y
25
Y1
A point is lying on HP, 20mm behind VP & 25mm behind/in front/from RPP. Draw its
21
X1
Right Side View

d
20 25
45 °
HP RPP
X Y
VP d' d"
Y1
A Point is 35mm below HP, 20mm behind VP & 25mm behind/ in front from RPP. Draw its
22
X1
25
20
45 °
X Y
RPP
35
a" Right Side View

a'
Y1
A point is lying on VP, 20mm below HP & 30mm behind/in front/from LPP. Draw its
23
b HP
X Y
45 °
VP
20
LPP
b" b'
Y1
A point is 20mm above HP & 25mm in front of VP. Another Point B is 25mm behind VP and
24 40mm below HP. Draw their projections when the distance between their projectors parallel
to XY line is 0 mm.Add the right side view only to point B.
X1
a'
25
20
45 °
Y
X
25
RPP Right Side View

40
b"
b'
Y1
Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
25
distance between each projector. Name the Quadrants in which they lie.
P 20mm above HP & 35mm in front VP.
Q 30mm above HP & 40mm behind VP
R 40mm above HP & VP.
S 35mm below HP & 30mm in front of VP.
r'
q
q'
p'
40
40
30
20
X Y
r
30
35
35
s
p s'
P I Quadrant R I as well as II Quadrant

Solution:
Q II Quadrant S IV Quadrant
Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line, keeping convenient distance
26
between each projector. Name the Quadrants in which they lie.
M 30mm below HP & 25mm behind VP
N 35mm below HP & 30mm in front VP.
O On Hp & 30mm in front of VP.
P On HP & 35mm behind of VP.
q
m
35
25
p' Y
X
q'
30
30
30
35
n
p
m'
n'
M I Quadrant O I as well as IV Quadrant
Solution:
N IV Quadrant P I as well as III Quadrant
27 Draw and state the quadrants in which the following points located. Assume any distances
A. Front view below XY line & top view above XY line.
B. Front and Top views are below XY line
C. Front & top views are above XY line.
D. Front views above XY line & top view below XY line.
c
a d'
c'
X Y
b'
a'
b d
A III Quadrant C II Quadrant

Solution:
B IV Quadrant D I Quadrant
28 27. A point 30mm above XY line is the front View of the three P, Q and R. The Top View of R is
40mm behind VP, the top view of Q is on XY line and top view of point is 45mm in front of VP.
Draw the projections of the points & state the quadrants in which the points are situated.
r
p' (q') (r')

40
30
X Y
q
45
p
29 A point M is 30mm in front of VP and 20mm above HP, another point N in 15mm behind VP &
25mm below Hp. The horizontal distance between the points parallel to XY line is 50mm.Draw
the projections of the points M & N and join their front & top views. Draw the right side view
for the point N only.
X1
m'
n
50
20
15
45 °
X Y
25
RPP
30
n' n" Right Side view

m
Y1
30 The common point 40mm below XY line represents not only the front views of three points A, B
and C but also the top view of Point C. The top view of point B is lies on XY line and top view of
point A lies 50mm above it. Draw the projections of the points and add the right side view to the
point A only. Also state in which quadrants the points lie.
X1
a
50
4 5°
b
X Y
40
RPP
a"
a' b' c' (c)
Y1
31 A point A is on HP and 35mm in front of VP. Another Point B is on VP and below HP, The line
joining their front views makes an angle of 30deg. To XY line while the line joining their top
views makes an angle 45deg with XY line. Find the distance of the point B from HP.
p' q
X Y
30 °
20,21
35
4 5°
q'
Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm below HP
32 Two points P and Q are on Hp. The point P is 30mm behind VP, while Q is 50mm in front of
VP. The line joining their top views makes an angle of 40deg with XY. Find the horizontal
distance between their projectors parallel to XY line.
p
30
q'
40 °
X Y
p'
95,34
50
locus of Q in Top View (q)
q
Distance between two projectors is 95.34mm
33 A point A is 40mm in front of VP and is situated in the fourth quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
intersection of HP & VP is 45mm. Draw its projections. Also find its distance from HP.
X1
X Y
R 45
20,62
45 ° RPP
40
a"
a'
a
Y1
Point A is 20.62 mm below HP
34 A point A is 20mm above HP and in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the XY line is
40mm. Draw the projections. Determine its distance from VP.
X1
a'
a"
20
R 40 RPP
X Y
45 °
34,64
a
Y1
Distance of A from VP is 34.68mm

Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
35
distance between each projector. Name the Quadrants in which they lie.
P P – 10mm above HP & 15mm in front of VP.
Q 15mm above HP & 25mm behind VP.
R 25mm below HP & in VP.
S 40mm above HP & in VP.
s'
40
p'
q'
25
15
r
10
X Y
15
25
p
P I Quadrant R III as well as IV Quadrant

Solution:
Q II Quadrant S I as well as II Quadrant
36 A point P is 25mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on HP and 30mm
behind VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection of
VP and HP is 50mm. Find the distance between the top views of points P & Q.
,7 1
70
q
p'
30
25
Y
X 50 q'
20
Ans: The Distance between Top views of P and Q is 70.71mm

37 A point A is on HP & 30mm in front of VP. Another point B is 20mm below HP and 20mm in
front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50mm. Find
the distance between the front views of the points A & B.
.
50
a'
X Y
20
30
5 3 ,8 5
b'(b)
a
Distance between front views of A & B is 53.85 mm
38 A point P is on HP and 30mm in front of VP. Another Point Q is on VP and 40mm above HP.
The distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50mm. Find the distance between
their front and top views of the points P & Q.
q'
03
64,
40
p' q
X Y
50
30
1
5 8 ,3
Distance between front views of P & Q is 64.03 mm

Distance between top views of P & Q is 58.31 mm
39 Draw the projections of a point A lying 30mm above HP and in first quadrant, if its shortest
distance from the line of intersection of HP and VP is 50mm. Also find the distance of the point
from VP.
X1
a'
a" R 50
30 RPP
X Y
4 5°
40
Y1
Distance of A from VP is 40mm
40 Draw the projections of the following points on the same reference XY line and state the
quadrants in which they lie.
E 35mm above HP & VP
F 30mm below HP & on VP
G On HP & 25mm behind VP
H On HP & 30mm in front of VP
e'
g
35
25
f h'
X Y
e g'
30
30
f' h
E I as well as II Quadrant G G- II as well as III Quadrant

F - III as well as IV Quadrant H H- I as well as IV Quadrant
41 A point 20mm below the reference XY line is the top view if three points P, Q & R. P is 20mm
below HP, Q is 35mm above HP and R is on HP. Draw the projections of the three points and
state their positions & quadrants in which they are situated.
q'
35
r'
X Y
20
(p) q ( r ) p'
P-20mm below HP and 20mm infront of VP,IV Quadrant

Q-35 mm below HP and 20mm infront of VP,I Quadrant
R-on HP and 20mm infront of VP,I as well as IV Quadrant
42 A point is 30mm in front of VP, 20mm above HP & 25mm in front /behind / from LPP. Draw its
Projections and name the side view
X1
Right Side View a'

a"
25
LPP VP
X Y
HP
45 °
a
Y1
43 A point is 40mm behind VP, 20mm above HP and 30mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw its
X1
b
Left Side View
b'
40
b"
30
20
VP(HP)
45 °
LPP
X Y
Y1
44 A point is 30mm behind VP, 30mm above HP and 25mm in front /behind / from RPP. Draw its
projections and name the side views.
X1
c'(c) c"
Right Side View
25
30
45 °
VP(HP) RPP
X Y
Y1
45 A point is lying on VP, 10mm below HP & 30mm behind/ in front / from LPP. Draw its
X1
30 a
X Y
10
LPP
45 °
a" a'
Y1
Choices
Treating the point is in III Quadrant, it is left side view
Treating the point is in IV Quadrant, it is Right side view
46 A point is lying on HP, 20mm behind VP & 35mm behind/ in front /from RPP. Draw its
X1
Right Side View

d
35
20
RPP
45 °
X Y
d' d"
Y1
47 A point is 35mm below HP, 15mm behind VP & 25mm behind / in front / from RPP. Draw its
projections and name the side view
X1
25
15
45 °
X Y
35
RPP
Right Side View

a' a"
Y1
48 A point P is 15mm above HP & 25mm in front of VP. Another Point Q is 25mm behind VP and
40mm below HP. Draw their projections when the distance between their projectors parallel to
XY line is 0mm. Add the right side view only to point Q
X1
q
p'
25
4 5°
15
X Y
25
40
RPP
p
Right Side View

q"
q'
Y1
Draw the projections of the following points in the same XY line, keeping convenient distance
49
between each projector. Also state the Quadrant in which they lie.
P 25mm above HP & 35mm in front of VP.
Q 35mm above HP & 40mm behind VP.
R 40mm above HP & on VP.
S 35mm below HP & 30mm in front of VP.
q r'
q'
p'
40
40
30
25
X
r
30
35
35
s
p s'
P I Quadrant R I as well as II Quadrant

Q II Quadrant S IV Quadrant
Draw the projections of the following points in the same XY line, keeping convenient distance
50
between each projector. Also state the Quadrant in which they lie.
A 30mm above HP & 25mm in front of VP.
B 35mm above HP & 30mm in front of VP.
C On HP & 30 mm in front of VP
D on HP & 35mm behind of VP.
d
a
35
25
c' d' Y
X
30
30
30
35
b
a' c
b'
A I Quadrant C I as well as IV Quadrant

B IV Quadrant D II as well as III Quadrant
Projections of lines
Straight line
A Straight line is the Locus of a point, which moves linearly. Straight line is
also the shortest distance between any two given points.
The location of a line in projection quadrants is described by specifying the

distances of its end points from the VP, HP and PP. A line may be:
 Parallel to both the planes.

 Parallel to one plane and perpendicular to the other.
 Parallel to one plane and inclined to the other.
 Inclined to both the planes.
Projection of a line
The projection of a line can be obtained by projecting its end points on planes
of projections and then connecting the points of projections. The projected
length and inclination of a line, can be different compared to its true length
and inclination.
To Find True length and true inclinations of a line

Many times if the top and front views of a line are given, the true length and
true inclinations of a line is required to be determined.
The top and front views of the object can be drawn from if any of the following
data are available:
(a) Distance between the end projectors,
(b) Distance of one or both the end points from HP and VP and
(c) Apparent inclinations of the line.
Projections of Straight Lines
1. A line AB 80mm long has its end A 20mm above the HP and 30mm infront of VP. It is
inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw the projections of the line and find apparent
lengths and apparent inclinations.
56
,5 7 b' b1' Locus of b'
4 5°
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
Locus of a
a
4 5°
5 5°
0
α =45
0
β =55
69 ,
28
a'b'=56.57
ab=69.28
Locus of b
b b1
2. A line AB 80mm long has its end A on XY line and is inclined to HP at 30° and inclined to
VP at 45°. Draw front and top views of line and determine their lengths. Also measure the
perpendicular distance of end B from both HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
,5 7
56
40
4 5°
30 °
VP a' Locus of a'

X Y
a Locus of a
4 5°
HP
5 5°
56,57
69 ,
28
Locus of b
b b1
a'b' = 56.57
ab = 69.28
Distance of B from HP = 40
Distance of B from VP = 56.57
3. A line AB has its end A 20mm above the HP and 30mm infront of VP. The other end B is
60mm above the HP and 45mm infront of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70mm.
Draw its projections. Determine the true length and apparent inclinations.
b' b1' Locus of b'

1
8 2,0
60
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
45
a Locus of a
12 °
Locus of b
b b1
70
AB = 82.01
0
α = 30
0
β = 12
4. A line AB has its end A 20mm above the HP and 15mm infront of the VP. The other end B
is 60mm above the HP. The distance between end projectors is 70mm. Draw its projections.
Determine the apparent lengths and true inclinations.
b' b1' Locus of b'

2
8 0,6
60
2 8°
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
20°
45
7 6 , 16
Locus of b
b b1
70
a'b' = 80.62
ab = 76.16
0
θ = 28
0
φ = 20
5. The top view PQ of a straight line is 70mm and makes an angle of 60° with the XY line. The
end Q is 10mm infront of VP and 30mm above the HP. The difference between the distances
of P and Q above the HP is 45mm. Draw the projections. Determine the true length and true
inclinations with HP and VP.
p' p1' Locus of p'

45
33 °
Locus of q'
q'
30
VP
X Y
10
HP Locus of q
q
47°
60°
PQ = 83.22
70
0
θ = 33
0
φ = 47
83
,2 2
Locus of p
p p1
6. A line PQ 85mm long has its ends P 10mm above the HP and 15mm infront of the VP. The
top view and front view of line PQ are 75mm and 80mm respectively. Draw its projections.
Also determine the true and apparent inclinations of the line.
q' q1' Locus of q'
80
30 °
2 8°
p' Locus of p'

10
VP
X Y
HP
15
Locus of p
20°
p
2 3°
75
Locus of q
q q1
0
θ = 28
0
α = 30
0
φ = 20
0
β = 23
7. A line has its end A 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. The end B is 55mm above
HP and line is inclined at 30° to HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. Draw
the projections of the line. Determine the true length of the line and its inclination with VP.
50
b' b1' Locus of b'
55
30 °
a' Locus of a'

10
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
42°
AB = 90
0
φ = 42
90
Locus of b
b b1
8. The top view of a line 75mm long measures 50mm. The end P is 30mm infront of VP and
15mm above HP. The end Q is 15mm infront of VP and above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and finds its true inclinations with HP and VP.
q' q1' Locus of q'
4 8°
p' Locus of p'

15
VP
X Y
HP
15
q q1 Locus of q
30
12 °
Locus of p
p
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 12
9. A line AB 60mm long has one of its extremities 20mm infront of VP and 15mm above HP.
The line is inclined at 25° to HP and 40° to VP. Draw its top and front views.
60 b' b1' Locus of b'
25°
Locus of a'
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP
20
Locus of a
a
40°
Locus of b
b b1
10. A line AB measuring 70mm has its end A 15mm infront of VP and 20mm above HP and the
other end B is 60mm infront of VP and 50mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line
and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projection.
b' b1' Locus of b'
34 °
50
25°
20 a' Locus of a'
VP
X Y
HP
15
Locus of a
a
40°
4 5°
60
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 25
0
α = 34
0
φ = 40
0
β = 45
11. The front view of a 90mm long line which is inclined at 45° to the XY line, measures 65mm.
End A is 15mm above the XY line and is in VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its
inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
90
65
78
°
a' 45° Locus of a'
15
VP
X Y
HP a Locus of a
44°
°
78
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 45
0
α = 78
0
φ = 44
0
β = 78
12. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line AB is 60mm. The
end A is 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. The end B is 35mm infront of VP. The
line AB appears 70mm long in the front view. Complete the projections. Find the true length
of the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
7 2 ,8
70
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
10
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
35
16°
Locus of b
60 b b1
AB = 72.8
0
θ = 30
0
φ = 16
13. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line AB is 40mm. The
end A is 20mm above HP and 15mm infront VP. The end B is 45mm infront of VP. The line
AB appears 50mm long in the front view. Complete the projections. Find the true length of
the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
5 8 ,3
31°
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
31°
45
Locus of b
b b1
40
AB = 58.31
0
θ = φ = 31
14. The point B of a line AB is on the horizontal plane, the top view of the line makes an angle
of 30° with XY line, being 80mm. The point A is on the vertical plane and 50mm above the
horizontal plane. Draw the top and front views of the line and obtain the true length of the
line. Also find the inclinations of the line with the two planes.
a1' a' Locus of a'
9 4 ,3
4
50
32 °
VP b' Locus of b'
X Y
HP a1 a Locus of a
25°
Locus of b
b
AB = 94.34
0
θ = 32
0
φ = 25
15. Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100mm long, inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to
VP. The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP. Find the shortest distance between the
straight line AB and the line of intersection of planes of projection.
16. A line AB 100mm long is inclined to HP at 45° and inclined to VP at 30°. Draw front and
top views of line and determine their lengths. Also determine the perpendicular distance of
end B from both HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
,6
86
70,71
4 5°
VP a' Locus of a'

X Y
HP a Locus of a
30 °
50
100
70
,7 1
Locus of b
b b1
Perpendicular distance of B from HP is 70.71

Perpendicular distance of B from VP is 50
a'b' = 86.6
ab = 70.71
17. The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while the front view is 50mm. Its
one end A is in HP and 12mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine
its inclination with the HP and the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
50
4 8°
30 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP
12
Locus of a
a
4 8°
59 °
65
75
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 30
0
α = 48
0
φ = 48
0
β = 59
18. A line AB, 65mm long, has its end A 20mm above the HP and 25mm in front of the VP. The
end B is 40mm above the HP and 65mm infront of the VP. Draw the projections of AB and
show its inclinations with the HP and the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
18°
a' Locus of a'
40
20
VP
X Y
HP
25
Locus of a
a
38 °
65
65
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 18
0
φ = 38
19. A straight line PQ, 65mm long, is inclined at 45° to HP and 30° VP. The point P is 70mm
from both the reference planes and the point Q is towards the reference planes. Draw the
projections.
p' Locus of p'
4 5°
70
Locus of q'
q' q1'
VP
X Y
HP
q q1 Locus of q
70
30 °
Locus of q
p
20. A point P is 40mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. Another point Q is 20mm above HP
and 50mm infront of VP. The top view of line PQ is inclined at 30° to XY. Draw the
projections.
p' Locus of p'
40 Locus of q'
q' q1'
20
VP
X Y
HP
20
Locus of p
p
50
3 0°
Locus of q
q q1
21. The top view of a line PQ is 70mm and front view is 60mm long. The end Q is nearer to both
HP and VP than the end P and is 15mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. Draw the
projections of the line if the distance between their projectors is 50mm.
p1' p' Locus of p'
60
Locus of q'
q'
15
VP
X Y
HP 50
20
q Locus of q
70
Locus of p
p1 p
22. A line AB 100mm long measures 80mm in front view and 70mm in top view. The mid-point
M of the line is 40mm from both HP and VP. Draw its projections. Find its inclinations.
Locus of b' b' b1'
63 °
80
4 6°
Locus of m' m'
40
Locus of a' a1' a'
X VP Y
HP Locus of a a1 a
40
0
θ = 46
Locus of m
0
37 °
m α = 63
70
59 °
100 0
φ = 37
Locus of b 0
β = 59
b b1
23. A line has its end A 15mm above HP and 10mm infront of VP. The end B is 55mm above
HP and the line is inclined at 30° to HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm.
Draw the projections of the line and determine the true length of the line and its inclination
with VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
80
55
30 °
a' Locus of a'
50
15
VP
X Y
HP
10
Locus of a
a
37 °
Locus of b
b b1
AB = 80
0
φ = 37
24. A line MN 90mm long has a point P on it which divides the line in the ratio 2:1, i.e
MP:PN=2:1. This point P is 50mm above HP and 60mm infront of VP. The line is inclined at
35° to HP and 40° to VP. Draw the projection of the line. Find the distance between end
projectors and the position of the ends of the line with HP and VP.
Locus of n' n' n1'
90
35 °
Locus of p' p'
67,21
50
Locus of m' m1' m'
15,59
45,7
VP
X Y
HP
21,43
Locus of m m1 m
60
79,28
Locus of p p
40°
Locus of n
n n1
DBEP = 45.7
Distance of M from HP = 15.59
Distance of M from VP = 21.43

Distance of N from HP = 67.21
Distance of N from VP = 79.28
25. A straight line PQ inclined at 40° to VP has pq=60mm and p’q’=50mm. The end P is both in
HP and VP, and 40mm to the right of left profile plane.
a. Draw the projections of the straight line PQ.
b. Find the true length and true inclination with HP.
c. Draw the profile view of the straight line.
d. Find the position of the end Q with HP and VP.
26. A line has one end 30mm infront of VP and 15mm above HP and the other end is 15mm
infront of VP and is above HP. Length of the line is 60mm. Top view of the line is 40mm
long. Draw the two views of the line and obtain the inclination of the line with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
4 8°
Locus of a'
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
b b1 Locus of b
30
1 4°
Locus of a
a
40
60
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 14
27. The top view of line PQ 75mm long measures 50mm. The end P is 30mm infront of VP and
15mm above HP. The end Q is 15mm infront of VP and above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and finds its true inclinations with HP and VP. Find the length of front view and
distance between the end projectors.
q' q1' Locus of q'
,48
73
4 8°
Locus of p'
p'
47,7
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
q q1 Locus of q
30
12 °
Locus of p
p
50
75
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 12
p'q' = 73. 48
DBEP = 47.7
28. A straight line AB measuring 80mm long has the end A in the HP and 25mm infront of the
VP. Its mid-point M is 25mm above the HP and 40mm infront of the VP. Draw the
projections of the line and determine the inclination of the line with HP and VP and also find
distance between end projectors.
54,77
b' b1' Locus of b'
39 °
m' Locus of m'
25
VP a1' a' Locus of a'

X Y
HP
25
40
a1 a Locus of a
m 22° Locus of m
80 Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 39
0
φ = 22
DBEP = 54.77
29. The front view of the line PQ 80mm long measures 50mm and is inclined to XY (reference
line) at 50°. One end of the line P is 20mm above the HP and 25mm infront of the VP. Draw
the front view and top view of the line and find the inclinations of the line with HP and VP.
q' q1' Locus of q'
50
50°
2 9°
Locus of p'
p'
20
VP
X Y
HP
25
Locus of p
p
5 1°
0
63 °
θ = 29
0
α = 50
0
φ = 51
80
0
β = 63
Locus of q
q q1
30. Draw the projections of a line AB 100mm long inclined at 45° to VP and 30° to HP. One end
of the line is 20mm above the HP and in the VP. Also determine the apparent length and
inclinations.
100
b' b1' Locus of b'
,7 1
70
45°
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
VP
X Y
HP a Locus of a
4 5°
55°
a'b' = 70.71
ab = 86.6
86
0
,6
α = 45
100 0
β = 55
Locus of b
b b1
31. Draw the projections of a line PQ and find its true length and inclinations when the line is
inclined at 30° to the HP and 45° to the VP. The line is having one of its ends 15mm above
HP and 20mm infront of VP. The distance between the end projectors on the XY line is
60mm.
60 q' q1' Locus of q'
m' m1'
30 °
p' Locus of p'
15
VP Y
X
HP
20
Locus of p
p
45°
m1
m
PQ = 120
120
Locus of q
q q1
32. The top view ab of a straight line AB is 60mm long and makes an angle of 30° with the XY
line. The end A is in VP and 30mm above HP. The end B is 65mm above HP. Draw the
projections of the line AB and determine i) length of the front view ii) its true length and true
inclinations with the reference planes.
b' b1' Locus of b'
65
62 ,
30 °
a' Locus of a'
65
30
VP
X Y
Locus of a
2 6°
HP a
30 °
60
Locus of b
6 9 ,4
6 b b1
a'b' = 62.65
AB = 69.46
0
θ = 30
0
φ = 26
33. A line AB 65mm long, has its end A 25mm above HP and 30mm infront of VP. The other
end is 45mm above HP and 50mm infront of VP. Draw the projections and determine its
inclinations.
19°
18°
Locus of a'
45
25 a'
VP
X Y
HP
30
50
Locus of a
18°
a
19°
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 18
0
α = 19
0
φ = 18
0
β = 19
34. One end of a line is 30mm infront of VP and 30mm above HP. The line is inclined at 40° to
HP and its top view measuring 60mm, is inclined at 50° to XY. Draw the projections of the
line and determine true length and inclination with HP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
,3 2
78
40°
Locus of a'
a'
30
VP
X Y
HP
30
a Locus of a
36 °
50°
AB = 78.32
0
φ = 36
60
Locus of b
b b1
35. The top view of the line AB 80mm long, measures 65mm. The mid-point of the line is 30mm
infront of VP and 40mm above HP. The point A is in the VP. Draw its projections and find
its inclinations.
Locus of b' b' b1'
80
62 °
36 °
Locus of m' m'
Locus of a' a1'
40
a'
VP
X Y
HP Locus of a a1 a
30
Locus of m m
4 9°
65
67 °
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 36
0
α = 62
0
φ = 49
0
β = 67
36. A straight line PQ is inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to VP. The point P is in HP and the point
Q is in VP. The length of the straight line is 65mm. Draw the projections of the straight line
AB.
q' q1' Locus of q'
65
45 °
VP p' Locus of p'
X Y
HP q1 Locus of q
3 0°
3 0°
Locus of p
p
37. Draw the projections of a line AB 90mm long and find its true and apparent inclinations with
HP and VP when its end A is on HP and 20mm infront of VP. Its mid-point M is 20mm
above the HP and 40mm infront of the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
90
30 °
2 6°
m' Locus of m'
20
VP a1' a' Locus of a'

X Y
HP
20
a1 a Locus of a
40
m Locus of m
2 6°
30 °
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 26
0
α = 30
0
φ = 26
0
β = 30
38. A line PQ is inclined to both HP and VP by 30° and 45° respectively. One of its ends P is at
a distance of 10mm from HP and15mm from VP. The distance between the end projectors is
45mm. Draw the top, front and right side views of the line. Determine the true length of the
line and the distances of the end Q from VP and HP.
39. The elevation of the line AB 90mm long, is inclined at 30°to HP and measures 70mm. The
end A is 20mm above HP and is in VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its
inclination with VP.
90
b' b1' Locus of b'
70
30 °
a' Locus of a'
20
VP
X Y
HP a 39 °
Locus of a
0
φ = 39
Locus of b
b b1
40. A line PQ measures 80mm in length. The point P is above HP and infront of VP by 20mm
and 30mm respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. The line is
inclined to VP by 30°. Draw the projections of the line and find its true inclination with HP.
50
q' q1' Locus of q'
37 °
20 p' Locus of p'
VP
X Y
HP
30
p Locus of p
30 °
80
Locus of q
q q1
0
θ = 37
41. The top view of a line PQ is 75mm long measures 50mm and the front view measures
60mm. The end P is 30mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the
line and find its true inclinations with HP and VP. Find length of front view and distance
between the end projectors.
q' q1' Locus of q'
75
60
4 8°
Locus of p'
p'
30
VP
X Y
HP
15
p Locus of p
37 °
0
θ = 48
φ = 37
0
50
DBEP = 21.79
Locus of q
q q1
21,79
42. The end A of a line AB is in HP and 25mm infront of VP. The end B is in VP and 50mm
above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line of
intersection of HP and VP is 65mm. Draw the projections of the line AB and determine its
true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
73
8 5,
50
36 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP b b1 Locus of b
25
1 7°
Locus of a
a
65
AB = 85.73
0
θ = 36
0
φ = 17
43. The end A of a line is in HP and 25mm infront of VP. The end B is 10mm infront of VP and
50mm above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line
of intersection of HP and VP is 80mm. Draw the projections of the line AB and determine its
true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
2
9 5 ,5
50
32 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP
10
b b1 Locus of b
25
Locus of a
9°
a
80
AB = 95.52
0
θ = 32
0
φ =9
44. A straight line PQ 80mm long appears to a length of 50mm and inclined at 30° to XY line in
its top view. Draw its projections when its end point P is 15mm above HP and 60mm infront
VP. Point Q is nearer to VP than P.
q' q1' Locus of q'
p' Locus of p'

15
VP
X Y
HP
60
q q1 Locus of q
30 °
Locus of p
p
50
80
45. The top view of a line AB, 80mm long measures 65mm and the length of the front view is
50mm. The end A is on HP and 15mm infront of VP. Draw the projections.
80
b' b1' Locus of b'
50
a'
VP Locus of a'
X Y
HP
15
Locus of a
a
65
Locus of b
b b1
46. Draw the projections of a line PQ and find its apparent lengths, true length and true
inclination with HP when the line PQ has its end P 25mm above HP and 20mm infront of
VP. The distance between the end projectors of the line when measured parallel to the line of
intersection of the HP and VP is 60mm. The end Q is 50mm above the HP and the line is
inclined at 30° to the VP.
7 5,0 6
q' q1' Locus of q'
65
19 °
p' Locus of p'
50
25
VP
X Y
HP
20
p Locus of p
30 °
70,
77
q1 Locus of q
q
60
PQ = 75.06
p'q' = 65
pq = 70.77
0
θ = 19
47. Find the true length and true inclination of a line AB with HP having one of its end 20mm
infront of VP and 30mm above the HP. The line is inclined at 40° to VP and the right side
view of the line is 60mm long and inclined at 60° to the X1Y1 line. Draw all the three views
of the line.
X1
LPP 4
8 0,8 b' b1' Locus of b'
b" 60
60°
22°
Right side Locus of a'
view a" a'
30
VP
X Y
4 5°
HP
20
Locus of a
a
40°
Locus of b
b b1
Y1
AB = 80.84
0
θ = 22
Projections of Planes
Plane surface (plane/lamina/plate)
A plane is a two dimensional surface having length and breadth with negligible
thickness. They are formed when any three non-collinear points are joined.
Planes are bounded by straight/curved lines and may be either regular or an
irregular. Regular plane surface are those in which all the sides are equal.
Irregular plane surface are those in which the lengths of the sides are unequal.
Positioning of a Plane surface
A plane surface may be positioned in space with reference to the three principal
planes of projection in any of the following positions:
 Parallel to one of the principal planes and perpendicular to the other two.
 Perpendicular to one of the principal planes and inclined to the other
two.
 Inclined to all the three principal planes.
Projections of a Plane surface
A plane surface when held parallel to a plane of projection, it will be

perpendicular to the other two planes of projection. The view of the plane
surface projected on the plane of projection to which it will be perpendicular
will be a line, called the line view of a plane surface. When the plane surface is
held with its surface parallel to one of the planes of projection, the view of the
plane surface projected on it will be in true shape because all the sides or the
edges of the plane surface will be parallel to the plane of projection on which
the plane surface is projected.
When a plane surface is inclined to any plane of projection, the view of the
plane surface projected on it will be its apparent shape.
Projections of Planes
1. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies with one of its edges on HP such that the surface
of the lamina is inclined to HP at 60º. The edge on which it rests is inclined to VP at 60º. Draw the
projections.
c' c'
6 0°
VP b'(a') c' b'(a') a' b'
X Y
HP
6 0°
a a
a
c
c c
25
b b b
2. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45º
with HP and one of its medians is inclined at 40º to VP. Draw the projections.
c' c'
45 °
VP b'(a') c' b'(a') a' b' Y

X
HP
40 °
65°
a a c
c d b
d1 c Locus of d
25
d
a
b b
ο
β =6
5
3. A triangular lamina of 25mm sides rests on one of its corners on VP such that the median passing
through the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30º to HP and 45º to VP. Draw the projections.
25 c' c' c'
d' Locus of d'
d1' a' d'
a' b'
a'
45 °
b'
3 0°
b'
VP
X a Y
a c(b) a
45 °
HP
c(b) c b
o
α=45
4. A triangular plane figure of sides 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corner such that the surface
of the lamina makes an angle of 60º with HP. If the side opposite to the corner on which the lamina
rests makes an angle of 30º with VP. Draw the top and front views in this position.
b'(c') c' b'

6 0°
VP a' b'(c') a' a'

X Y
30°
HP
c c c
a b
a
a
25
b b
5. A triangular plane lamina of sides 25mm is resting on HP with one of its corners touching it, such
that the side opposite to the corner on which it rests is 15mm above HP and makes an angle of 30º
with VP. Draw the top and front views in this position. Also determine the inclination of the lamina
to the reference plane.
b'(c') c' b'
15
VP a'
44°
b'(c') a' a'
X Y
30°
HP
c
c c
b
a a
a
25 b
b
o
θ 4=4
6. A 30º- 60º setsquare of 60mm longest side is so kept such that the longest side is in HP, making an
angle of 30º with VP. The setsquare itself is inclined at 45º to HP. Draw the projections of the
setsquare.
c' c'
VP b'(a') c' b'(a') 45° a' b'

X Y
HP 30°
a a a c
3 0°
b
60
c
60° c
b b
7. An isosceles triangular plate of negligible thickness has base 25mm long and altitude 35mm. It is so
placed on HP such that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 25mm sides with the
side that is parallel to VP is inclined at 45º to HP. Draw its top and front views. Also determine the
inclination of the plate with the reference plane.
35
25
a' a' b'
a'
b'
25 b'
45 °
VP c' c' c'
X Y
HP
a c
b a(c)
a(c)
52 °
b b
o
φ=52
8. A square lamina of 40mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 30º to HP and the
side on which it rests makes 45º to VP. Draw its projections.
')
b'(c b' c'
')
30 °
X
VP a'(d') b'(c') a'(d a' d' Y
HP
4 5°
d c d c
d
q 40
c
a
a b a b
b
9. A square plate of 30mm sides rests on HP such that one of the diagonals is inclined at 30º to HP and
45º to VP. Draw its projections.
c' c'
b'(d') d' b'
30 °
VP a' b'(d') c' a' a'
X Y
HP
4 5°
5 5°
d d
c
d
a c a c
Locus of a
b
q
a
40
b b
o
β =55
10. A square lamina ABCD of 40mm side rests on corner C such that the diagonal AC appears to be at
45º to VP. The two sides BC and CD containing the corner C make equal inclinations with HP. The
surface of the lamina makes 30º with HP. Draw its top and front views.
a' a'
b'(d') d' b'

30°
VP c' b'(d') a' c' c'

X Y
HP 45°
d d
d
a
c a c a
q c b
40
b b
11. The top view of a square lamina of side 30mm is a rectangle of sides 30mm×20mm with the longer
side of the rectangle being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the top and front views of the square
lamina. What is the inclination of the surface of the lamina with HP and VP?
X1
RPP
d'(c') c' d' c"(d")
Left side view
42°
4 8°
4 8°
VP a'(b') d'(c') a'(b') b' a' b"(a")
X Y
4 5°
HP
b c b c c d
q 30
b a
d a d
a
20
Y1
o
θ =48
o
φ =42
12. A rectangular lamina of sides 20mm×30mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The lamina is
tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at 45º. The edge on
which it rests is inclined at 30º to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
c')
d'( d' c'
VP ')
'a (b
45 °
a'(b') d'(c') a' b'

X Y
3 0°
HP
b
b c b c
c
a
30
d
a 20 d a
13. A rectangular lamina of 35mm×20mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges. The lamina is rotated
about the edge on which it rests till it appears as a square in the top view. The edge on which the
lamina rests being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the projections and find its inclinations to HP
and VP.
X1
RPP
d'(c') d' c' d"(c")
35 ° Left side view
5 5°
5 5°
VP a'(b') d'(c') a'(b') a' b' a"(b")
X Y
HP
4 5°
b c b c a b
20
a d a d d c
35
Y1 o
θ =55
o
φ =35
14. A rectangular lamina of 35mm×20mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges. The lamina is rotated
about the edge on which it rests till it appears as a square in the top view. The edge on which the
lamina rests is inclined at 30º to VP. Draw its projections and find its inclination to HP.
d'(c') d' c'

55 °
VP a'(b') d'(c') a'(b') a' b'

X Y
3 0°
HP
b c b c
b
20
a d a d
c
35
d
15. A rectangular lamina of sides 20mm×25mm has an edge in HP and adjoining edge in VP, is tilted
such that the front view appears as a rectangle of 20mm×15mm. The edge, which is in VP, is 30mm
from the right profile plane. (a) Draw the top view, front view and the left profile view in this
position (b) Find its inclinations with the corresponding principal planes.
X1
30 RPP
25 15
b' c' b' c' b" c"
20 Left side view
VP a' d' a' d' a" d"

X Y
b(a) c(d) b(a)
53°
HP
45 °
c(d)
Y1 φ =53
16. A rectangular plate of negligible thickness of size 35mm×20mm has one of its shorter edges in VP
with that edge inclined at 40º to HP. Draw the top view if its front view is a square of side 20mm.
35 q 20
d' c' d' c' c'
20
b'
b'
d'
a' b' a'

a'
VP
40 °
X Y
d(a) c(b) d(a) d a
55 °
HP
c(b) c b
17. The front view of a rectangular lamina of sides 30mm×20mm is a square of 20mm sides. Draw the
projections and determine the inclinations of the lamina with HP and VP.
X1
RPP
30 20
b' c' b' c' c' d' c"(d")
4 8° Left side view
20
42°
VP a' d' a' d' b' a' b"(a")
X c(d) b a Y
HP b(a) b(a)
4 8° c(d) c d
o
θ =42
Y1 o
φ =48
OR
X1
RPP
20
d' c' d"(c")
d' c' d"(c")
48 ° Left side view
30
q 20
42 °
VP a' b' a' b' a"(b")

X a Y
d(a) c(b) b
HP
45 °
d c
Y1
18. A mirror 30mm×40mm is inclined to the wall such that its front view is a square of 30mm side. The
longer sides of the mirror appear perpendicular to both HP and VP. Find the inclination of the mirror
with the wall.
X1
RPP
40 30
b' c' b' c' a' b' a"(b")
4 1° Left side view

30
4 9°
VP a' d' a' d' d' c' d"(c")
X a Y
HP b(a) c(d) b(a) b
4 1°
4 5°
c(d) d c
o
Y1 θ =49
o
φ =41
OR
X1
RPP
30
d' c' d"(c")
d' c' d"(c")
Left side view
40
4 1°
q 30
4 9°
VP a' b' a' b' a"(b")

X c Y
HP d(a) c(b) d
4 5°
a b
o
θ =49
o
Y1
φ =41
19. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25mm is resting on HP with one of its sides such that the surface
makes an angle of 60º with HP. The edge in which it rests is inclined at 45º to VP. Draw its
projections.
d'
d'
')
e'
e'(c
c'
')
60°
a'(b
VP a'(b') e'(c') d' a' b'
X Y
45 °
HP
c c
b b
b
d c
d
25
a
a a d
e e
e
20. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25mm is resting on HP with one of its corners such that the plane
surface makes an angle of 60º with HP. Two of the edges containing the corner on which the lamina
rests make equal inclinations with HP. When the edge opposite to this corner make an angle of 45º
with VP and nearer to the observer. Draw the top and front views of the lamina in this position.
')
d'
d'(c
c'
')
e' b'
e'(b
60°
VP a' e'(b') d'(c') a'

Y
a'
X 45 °
HP
b
b b
a
c c
c
a a
e
d
25
d
e e
21. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25mm is resting on HP with one of its corner such that the edge
opposite to this corner is 20mm above HP and makes an angle of 45º with VP. Draw the top and
front views of the plane lamina in this position. Determine the inclination of the lamina with HP.
')
c'(d d' c'
')
b'(e e' b'
20
3 1°
VP a' b'(e') c'(d') a' a'
X Y
HP
45 °
e e
d
d d
e
a a
c
a
c
25
b
b b
o
θ = 13
22. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25mm is resting on one of its edges on HP with the corner opposite to
that edge touching VP. This edge is parallel to VP and the corner, which touches VP is at a height of
15mm above HP. Draw the projections of the lamina and determine the inclinations of the lamina
with HP and VP and the distance at which the parallel edge lies from VP.
d' d'
')
e'(c c' e'
15
a'(b') ')
2 3°
VP e'(c') d' a'(b b' a'

X Y
HP d
c c c e
35,43
b b
d a
d
25
a a
e e
o
θ 2=3
o
φ = 76
Distance of parallel edge ab from VP is 35.43 mm
23. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25mm is placed on one of its corner on HP such that the
perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corner on which the lamina rests is inclined at
30º to HP and 45º to VP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
')
c'(d c' d'
')
b'(e b'
e'
3 0°
VP a' b'(e') c'(d') a' a'
X Y
HP
45 °
55 °
e e
a e
d d
a m1 a m
b d
m1 Locus of m
c m
25
c
c
b b
o
β =5
5
24. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25mm is having a side both on HP and VP. The corner opposite to the
side on which it rests is 15mm above HP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
d' d'
')
e'(c e' c'
15
a'(b') ')
2 3°
VP e'(c') d' a'(b a' b'

X Y
HP a b
c c
b b e c
d
d
25
a a
e e
25. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25mm is having a side both on HP and VP. The surface of the lamina is
inclined at an angle of 60º with HP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
d'
d'
')
e'
e'(c
c'
')
60°
a'(b
VP a'(b') e'(c') d' a' b'
X Y
HP a b
c e c
c
b b d
d
d
25
a a
e e
26. A regular pentagonal lamina of 25mm side is resting on one of its corner on HP while the side
opposite to this corner touches VP. If the lamina makes an angle of 60º with HP and 30º with VP.
Draw the projections of the lamina.
')
c'(d
d' c'
')
e' b'
b'(e
60°
VP a' b'(e') c'(d') a'

a'
X Y
HP d c
e e b
e
d d a
a a
c
c
25
b b
27. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25mm is placed on one of its corner on HP such that the surface
makes an angle of 30º with HP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corner on
which the lamina rests appears to be inclined at 30º to VP. Draw the top and front views of the
lamina.
')
c'(d c' d'
')
b'(e b' e'
3 0°
VP a' b'(e') c'(d') a' a'
X Y
HP
3 0°
e
e e
a
d d d
m
a m1 a m
b
c
c
25
c
b b
28. A regular pentagonal lamina of 25mm side is resting on one of its sides on HP while the corner
opposite to this side touches VP. If the lamina makes an angle of 60º with HP and 30º with VP. Draw
the projections of the lamina.
d'
d'
')
c'
e'(c
e'
')
60°
a'(b
VP a'(b') e'(c') d' b' a'

X Y
HP d
c e
c c
b b b a
d
d
25
a a
e e
29. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25mm is resting on VP with one of its sides such that the surface
makes an angle of 60º with VP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 45º to HP. Draw its
projections.
c' c'
c'
b' b'
d'
b'
d' d'
25
e'
a'
a'
a'
e' e'
45 °
VP
X a Y
b(a) c(e) d b
60°
b(a
HP
)
e
c(e
c
)
d
d
30. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25mm is placed on one of its corner on VP such that the surface
makes an angle of 30º with VP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corner on
which the lamina rests appears to be inclined at 30º to HP. Draw the top and front views of the
lamina.
b' b'
c'
25
c'
b' c'
m1' a'
a' m' m'
d' d'
d'
a'
e' e'
e'
3 0°
VP
X a Y
a b(e) c(d) a
3 0°
HP e
b(e
) b
c(d c d
)
31. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25mm is placed on one of its corner on VP such that the surface
makes an angle of 30º with VP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corner on
which the lamina rests is inclined at 45º to HP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
b' b'
c'
25
c'
c'
Locus of m'
m'
m1' a'
b'
d'
a' m'
d'
d'
e' e'
a'
e'
55 °
45 °
VP
X a Y
a b(e) c(d) a
3 0°
HP e
b(e b
)
c(d c d
)
o
α =55
32. A hexagonal lamina of 30mm sides rests on HP with one of its corner touching VP and surface
inclined at 45º to it. One of its edges is inclined to HP at 30º. Draw the front and top views of the
lamina in its final position.
30
b'
b' c' b' c'
c'
a'
a' d' a' d'

d'
f' Locus of d'
32°
3 0°
VP f' e' f' e' e'

X Y
HP a b(f) c(e) d a
a
45 °
b
b(
f
f)
c
c(
e
e)
d
d
o
α =32
33. Draw the top and front views of a hexagonal lamina of 30mm sides having two of its edges parallel
to both vertical and horizontal planes and one of its edges is 10mm from each of the planes of
projection. The surface of the lamina is inclined at an angle of 60º to the HP.
d' e'
')
d'(e
')
c' f'
c'(f
')
60°
b'(a
b'(a') c'(f') d'(e') b' a'
10
VP
X Y
HP
10
f f b a
a e a e c f
e
30
d
b d b
c c
34. A regular hexagonal lamina of side 25mm is lying in such a way that one of its corner is on HP while
the corner opposite to the corner on which it rests is on VP. The lamina makes 60º to HP. Draw the
projections of the lamina.
d'
d'
')
e'
c'(e
c'
')
f'
b'(f
b'
60°
VP a' b'(f') c'(e') d' a'

a'
X Y
HP e d c
f e f e
f b
d a
a d
a
25
b c b c
35. A regular hexagonal lamina of sides 30mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides is on HP while
the side opposite to the side on which it rests is on VP. If the lamina makes 60º to HP. Draw the
')
d' e'
e'(d
c'
')
f'
f'(c
60°
')
a'(b
VP a'(b') f'(c') e'(d') b' a'
X e Y
HP d
c c
c f
b d b d
b a
30
a e a e
f f
36. A hexagonal lamina of sides 30mm is resting on HP with one of its corners in VP and its surface
inclined at an angle of 30º with VP. The diagonal passing through that corner which is in VP is
inclined at 45º to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
c'
30 Locus of d'
d'
b' c' b' c'
b'
e'
a' d' a' d'
a'
f'
5 5°
4 5°
VP f' e' f' e'

X Y
HP a b(f) c(e) d a a
30 °
b(f f
) b
c(e e
) c
d d
o
α =55
37. A regular hexagonal lamina of sides 30mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides touches both
the reference planes. If the lamina makes 60º with HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
')
e' d'
e'(d
f'
')
c'
f'(c
60°
')
a'(b
VP a'(b') f'(c') e'(d') a' b'
X a b Y
HP
c c f c
b d b d
e d
30
a e a e
f f
OR
X1
30 RPP
f1' e1' f1"(e1")
e' f"(e")
f'
a1' d1' a1"(d1")

a' d' a"(d")
60°
VP b1' b' c' c1' b1"(c1") b"(c")

X Y
b c
HP
4 5°
a d
f e
Y1
38. A regular hexagonal lamina of side 30mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides touches both the
reference planes. If the side opposite to the side on which it rests is 45mm above HP, draw the
')
e' d'
e'(d
f'
')
c'
f'(c
45
')
a'(b
VP a'(b') f'(c') e'(d') a' b'
X a b Y
HP
c c f c
b d b d
e d
30
a e a e
f f
OR
X1
30 RPP
f1' e1' f1"(e1")
f"(e")
f' e'
a1' d1' a1"(d1")

45
a' d' a"(d")
VP b1' b' c' c1' b1"(c1") b"(c")

X Y
b c
HP
4 5°
a d
f e
Y1
39. A hexagonal lamina of sides 30mm is resting on HP with one of its corners in VP and its surface
inclined at an angle of 30º with VP. The diagonal passing through that corner which is in VP appears
to be inclined at 45º to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
30
c'
b' c' b' c'
d'
b'
d' a'
e'
a' d'
a'
f'
45 °
VP f' e' f' e'
X Y
HP a b(f) c(e) d a a
3 0°
f
b(f b
)
c(e e
) c
d d
40. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45º to HP and
the side on which it rests makes 30º to VP. Draw the projections.
d' e'
d')
e'(
c'
c')
f'
f'( 45 °
VP a'(b') f'(c') e'(d') b' a'

b')
X Y
a'(
HP
d
c c
c
d
e
b b d
3 0°
25
a e a e
a
f f
41. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its corner on HP. The lamina makes 45º to HP
and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30º to VP. Draw its
projections.
d' d'
c'(e') c'
e'
b'(f') b' f'
45 °
VP a' b'(f') c'(e') d' a' a'
X f Y
3 0°
HP
45 °
f e f e a e
a d a d b Locus of d
d
c
25
b c b c
ο
β 4=5
42. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes 45º to HP
and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it rests appears to be inclined at 30º to VP.
Draw its projections.
d' d'
c'(e') e' c'
b'(f') f'
45 °
c'(e') d' a' b'

VP a' b'(f') a'
X Y
HP
3 0°
f e f e e
f d
a a
d
d
a
25
c
b c b c
b
43. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its sides on VP. The lamina makes 45º to VP and
the side on which it rests makes 45º to HP. Draw the projections.
f'
e'
e' e'
d' f' d' f' a'

d'
25
b'
a' c' a' c'
c'
b' b'
4 5°
VP Y
X d(c) d c
4 5°
HP d(c) e(b) f(a)
b
e(b) e
f(a) f a
44. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its sides on VP. The side opposite to the side on
which it rests is 30mm in front of VP and the side on which it rests makes 45º to HP. Draw the
projections. Also determine the inclinations of the lamina with the reference planes.
e' f'
e' e'
d' f' d' a'

f'
d'
25
b'
a' c' a' c'
c'
b' b'
4 5°
VP
X Y
d c
44°
HP d(c) e(b) f(a) d(c)

b
30
e(b) e
f(a) f a ο
φ =4
4
45. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its corner on HP. The corner opposite to the
corner on which it rests is 35mm above HP and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it
rests is inclined at 30º to VP. Draw its projections. Find the inclination of the surface with HP.
d' d'
c'(e') e' c'
35
b'(f') f' b'
4 5°
VP a' b'(f') c'(e') d' a' a'
X HP Y
c
30 °
4 5°
f e f e
d b
a d a d e
a Locus of a
25
f
b c b c
ο
θ 4=5
46. Draw the projections of a circular plate of negligible thickness of 50mm diameter resting on HP on a
point A on the circumference, with its plane inclined at 45º to HP and the top view of the diameter
passing through the resting point makes 60º with VP.
e' e'
f' d'
f')
d'(
g')
g'
c'(
c'
b'
h')
h'
4 5°
b'(
VP a' b'(h') c'(g') d'(f') e' a' a'

X Y
HP
60°
g g
h
f
f h f
e
g
a
O 50
a e e
h
c
a
b d b d
b
c c
47. A circular lamina of 50mm diameter is standing with one of its points on the rim on HP and the
lamina is inclined at 45º to HP. The diameter at right angles to the diameter which is passing through
the point on which the lamina rests is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
e' e'
d' f'
f')
d'(
g')
c' g'
c'(
h')
4 5°
b'(
VP a' b'(h') c'(g') d'(f') e' a' b' a' h'
X a Y
HP b h
g g
h c g
f h f
d f
a e
O 50
a e e
b d b d
c c
48. A circular lamina of 50mm diameter rests on HP such that one of its diameters is inclined at 30º to
VP and 45º to HP. Draw its top and front views in this position.
e'
e'
d'
f')
f'
d'(
g') c'
c'( g'
h')
b'
4 5°
b'(
VP a' b'(h') c'(g') d'(f') e' a' h'

a'
X h Y
30 °
HP
4 5°
a g
g g
h
f h f f
b
a Locus of e
O 50
a e e e
c
d
b d b d
c c ο
β 4=5
49. A circular lamina inclined to the VP appears in the front view as an ellipse of major axis 30mm and
minor axis 15mm. The major axis is parallel to both HP and VP. One end of the minor axis is in both
the HP and VP. Draw the projections of the lamina and determine the inclination of the lamina with
the VP.
O 30 15
b' b'
c' a' c' c'

a'
b' d'
VP d' d' a'
X Y
HP a b(d) c a
60°
d
b(d
b
)
c
c
0
φ = 60
50. A circular lamina of 30mm diameter rests on VP such that one of its diameters is inclined at 30º to
VP and 45º to HP. Draw its top and front views in this position.
c' c'
b' d' b' d'
d' Locus of e'
e'
c'
O 30
a' a' e'

e'
f'
b'
h' f' h' f' g'

a'
g' g'
h'
55 °
45 °
VP
X a b(h)c(g) d(f) e a a Y
HP b(h b h
3 0°
) c( g
g) c
d(f d f
)e e
o
α=55
Projections of Solids
Solid
A solid is a 3-D object having length, breadth and thickness and bounded by
surfaces which may be either plane or curved, or combination of the two.
Solids are classified under two main headings
 Polyhedron
 Solids of revolution
A regular polyhedron is solid bounded only by plane surfaces (faces). Its faces
are formed by regular polygons of same size and all dihedral angles are equal to
one another. When faces of a polyhedron are not formed by equal identical
faces, they may be classified into prisms and pyramids.
Prism
Prisms are polyhedron formed by two equal parallel regular polygon, end faces
connected by side faces which are either rectangles or parallelograms.
Some definitions regarding prisms
Base and lateral faces: When the prism is placed vertically on one of its end
faces, the end face on which the prism rests is called the base. The vertical
side faces are the lateral faces.
Base edge/Shorter edge: These are the sides of the end faces.
Axis – It is the imaginary line connecting the end faces.
Longer edge/lateral edges: These are the edges connecting the respective
corners of the two end faces.
Right prism – A prism whose axis is perpendicular to its end face is called as a
right prism. Prisms are named according to the shape of their end faces, i.e, if
end faces are triangular, prism is called a triangular prism.
Oblique prism: It is the prism in which the axis is inclined to its base.
Pyramids
Pyramid is a polyhedron formed by a plane surface as its base and a number of
triangles as its side faces, all meeting at a point, called vertex or apex.
Axis – the imaginary line connecting the apex and the center of the base.
Inclined/slant faces – inclined triangular side faces.
Inclined/slant/longer edges – the edges which connect the apex and the base
corners.
Right pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is perpendicular to its base.
Oblique pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is inclined to its base.
Solids of revolution
When some of the plane figures are revolved about one of their sides – solids of
revolution is generated some of the solids of revolution are:
Cylinder: when a rectangle is revolved about one of its sides, the other parallel
side generates a cylinder.
Cone: when a right triangle is revolved about one of its sides, the hypotenuse
of the right triangle generates a cone.
Sphere: when a semi-circle is revolved about one of its diameter, a sphere is

generated.
Visibility
When drawing the orthographic views of an object, it will be required to show
some of the hidden details as invisible. To distinguish the invisible portions
from the visible ones, the invisible edges of the object are shown on the
orthographic views by dashed lines. However, in practice, these lines of dashes
conveniently and colloquially, but wrongly called as dotted lines. To identify the
invisible portions of the object, a careful imaginative thinking is essential.
 Projections of solids placed in different positions

 The solids may be placed on HP in various positions
 The way the axis of the solid is held with respect to HP or VP or both -
 Perpendicular to HP or VP
 Parallel to either HP or VP and inclined to the other
 Inclined to both HP and VP
Projections of Solids
1. A square prism 35mm side of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined to VP at
30deg. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg.
a' a'
a' b'(d')(o') c' b'(d') (d') (o') b'

(o')
c' a1'
a1' c'
60
d1' o1' b1'

b1'(d1')
40°
(o1')
VP a1' b1'(d1') (o1') c1' c1' c1'
X Y
HP
4 5°
d(d1) d1 d
d
c
a(a1) c
o(o1) c(c1) a1 (o1) (c1) a o o
d1 a
q
b
(c1)
35
b(b1) b1 b
(o1)
a1
b1
2. A square prism 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corner of the base such that the two base
edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when the
axis of the prism is inclined to HP at 40deg and appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
a' a'
a' b'(d')(o') c' b'(d') (d') (o') b'

(o')
c' a1'
a1' c'
60
d1' o1' b1'

b1'(d1')
40°
(o1')
VP a1' b1'(d1') (o1') c1' c1' c1'
X Y
HP
4 5°
d(d1) d1 d
d
c
a(a1) c
o(o1) c(c1) a1 (o1) (c1) a o o
d1 a
q
b
(c1)
35
b(b1) b1 b
(o1)
a1
b1
3. A square prism 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corner of the base such that the two base
edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis
of the prism is inclined to HP at 40deg and to VP at 30deg.
a' a'
a' b'(d')(o') c' b'(d') b'

(d') (o')
(o')
c' a1'
a1'
c'
60
d1' o1' b1'

b1'(d1')
40°
(o1')
VP a1' b1'(d1') (o1') c1' c1'
c1'
X Y
HP
30 °
d1 d d
4 1°
d(d1)
c
o
a(a1) c d1
o(o1) c(c1) a1 (o1) (c1) a o a
(c1) b
q
35
o2 (o1) locus of O
b(b1) b1 b
a1
b1
β = 41 degree
3. A square prism 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections of
the prism when the axis is inclined to Hp at 45deg & VP at 30deg.
a'(d')
d' a'
a'(d') (o') b'(c')
(o')
(o')
b'(c')
(c') b'
60
a1'(d1') d1' a1'
o1'
(o1')
4 5°
VP a1'(d1') (o1') b1'(c1') b1'(c1') c1'
X b1' Y
HP c
30 °
4 5°
d(d1) c(c1) d1 (c1) d c
d
o b
q 35
(c1)
(o1) o
o(o1)
d1 a
a(a1) b(b1) a1 (b1) a b
o2 (o1) locus of O
(b1)
a1
05. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined to
VP at 30deg. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 40deg.
a' a'
a' b'(e') (o') c'(d')
b'(e') b' e'
(o') (o')
c'(d') c'
d'
a1' (a1')
60
b1'(e1') b1'
(e1')
40°
(o1') (o1')
VP a1' b1'(e1') (o1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1') c1' d1'
X Y
HP e1
30 °
a1
e(e1) e1 e
d(d1) (d1) (o1)
d b1 (d1)
a(a1) a1 a (c1)
o(o1) (o1) o e
a
c
c(c1) (c1)
25
b(b1) b1 b o d
b
c
06. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections
of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 40deg & VP at 30deg.
a' a'
a' b'(e') (o') c'(d')
b'(e') b'
(o')
(o') (e')
c'(d') (d')
c'
a1' a1'
60
b1'(e1') e1'
o1' b1'
40°
VP (o1')
a1' b1'(e1') (o1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1') d1' c1'
X Y
HP
30 °
4 1°
e d
e(e1) e1 e
d(d1) (d1) c
d o
a(a1) a1 a (d1)
e1 a
o(o1) (o1) o
b
c
c(c1) (c1)
25
o2 (o1) (c1)
locus of O
b(b1) b1 b
a1
b1
b 4
=
1degree
07. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when the
axis of the prism is inclined to HP at 40deg & appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
a'(e') e' a'

a'(e') (o') b'(d') c'
(o')
(o')
(d') b'
b'(d')
c' c'
(a1')(e1') e1' a1'
60
(o1') o1'
40°
b1'(d1') d1' b1'
VP (a1')(e1') (o1') b1'(d1') c1' c1' c1'
X Y
HP
4 5°
d
d(d1) d1
d c
e(e1) e1 e e
o
25
c d1
o(o1) c(c1) (o1) (c1) o b
(c1) a
a(a1) a1 a
b e1
b(b1) b1 (o1)
b1
a1
08. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when the
axis of the prism is inclined to HP at 40deg & to VP at 30deg.
a'(e') e' a'

a'(e') (o') b'(d') c'
(o')
(d') (o')
b'
b'(d')
c' e1' c'
(a1')(e1') a1'
60
b1'
(o1') o1'
40°
VP (a1')(e1') b1'(d1') d1' c1'
(o1') b1'(d1') c1' c1'
X Y
4 1°
HP d
30 °
c
d(d1) d1
d e
e(e1) e1 e o
d1
b
c
25
o(o1) c(c1) (o1) (c1) o e1 (c1) a

a1
a(a1) a o2 (o1) locus of O
b(b1) b1 b
b1
a1
β =41 degree
09. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges. Draw the projections of the
prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg & appears to be inclined to VP 40deg.
a'(f') f' a'
a'(f') b'(e') (o') b'(e') (o') (o') b'

c'(d') (e')
c'(d')
a1'(f1') a1' c'
(d')
f1'
50
o1' b1'
b1'(e1')
e1'
4 5°
(o1')
VP a1'(f1') b1'(e1') (o1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1') d1' c1'
X Y
HP
40°
e
e(e1) e1 e d
f(f1) d(d1) f1 f
d e1 f
(d1) o c
25
o (d1)
o(o1) (o1)
(c1)
c f1 (c1) a b
a(a1) c(c1) a1 a (o1)
b(b1) b1 b
a1 b1
10.A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections
of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg & VP at 30deg.
a'(f') f' a'
a'(f') b'(e') (o') (e') (o')

b'(e') (o') c'(d') b'
c'(d') (d')
a1'(f1') c'
f1'
a1'
50
b1'(e1') o1'
e1'
4 5°
b1'
(o1')
VP a1'(f1') b1'(e1') (o1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1') d1' c1'
X Y
HP
30 °
4 5°
e(e1) e1 e e d
f(f1) d(d1) f1 f
d
(d1) f c
(d1) o
e1
25
o(o1) (o1) o
(c1)
c (c1) a b
a(a1) c(c1) a1 a o2 (o1) locus of O
f1
b(b1) b1 b
a1 b1
β =41 degree
11.A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which its rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when
the axis if the prism is inclined to HP at 40 deg & appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
a' a'
b'(f') f' b'
a' b'(f') (o') c'(e') d' (o') (o')
c'(e') a1' (e')
a1' c'
d' d'
b1'(f1') f1' b1'
50
(o1') o1'
c1'(e1') e1' c1'
b1'(f1')(o1') c1'(e1') d1'
40°
VP a1' d1' d1'
X Y
HP
4 5°
e
f(f1) e(e1) f1 e1 f e
f d
a e1
d(d1) a1 d o
a(a1)
(o1) o a c
o(o1) (d1) f1 (d1)
25
b
b(b1) c(c1) b1 c1 b c (o1)
a1 c1
b1
12. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which its rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when
the axis if the prism is inclined to HP at 40 deg & VP at 30deg.
a' a'
b'(f') (f') b'
a' b'(f') (o') c'(e') d' (o') (o')

c'(e') a1' (e') c'
a1'
d'
b1'(f1') e1' b1' d'
50
o1'
(o1')
d1'
c1'(e1')
b1'(f1')(o1') c1'(e1') d1' c1'
40°
VP a1' d1'
X Y
HP
4 1°
30 °
e
f(f1) e(e1) f1 e1 f e
f d
e1
d(d1) a1 a o
a(a1) d a
(o1) (d1) o f1 c
o(o1) (d1)
b
25
o2 (o1) locus of O
b(b1) c(c1) b1 c1 b c
a1 c1
38,3
b1
13. A square prism 35mm side of base & 60mm axis length is suspended freely from one of its corners. Draw the projections of
the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
14.A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 60mm axis length is suspended freely from one of its a corners. Draw the
projections of the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
15. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length is suspended freely from one of its corners. Draw the projections
of the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
16. A square pyramid 35mm of sides of base and 65mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base which is
inclined to VP at 30deg. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg.
o'
o' o'
65
a'(d') a' d'
4 5°
(o1')
VP a'(d') o1'
(o1') b'(c') b'(c') b' c'
X Y
HP
30 °
o
d c d c
c
q 35
(o1) o
o(o1) b
a b a b (o1) d
a
17.A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two base
edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the
axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP40deg & appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o' o'
o'
a'
a'
60
b'(d') (o1') d' o1' b'

VP c' c'
40°
a' b'(d') (o1') c'
X Y
HP
4 5°
d d
o
d
a c a c
o(o1) o c
(o1)
(o1)
q
35
a
b b b
18.A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two base
edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the
axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP40deg & appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o' o'
o'
a' a'
60
o1' b'
b'(d')
(o1') d'
VP c' c'
40°
a' b'(d') (o1') c'
X Y
30 °
HP
4 1°
d d
o
d
a c a c
o(o1) o
(o1) c
o2 (o1) locus of O
q
a
35
b b b
19.A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 65mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg & VP at 30deg.
o'
o'
65 o'
a'(d') d' c'
4 5°
o1'
(o1')
VP a'(d') (o1') b'(c') b'(c') b'
a'
X Y
30 °
HP
4 5°
d c d c
o
c
q 35
o
(o1) d
o(o1)
a o2 (o1) locus of O
b a b b
β =45 degree
20.A pentagonal pyramid 25mm side if base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined to
VP at 30deg. draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 40deg.
o'
o' o'
a' a'
60
b' (e')
b'(e')
40°
(o1')
VP a' b'(e') (o1') c'(d') (o1')
c'(d') c' d'
X Y
HP
30 °
e a e
e
d (d)
(o1)
a b (d)
a o
o(o1) (o1)
(c)
c (c)
25
b b
o
21. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections
of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 40deg & VP at 30deg.
o'
o' o'
a' a'
60
e'
b'(e')
40°
b'
(o1') o1'
VP a' b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'
c'(d') d'
X Y
HP
30 °
4 1°
e e
d (d) o
(d)
a a e
o
o(o1) (o1)
c (c) o2 (o1) (c) locus of O

25
a
b b
b
β =41 degree
22. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the
two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis if the pyramid is inclined to HP at 40deg. & appears to be inclined at VP at 45deg.
o' o' o'
a'(e') d' c'

50
40°
(o1') o1'
b'
VP a'(e') (o1') b'(d') c' b'(d') e' a'
c'
X Y
HP
4 5°
d d
e e o
d
c
o
25
o(o1) (o1) (c) (c)

e (o1)
a a
b b b
a
23.A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides if base and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corner of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which it makes equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the
axis if the pyramid is inclined to 40deg & VP at 30deg
o' o'
o'
a'(e') e' a'

50
(o1') o1'
b'
VP (o1') b'(d') c' b'(d') d' c'
40°
a'(e') c'
X Y
HP
4 1°
30 °
d d
e e
c d o
o
25
o(o1) (o1) (c)
a a e (c)
o2 (o1) locus of O
b b
b
a
β =
41 degree
24.A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined at
VP at 30deg. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg.
o' o' o'
a'(f') a'
f'
50
e' o1'
4 5°
b'(e') b'
(o1') c'
VP a'(f') b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') d'
X Y
HP
30 °
e e
o
f d f
(d)
o
25
o(o1) (c)
(o1) b
(c)
(d)
a c a
(o1)
a
b b e
f
25. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the
projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45deg & VP at 30deg.
o' o'
o'
a'(f') f' a'

50
b'
4 5°
b'(e')
(o1') e' o1'
VP a'(f') b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') d' c'
X Y
4 5°
30 °
HP
e e
f o
d f e
(d) (d)
o
25
o(o1) (c)
(o1)
(c) f o2 (o1) locus of O
a c a
b b a b
β =45 degree
26. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two
base edges contain in the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when
the axis of the axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP at 40deg & appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o' o' o'
d' d'
e' c'
c'(e')
50
(o1') o1'
b'
VP d' c'(e') (o1') b'(f') a' b'(f') f'
a' a'
X HP Y
4 5°
e f e f
f o
d
d o(o1) (o1) (a) o
a e
(o1)
c 25 c b
b d b
c
27. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corner of the base such that the two
base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when
the axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP at 40deg & to VP at 30deg.
o' o'
o'
d' d'
e'
c'(e') c'
50
o1'
(o1')
b'(f') f' b'
40°
VP d' c'(e') (o1') b'(f') a' a' a'
X HP Y
4 1°
30 °
e f e f
f
o
d
d o e (a)
o(o1) (o1) (a)
a
o2 (o1) locus of O
c b d b
c 25 b
c
b 4
=
1degree
28. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length is suspended freely from the corner of its base. Draw the
projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
a' a'
o'
b'(d') (o1') d'
b'
G (o1')
c'
60
c'
o'
G o'
15
VP c' (o1') b'(d') a'

X Y
HP
4 5°
d d
d
c
o1
c c
o(o1) a o a o1 a
b
q
35 o
b b
29. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length is suspended freely from a corner of its base. Draw the
a' a'
o'
b'(e') e' b'
(o1') (o1')
c'(d') (d')
50
c'
G
o'
o'
12,5
VP (o1') b'(e') a'

X Y
HP
4 5°
e e d
e
d d
a o a o1 c
o(o1)
25
o1 a
c c b
b b o
30. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length is suspended freely from a corner of its base. Draw the
a' a'
o' b'(f') f' b'

(o1')
(o1')
G
c'(e') (e') c'
50
d'
G o'
o' d'
12,5
VP d' c'(e') (o1') b'(f') a'

X Y
HP
4 5°
e f f e
e
f
d
a o a d
d o(o1) a o1
o1
c
b
c b b c
25
o
31. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a' a'
60
b'(d') d' o1'

b'
(o1')
VP a' b'(d') (o1') c' c' o' c' o'

X Y
HP
4 5°
d d o
d
a c c a o a
o(o1) o1
o1
c
q
35
b b b
32. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a'
a'
60
b'(d') d' o1' b'

(o1')
VP a' b'(d') (o1') c' c' o' c' o'

X Y
4 5°
HP
50°
d d
o
a c c a o
d
o(o1) o1
a
q
o2 o1 locus of O
35
b b c
b
b 5
=
0degree
33. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the
o'
a'(d') d' a'

60
(o1') o1'
VP a'(d') (o1') b'(c') b'(c') o' c' b' o'

X Y
4 5°
HP
d c c d
o
q 35
o1 o d
o(o1)
c
a b b a
o1
a
b
34. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the
projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a'(d') d' a'

60
(o1') o1'
VP a'(d') (o1') b'(c') b'(c') o' c' b' o'

X Y
HP
4 5°
47°
d c c d
o
q 35
o1 o
o(o1) d
c
a b b a
o2 o1 locus of O
a
b
35. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a'(e') e' a'

50
(o1') o1'
b'(d') d' b'
VP a'(e') (o1') b'(d') c' c' o' c' o'

X Y
4 5°
HP
d d
e o
e
c c
25
o1 o d e
o(o1)
a
a
o1 a
b c
b
b
36. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg
o'
a'(e') e' a'

50
(o1') o1'
b'(d') d' b'
VP a'(e') (o1') b'(d') c' c' o' c' o'
X Y
4 5°
HP
50°
d d
e o
e
c c e
25
o1 o
o(o1)
a d
a a
b o2 o1 locus of O
b
c
b
b 5
=
0degree
37. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the
o'
a' a'
b'(e') e' b'

50
(o1') o1'
VP a' b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') o' d' c' o'

X Y
4 5°
HP
e e
d d o
a a
o e
o(o1) o1
d a
c c o1
25
b b
c b
38. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the
projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45deg
o'
a' a'
b'(e') e' b'

50
o1'
(o1')
VP a' b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') o' d' c' o'
X Y
4 5°
HP
4 8°
e e o
d d
a a e
o
o(o1) o1
d a
c c o1 locus of O
o2
25
b b
c b
b 4
=
8degree
39. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
d' d'
c'(e') e' c'

50
(o1')
o1'
b'(f') f'
VP (o1') b'(f') a' b' o'
d' c'(e') a' o' a'
X Y
HP
4 5°
e f f e
o
e
a d
d o(o1) o f d
o1
o1
c b b c a c
25
b
40. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45deg
o'
d' d'
c'(e') e' c'
o1'
50
(o1')
b'(f') f' b'
VP d' c'(e') (o1') b'(f') a' a' o' a' o'
X Y
HP
4 5°
e f f e
52°
o
e
a d
d o(o1) o d
o1 f
o2 locus of O
o1 c
c b b c a
25
b
b 5
=
2degree
41. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its triangular faces. Draw the projections
of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a'(f') f' a'
(o1')
50
e' o1' b'

b'(e')
VP a'(f') b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') o' d' o'

X c'
Y
HP
4 5°
e e o
f d d f e f
25
o(o1) o1 o d
a
c c a
a
c
b
b b
42. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base & 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its triangular faces. Draw the projections
of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45deg.
o'
a'(f') f' a'
(o1')
50
e' o1' b'

b'(e')
VP a'(f') b'(e') (o1') c'(d') c'(d') o' d' c' o'

X Y
4 5°
HP
e e o
50°
f d d f
e f
25
o(o1) o
o1 d
a locus of O
o2 o1
c c a
a
c b
b b
b 5
=
0degree
44. A tetrahedron of 55mm sides rests on one of its corners such that an edge containing that corner is inclined to HP at 50deg. &
VP at 30deg. Draw its projections
o' c' b'

b'(c')
o'
o'
55
(o1') o1'
50°
VP b'(c') (o1') a' a' a'
X Y
HP
30 °
c
5 1°
c
o
a
55
o(o1) (o1) (a) o

c
(a)
o2 Locus of O
b (o1)
b
b 5=
1 degree
45. A cone of 50mm base diameter & 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its generators. Draw its projections when the axis
is inclined to VP at 30deg.
o'
e' e'
d'(f') f' d'
(o1')
60
c'(g') g' o1'

c'
b'(h') h'
VP e' d'(f') c'(g')(o1')b'(h') a' a' o' a' b' o'
X Y
30 °
HP
33 °
g g o
g
f h h f
f
h
e
O 50
a
e o
o(o1) a o1 e a o2
o1 Locus of O
d
b d
d b b
c
c c
b 3
=
3degree
46. A tetrahedron of sides 40mm is resting on one of its sides on HP. This is parallel to VP& 40mm away from it. It is tilted about
resting side such that the base containing this edge is inclined at 30deg to HP. Draw the projections of the solids.
o' o'
o'
40
a' a'
30 °
VP a' o1'
(o1') b'(c') (o1') b'(c') b' c'
X Y
HP
40
c c
o
b c
a o
a (o1)
o(o1) (o1)
40
b b a
47. A hexahedron of 30mm sides is resting on one of its corners on HP such that one of its solid diagonals is perpendicular to Vp.
Draw the projections of the solid.
c' c'
b'(d') o' b'

(o')
a' b'(d') o' c' d'
c1' (a') c1'
a'
(o1') b1' o1' d1'

VP a1' b1'(d1') a1'
b1'(d1') (o1') c1' a1'
X Y
HP
d(d1) a
d d1
b (a1) o d
o(o1) c(c1) a (a1) c
a(a1) c1
o (o1)
b1 c (o1) d1
30
b(b1) b b1
c1
Isometric Projections
Axonometric projection:
Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique used to create a

pictorial drawing of an object by rotating the object along one or more of its
axes relative to the plane of projection (or the picture plane). Axonometric
projection is one of the four principal projection techniques: multiview,
axonometric, oblique and perspective projection. In multi view, axonometric,
and oblique projections, the observer is theoretically infinitely far away from
the projection plane. In addition, the lines of sight are parallel to each other
and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The main difference between a
multiview drawing and an axonometric drawing are that, in a multiview, only
two dimensions of an object are visible in each view and hence more than one
view is required to define the object. In an axonometric drawing, the object is
rotated about an axis to show all three dimensions, and only one view is
required.
Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in which the dimensions

along the three axes of the solid are shown in one view. It is one of the three
types of axonometric projection
In axonometric drawing, one axis of space is shown vertical and depending on
the exact angle at which the view deviates from the orthogonal, axonometric
projections are generally three types: (a) trimetric projection, (b) dimetric
projection, and (c) isometric projection
In trimetric projection, the direction of viewing is such that all of the three axes
of space appear unequally foreshortened. The scale along each of the three
axes and the angles among them are determined separately as dictated by the
angle of viewing. Trimetric perspective is seldom used
In dimetric projection, the direction of viewing is such that two of the three
axes of space appear equally shortened, of which the attendant scale and
angles of presentation are determined according to the angle of viewing; the
scale of the third direction (vertical) is determined separately. When two of the
three angles are equal, the drawing is classified as a dimetric projection.
Dimetric drawings are less pleasing to the eye, but are easier to produce than
trimetric drawings
In isometric projection, the most commonly used form of axonometric

projection in engineering drawing. Here all three angles are equal. The
isometric is the least pleasing to the eye, but is the easiest to draw and
dimension.
Figure 5. illustrates the construction of an isometric scale.
i.e. isometric length = 82% (approximately)
Isometric axes can be positioned in a number of ways to create different views

of the same object. While drawing the Isometric view, first the view point will
have to be decided for obtaining the maximum technical information.
Hidden Lines, Center Lines and Dimensions

In isometric drawings, hidden lines are omitted unless they are absolutely
necessary to completely describe the object. Most isometric drawings will not
have hidden lines. To avoid using hidden lines, choose the most descriptive
viewpoint. Centerlines are drawn only for showing symmetry or for
dimensioning. Normally, centerlines are not shown, because many isometric
drawings are used to communicate to non-technical people and not for
engineering.
Isometric Projections
1. A square prism base side 40mm, height 50mm is placed centrally on a rectangular slab
sides 100mm×60mm and thickness 20mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
2. A cube of side 25mm is resting centrally on a rectangular slab 100mm×40mm and 30mm
thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
3. A cube of side 40mm is resting centrally on a hexagonal prism base side 40mm and
height 50mm, such that one of the base sides of the cube is parallel to one of the sides of
the top face of the prism. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
4. A rectangular pyramid of base 40mm×25mm and height 50mm is placed centrally on a
rectangular slab sides 100mm×60mm and thickness 20mm. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its
base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projections.
6. A cone of base diameter 30mm and height 40mm rests centrally over a cube of side
50mm.Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids.
7. Draw isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40mm and height 60mm
with a right circular cone of base 40mm as diameter and altitude 50mm, resting on its top
such that the axes of both the solids are collinear.
8. The frustum of a square pyramid of sides 40mm and height 60mm rest on the centre of
the top of a square block of side 60mm and height 20mm. The base edges of the pyramid
are parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination of the solids.
9. A sphere of diameter 50mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the combination of the solids.
10. A sphere diameter 60mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square prism side 60mm
and height 70mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
11. A sphere diameter 60mm is placed centrally on the top face of a hexagonal prism side
35mm and height 50mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
12. A pentagonal pyramid base side 25mm and height 65mm is placed centrally on a
rectangular slab 100mm×60mm and 20mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
13. A cone of base diameter 45mm and height 65mm is placed centrally on the top face of a
pentagonal prism side 45mm and height 35mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
14. A triangular pyramid base side 40mm and height 50mm is placed centrally on a square
slab side 60mm and 20mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
15. A frustum of cone base diameter 50mm, top diameter 25mm and height 50mm is placed
centrally on a cylindrical slab of diameter 100mm and thickness 30mm. Draw the
isometric projection of the combination.
centrally on a square slab side 80mm and thickness 30mm. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
centrally on the top face of a cylinder diameter 60mm and height 60mm. Draw the
isometric projection of the combination.
18. Following figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of
the solid.
19. A sphere of diameter 40mm is placed centrally on the flat face of a hemisphere of
diameter 60mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
20. A cone of base diameter 60mm, top diameter 40mm and height 50mm is placed centrally
on frustum of a square pyramid base side 100mm, top face side 60mm and height 20mm.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
21. A frustum of a square pyramid of base side 40mm, top face side 20mm and height 40mm
is placed centrally on frustum of a cone of base diameter 80mm, top diameter 60mm and
height 20mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
22. A square prism base side 40mm, height 50mm is placed centrally on a cylindrical slab of
diameter 100mm and thickness 30mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
23. A rectangular pyramid of base 40mm×25mm and height 50mm is placed centrally on a
cylindrical slab of diameter 100mm and thickness 30mm. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
24. A cone of base diameter 50mm and height 40mm is placed centrally on the top face of a
square slab side 80mm and height 20mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
25. A hemisphere of diameter 50mm is centrally resting on top of a square prism of base side
60mm and height 30mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching the top
face of the prism. Draw its isometric projections.
26. A cone of base diameter 40mm and height 50mm rests centrally over a frustum of a
pentagonal pyramid of base side 45mm and top side 35mm and height 55mm. Draw
isometric projection of the solids.
27. A sphere of diameter 45mm rests centrally over a frustum of cone of base diameter
60mm, top diameter 40mm and height 60mm. Draw the isometric projections.
28. A regular pentagonal prism of base edge 30mm and axis 60mm is mounted centrally over
a cylindrical block of 80mm diameter and 25mm thick. Draw isometric projection of the
combined solids.
29. A sphere of diameter 30mm rests on the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid base 30mm, top
face 18mm side and height 50mm, such that their axes coincide. Draw the isometric
projection of the combined solids.
30. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids formed by a frustum of cone
and co-axial frustum of pentagonal pyramid. The lower frustum of cone is of 80mm base
diameter, 60mm top diameter and height 25mm, the upper frustum of pyramid is of
30mm side of base, 20mm side of top face and height 40mm.
31. A hemisphere diameter 50mm is resting on its curved surface centrally on the top face of
frustum of a rectangular pyramid base 80mm×60mm and top 60mm×40mm, height
55mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
32. A hemisphere diameter 70mm is placed on the ground on its curved surface. A cone base
diameter 70mm and height 70mm is placed centrally on it. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
33. Following figure shows the front and side views of solid. Draw the isometric projection
of the solid.
of the solid.
of the solid.
of the solid.
37. Two rectangular plates are placed centrally with dimensions (l×b×h)
100mm×60mm×20mm and 100mm×40mm×20mm such that their longer edges are
parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
38. A square prism of base side 30mm and length 70mm, is resting on its rectangular face on
top of a square slab side 70mm and 25mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
39. Three rectangular slabs (l×b×h) 100mm×60mm×20mm and 100mm×40mm×20mm and
100mm×20mm×20mm are placed one above the other in the ascending order of their
width (b), such that their longer axes are co-planar. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
40. A triangular prism base side 30mm and length 70mm is resting on its rectangular face on
top of a square slab side 70mm and 25mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
41. Three cubes of sides 60mm, 40mm and 20mm are placed centrally one above the other in
the ascending order of their side. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
42. A square prism of side 40mm and height 70mm has a full depth co-axial square hole side
20mm, such that edges of both the squares are parallel. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination.
43. A rectangular slab base 100mm×80mm and height 30mm has a full depth co-axial square
hole side 40mm, such that one of the sides of the square is parallel to one of the sides of
the rectangle. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
44. A cone of base diameter 50mm and height 60mm is placed centrally on an equilateral
triangular prism of side 100mm and 20mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING
A drawing is graphical representation of objects and structures and is done

using free hand, mechanical or computer methods.
Plane of Projection
A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created
by the line of sight is projected. The paper or computer screen on which a
drawing is created is a plane of projection.
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the plane of

projection is perpendicular to the parallel line of sight.
Vertical plane of projection
Vertical plane of projection is the plane onto which the Front View (FV) of the
multi-view drawing is projected.
Horizontal plane of projection
Horizontal plane of projection is the plane onto which the Top View of the
multi-view drawing is projected. The Top view of an object shows the width and
depth dimensions of the object.
Profile plane of projection
Profile plane is the plane onto which the Side View of the multi-view drawing is
projected. The side view of an object shows the depth and the height
dimensions.
Projection Methods
Universally either the 1st angle projection or the third angle projection methods
is followed for obtaining engineering drawings.
First Angle Projection
In this the object in assumed to be positioned in the first quadrant. The object
is assumed to be positioned in between the projection planes and the observer.
The views are obtained by projecting the images on the respective planes.
45. Following figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of
the solid.
46. Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60×80×20mm thick surmounting
a tetrahedron of sides 45mm such that the axes of the solids are collinear and at least one
of the edges of both the solids are perpendicular to VP.
47. A hemisphere of 40mm diameter is supported co-axially on the vertex of a cone of base
diameter 60mm and axis length 50mm. The flat circular face of the hemisphere is facing
upside. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids.
48. A square pyramid of base side 40mm and height 70mm rests centrally on a cube of edge
50mm, which itself is placed on a cylinder of diameter 80mm and thickness 30mm. Draw
the isometric projection of the solids, if the axes of the three solids are in common line.
49. Following figure shows the front view of combination of solids consisting a cut sphere
and frustums of a cone and a square pyramid. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination of solids.
50. Following figure shows the top view of a cylinder which is centrally mounted on a
frustum of a pentagonal pyramid of 60mm height. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination of solids.

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NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

YELAHANKA, BANGALORE 560064

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING

Conventions used for lines

Visible lines take precedence over all other lines

Hidden lines take precedence over center lines

Center lines have lowest precedence

Top views are represented by only small letters eg. p .

Projectors are shown as thin lines.

The line of intersection of HP and VP is denoted as X-Y.

The line of intersection of VP and PP is denoted as X1-Y1

A I Quadrant C I as well As II Quadrant

Solution: E III Quadrant G I as well As IV Quadrant

A III Quadrant C II Quadrant

Solution: A I Quadrant B I Quadrant

Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm Below HP

s Locus of Point S of top view(s)

Ans: Distance Between Two Projectors is 101.3 mm

Point G is 37.42 mm Behind VP

Ans: The Point is 27.75 mm from VP & HP

The distance between front views of M & N is 53.85mm

The distance between top views of P & Q is 58.31mm

40 Left Side View

Ans: Point P lies in II Quadrant

Ans: Point P in IV Quadrant

Right Side View

Left Side View

Left Side View

Right Side View

a" Right Side View

RPP Right Side View

P I Quadrant R I as well as II Quadrant

A III Quadrant C II Quadrant

p' (q') (r')

n' n" Right Side view

Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm below HP

locus of Q in Top View (q)

Distance of A from VP is 34.68mm

P I Quadrant R III as well as IV Quadrant

Ans: The Distance between Top views of P and Q is 70.71mm

Distance between front views of A & B is 53.85 mm

Distance between front views of P & Q is 64.03 mm

Distance of A from VP is 40mm

E I as well as II Quadrant G G- II as well as III Quadrant

P-20mm below HP and 20mm infront of VP,IV Quadrant

Right Side View a'

Right Side View

Right Side View

Right Side View

P I Quadrant R I as well as II Quadrant

A I Quadrant C I as well as IV Quadrant

The location of a line in projection quadrants is described by specifying the

 Parallel to both the planes.

To Find True length and true inclinations of a line

b' b1' Locus of b'

VP a' Locus of a'

b' b1' Locus of b'

b' b1' Locus of b'