Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE 1403 – POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

UNIT I
PART A

1.What is the objective of power system control?

2.What is the objective of power system operation and control?
3.What is load curve?
4.What is daily, Weekly, Annual load curve?
5.What is load duration curve?
6.Define load factor.
7.Define diversity factor.
8.Define spinning reserve.
9.Define Cold reserve.
10. Define hot reserve.
11. Define Maximum Demand.
12. Define demand factor.
13. What is plant use factor?

PART B
1. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
Time 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
(hours)
Load(MW20 25 30 25 35 20
)
Draw the Load curve (1)and load duration curve(1) and find
i. Maximum demand(2)
ii. Units generated per day(2)
iii. Average Load(2)
iv. Load Factor.(2)

2. Consider an inductive Load of type Z=R+jX

i. By how many percent will the real load drop if the voltage is reduced by 5 percent?
(8)
ii. How would a 2 percent drop in frequency affects the real load, if the load is assumed
to have a power factor of 0.8.(8)

3. A Power station has to meet the following demand.

Group A:200kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B:100kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
 Group C:50kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group D:100kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and 6 P.M and 6 A.M
Plot the daily load cure and load duration curve and determine
(i) diversity factor
(ii) units generated per day
(iii) load factor.

UNIT II
1. What is the necessity for frequency constancy in a power system? (M/J 2006)
2. What is the need for frequency regulation? (M/J 2006)
3. What is the need for voltage regulation in power system? (M/J 2006)
4. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases? (M/J 2006)
5. What is meant by AFRC? (M/J 2006)
6. State the difference between P-f and Q-lVl.(N/D 2006)
7. Define area control error.(M/J 2006)
8. Give the two control loops of large generators. (A/M 2005)
9. What is the basic role of ALFC?(N/D 2004)(N/D 2006)
10. What is meant by control area? (N/D 2004)(N/D 2005)
11. Specify the disadvantage of ALFC loop.(A/M 2005)
12. Write the tie line power deviation equation in terms of frequency?(N/D 2005)
13. List the advantage of multi area operation. (M/J 2007)

PART B

1. Using a simplified functional diagram explain the operating features of a speed governing
system.(8) (M/J 2006)
2. Develop a linear mathematical model of a speed governing system.(8) (M/J 2006)
3. Explain the static and dynamic response of ALFC control loop.(8)(N/D 2004)
4. Explain the technique involved in load frequency control (LFC)of a single area
system.(8) (M/J 2006)
5. Explain the principle , involved in tie line frequency control in case of two area system.
(M/J 2006)
6. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(8)(N/D 2004)
7. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system .(8)(N/D 2004)
8. Briefly discuss the LFC control of single area systems.(16)(N/D 2005)
9. Explain the dynamic response of two area system.(8) (N/D 2005)
10. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(6)
11. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system.(6)
12. Describe the expression for Critical gain (4)
13. A single area controlled system has the following data(8)
Area capacity =2000MW
Operating Load=1000MW
R=2.4Hz/p.u.MW
Find KI and find the nature of roots for KI=1.
14. Determine the primary ALFC loop parameter for a control area having the following
data :
 Total rated area capacity, Pr =2000MW
Normal Operating Load,Pd=1000MW
Inertia constant ,H= 5 sec
R=2.4Hz/p.u.MW(all area generators)
We shall assume that the load frequency dependency as linear meaning that the old load
would increase 1% for 1% frequency increases.
15. A single area controlled system has the following data(8)
Area capacity =3000MW
Operating Load=1500MW
R=3%
H=5 sec and frequency=50 Hz
Compute steady state drop in frequency in Hz for a step load changing of 25MW
16. Two 50 Hz power station are connected by means of an interconnected cable of negligible
impedance so that the station are in parallel. Station A has a full load capacity of 15 MW and
uniform speed regulation of 3%, Station B has a capacity of 4MW and a uniform speed regulation
of 4%. The load on the bus bar of station A is 10MW and B is 4MW. Calculate the generated
output of each station. The power transmitted by the interconnected and the operating frequency
.Assume frequency governor action and the speed changer of generator were set to have a
frequency of 50 Hz
UNIT III

1. List the various components in AVR loop. (N/D 2004)

2. State whether changes in AVR loop will be reflected in ALFC loop.(N/D 2004)
3. What is meant by stability compensation?(M/J 2007)
4. Write the co- ordination equation without losses.
5. What is meant by incremental cost curve?
6. Name the methods of voltage control in network
7. Write the constraints in Unit Commitment.
8. Write the need for Stability Compensator.

PART B
9. Develop a mathematical model of an exciter system and brief on its control action. (8)
10. Explain the static and dynamic performance of AVR loop . (8)
11. With the neat flow chat explain dynamic programming method in unit commitment.(8)
12. For a simple two unit system the loss coefficients are
B11=0.001
B12=-0.0005
B22=0.0024
dC1/dP1=0.08P1+16 Rs/MWhr.
dC2/dP2=0.08P2+12 Rs/MWhr.
Find the generation P1 and P2 for λ =50, also compute the transmission loss and total
load . (8)
13. Explain the static VAR compensators(8)
 UNIT IV

PART A
1. What is the purpose of economic dispatch?
1. Write the co- ordination equation taking the effect of losses.
2. What is meant by unit commitment?
3. Draw a simple brushless AVR loop.
4. What is SVC?
PART B
5. Derive the relation between voltage , power and reactive power at a node. (8)
6. Write about the stability compensation of AVR loop . (8)
7. Develop an iterative algorithm for solving the optimum dispatch equation of an ‘n’ bus
power system taking into account the effects of system losses (8)
8. A generating station has two units A and B. The incremental operating cost of the two
units are as follows
Unit A:λ 1=0.1P1+20 Rs/MWhr.
Unit B:λ 2=0.12P1+16 Rs/MWhr.
Where P1=load on unit A in MW,P2=load on unit B in MW,Calculate the load distribution based
on economic loading of two generating stations for load of 180 MW (8)
9. Consider three units,
C1=561+7.92P1+0.00156P12
C2=310+7.85P2+0.00194P22
C3=780+7.97P3+0.00482P32

Unit Minimum Maximum

1 150 600
2 100 400
3 50 200
Find the priority by which the units are committed and de committed in unit commitment
problem. (8)

UNIT V

PART A
1. List the factors that affect power system security.
2. what is meant by incremental cost curve ?
3. denote the hierarchical levels used in EMS.
4. Name the methods of voltage control in network
5. What is the necessity of frequency regulation in power systems?
 PART B - (80 marks)
1. a)(i)Develop a mathematical model of an exciter system and brief on its
control action. (8)
(ii)Explain the static and dynamic performance of AVR loop . (8)

2)(i)Explain the static VAR compensators with a phasor diagram. (8)

(ii)Discuss the effect of compensation on the maximum power transfer in a transmission
lines. (8)
3.(i)Explain the tasks of energy control center and its interaction with individual power
plants.(8)
(ii)Explain the different functions that are performed by SCADA systems (8)
(Or)
4)(i)Classify and distinguish between the various operating states of power system (8)
(ii)Explain briefly how the system states are continuously monitored and controlled. (8)