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Formulation Using Virtual Work Principle: U W U W
Formulation Using Virtual Work Principle: U W U W
U W 0 (1)
U T dV (2)
V
The variation of external work for transverse static loading can be written as
W 0 0 0 0 0 0 d
T T
fw (3)
1
A A A
1
(4)
2 2
w0 w0
0
x 0
x1 1
w w w0 w0
0 0 0 0
x2 x1 x2 x1
A (5)
w0 w0 w0 w0 w0 w0
x x x2 x2 x1 x2
2 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
A A
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1
Therefore, A A
2
can be rewritten as
G (6)
where
0 0 x 0 0 0 0
G 1
(7)
0 0 x 0 0 0 0
2
Therefore
1
A AG (8)
2
1
T L AG (9)
2
where K K1 K2 K3 K4
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K1 is the linear stiffness matrix and K 2 , K3 and K 4 are the nonlinear stiffness
matrices given by
K1 L D1 L dA
T
(13a)
A
1 T
K 2 L D2 AG dA (13b)
A
2
A
K3 G A D3 L dA
T T
(13c)
1
K4 G A D4 AG dA
T T
(13d)
A
2
and
A1 B E 0 0
NL k B C1 F1 0 0
D1 T Q T d 3 E F1 H 0
T
0 (14)
k 1 k 1
0 0 0 A2 C2
0
0 0 C2 F2
with
NL k
NL k
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A1 0
B 0
A 0
D2 E 0 , D3 D2T and D 4 1
A2
(16)
0
0 A2
0 C2
R
V
L T G A L T G A dV
T T T T T T T T
(17)
where R is the residual which is the out-of-balance quantity between internal and
external forces.
V
T
KT G A L T G A dV
T T T T T
(19)
V
T
KT G A L T G A
T T T T T
QT L AG dV
(20)
V
KT G A dV
T T
L T T T Q T L L T T T Q AG G T AT Q T L
dV
V G T A T Q A G
(21)
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A
KT G A S dA
T T
L T D1 L L T D2 AG G T AT D3 L (22)
dAdA
A G T A T D A G
4
where
3k
S N x N xz
NL
d
T
Ny N xy N yz 3 (23)
k 1 3
k 1
3k
Q T L AG d 3
NL
1
S (24)
k 1 3k 1 2
S D5 L D6 AG
1
(25)
2
where
B C1 F1 0 0 B 0
D5 1 D6 1
E2 B2
and (26)
0 0 0 B2 0
with
NL k
B1ij
k 1 k 1
Qij
(k )
z d
NL k
B 2ij , E2ij k 1
Q z, z d
(k )
ij
3
k 1
The first term of Eq(22) is known as the initial stress matrix or the geometric
stiffness matrix
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A
K G A
T T
S dA (28)
Expanding Eq.(4.68)
0 0
0 0
Nx
w w
0 0 0 N y
x1 x2 x1 x2
K N xy dA (29)
w w
0 0 N yz
A 0 0
0
0 0 x2 x1
N xz
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
w w
N x N xy
x1
2
x x x2
K
1
dA (30)
w w
N xy
A 0 0
Ny
0 0 x1 x2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
w
0 0 0 0 0 0
x1 x2 N x N xy x1
K
dA (31)
A 0 0 N xy Ny w
0 0 x 0 0 0 0
0 0 2
0 0
0 0
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Nx N xy T
K G G dA (32)
A N xy Ny
KT G N G dA
A
T
L T D1 L L T D2 AG G T AT D3 L (33)
A G T A T D A G dA
4
i KT
1
K F
i 1
(34b)
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