The Perfect Gas Expansion Experiment (TH 11)

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1
ABSTRACT
The lab practical is divided into seven different experiments, each with objectives tostudy the
relationship between ideal gas and various other factors to deliver better understanding of the
First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics andrelationship between P-V-T
to the students. Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model TH11)was used in this experiment.
The objectives for each experiment were achieved. Boyle’s law
and Gay-Lussac law were proven in this experiment when the ideal gas behaved accordingly.The
volume ratio and heat capacity were also determined and they are 6.42 and 1.054. Theexperiment
was successful.
INTRODUCTION
The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH 11) is a self-sufficient bench topunit designed
to enable students to familiarize with some fundamental thermodynamic processes.
Comprehensive understanding of First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law
of Thermodynamics and the P-V-T relationship is fundamentally important in the applicationsof
thermodynamics in the industry. The apparatus comes with one pressure vessel and onevacuum
vessel and both are made of glass tubes. The vessels are linked to one another with aset of piping
and valves. A large diameter pipe provides gradual or instant change.Air pump is included to
enable us to pressurize or evacuate air inside the large vessels provided the valves configures
appropriately during the experiment. The pressure andtemperature sensors are used to monitor
and manipulate the pressure and temperature insidethe vessels and the digital indicator will
display the pressure and temperature on the control panel. This experiment dealt a lot with the
properties of an ideal gas and its relationship withthe various environmental factors. An ideal gas
is said to be a gas which obeys the P-V-Trelationship. A PVT relationship is one of the forms of
the equations of state, which relatesthe pressure, molar volume V and the temperature T of
physically homogeneous media inthermodynamic equilibrium (Reid, Prausnitz & Sherwood,
1977).Other than that, ideal gas is also a gas that exhibits simple linear relationships
amongvolume, pressure, temperature and amount (Silberberg, 2007: 143). Gas particles in a
boxcollide with its walls and transfer momentum to them during each collision. The gas
pressureis equal to the momentum delivered to a unit area of a wall, during a unit time.
However,ideal gas particles do not collide with each other but only with the walls. A single
particle

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2
moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes a wall. It then bounces back,
changesdirection and speed and moves towards another wall. The gas expansion equations
arederived directly from the law of conservation of linear momentum and the law
of conservation of energy (Sears & Salinger, 1975).
OBJECTIVES
Experiment 1:
Boyle’s Law Experiment

Familiar with the properties of an ideal gas, adiabatic process, and first law of thermodynamics.
2. Determine the heat capacity ratio for air near standard temperature and pressure. It also illustrates
how P-V-T data can be used to measure other thermodynamic properties.
3. Determine the ratio of the volume of the two vessels by using an isothermal expansion process.

To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas.

To compare the experimental results with theoretical results.Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law
Experiment1.

To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.Experiment 3:

Isentropic Expansion process2.

To demonstrate the insentropic expansion process.Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization3.

To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization.Experiment

5: Brief Depressurization4.

To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.Experiment 6:

Determination of ratio of volume5.

To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value.Experiment 7:

Determination of ratio of heat capacity6.

To determine the ratio of heat capacity.

3
THEORY
Boyle’
s Law Experiment
The relationship between volume and pressure of a gas can be explained with Boyle’s
law:
at constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional
to the applied (external) pressure
(Silberberg, 2007: 144).Or it can also be expressed in terms of equation as below:V
∝
PV = constant or V =

According to the mathematical expressions derived from Boyle’s law above, providedthat ‘T’
and ‘
n
’ are fixed, pressure and volume are indirectly related to one another in a sense
that if the volume increases, then the pressure shall decrease, and vice versa. This can also
beexplained through gas particles collisions theory (kinetic molecular theory) in which whenthe
volume of a chamber containing a gas is reduced, the probability of gas particles to comein
contact with one another during collision and with the walls of the container will increase,hence
the elevated pressure (Adamson, 1979).Figure 1: Mathematical/Graphical relationship between
the volume of a fixed mass of gas and
pressure is hyperbolic (Boyle’s law). The gas temperature remains constant.
(Thomas, Stamatakis, 2009)
 4
Gay-Lussac Law Experiment
Ga-Lussac law is also commonly known
as Charles’s law.
The law explains about therelationship between pressure and temperature of gases. The law was
established in the early19
th
century by Jacques Charles and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac who did a study on the effectof
temperature on the volume of a sample of gas subjected to constant pressure (Atkins,2002).
Charles did the original work, which was then verified by Gay-Lussac (grc.nasa.gov).
However, in this lab practical, we are dealing with an alternative version of Charles’s
law instead. The volume is kept constant in change for pressure instead as the objective of
theexperiment is to determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of ideal gas.The
expression is as shown: p = constant x T (at constant volume)*This version of law also indicates
that the pressure of gas falls to zero as thetemperature is reduced to zero (Atkins, 2002).Thus it
can be seen that gas pressure and the temperature are directly proportional toone another. When
the pressure increases, the temperature also increases, and vice versa.P
∝
TP = constant TP/T = constantP
1
/T
1
=P
2/
T
2
P
1
T
2
=P
2
T
1
The equations above apply in the gas of dealing with the relationship between pressure and
temperature of a gas.

5
Figure 2: Mathematical/Graphical relationship between pressure of a fixed mass of gas with
temperature at a constant volume is linear. The volume is constant.
Isentropic Expansion Process
Isentropic basically means no change in entropy. According to grc.nasa.gov, entropyhas a variety
of physical interpretations, including the statistical disorder of the system, butoften perceived to
be just another property of the system, like enthalpy or temperature. TheSecond Law of
thermodynamics can be expressed in terms of the entropy, S, as another stateof function:
The entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of a spontaneous change:
ΔS
tot
>0
Where S
tot
is the total energy of the system and its surroundings. Thermodynamicallyirreversible processes
(like cooling to the temperature of surroundings and the free expansionof gases) are spontaneous
processes, and hence must be accompanied by an increase in totalentropy (Atkins, 2002:
92).However, for a reversible and an adiabatic process, the value of entropy, S, remainsthe same
from the initial to the state of completion.
S = 0S
1
=S
2

6
Stepwise Depressurization Experiment
The stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the pressurizedchamber or tank
gradually by releasing the gas expansion at every instance the valves areopened and closed to see
the gradual changes in pressure within the container. Pressuredecreases with the expansion.
Brief Depressurization Experiment
Similar procedures as previous lab practical, but the time interval of valves openingincreased to a
few seconds. This is so that the effects or response of brief depressurization of the gas could be
observed. With the increased time interval, the gas should expand faster.
Determination of Ratio of Volume Experiment
The ratio of volume of gas expansion between the chambers and the atmosphereshould be the
same (or at least almost) with the theoretical value. The following equationscan be used to
evaluate and calculate the values:
P
1
V
1
=P
2
V
2
V
2
/V
1
=P
1
/P
2
V
2
/V
1
=
Ratio value*And then the value is compared to the theoretical value of the volume ratio which is:

Determination of Ratio of Heat Capacity

The heat capacity is a constant that tells how much heat is added per unit temperaturerise
(ngr.nasa.gov). The heat capacity can be represented as Cp, which indicates the heatcapacity of a
gas in a system with constant pressure. Also, the heat capacity can berepresented as Cv, for heat
capacity of a gas in a system with constant volume (Materials andEnegery Balance). These are
derived for an equation of relating to the isobaric and isochoric processes, which finally led to a
simple equation for the heat capacity of ideal gas:Cp
–
Cv = R

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For the ideal gas state, the heat capacity may be expressed through statisticalmechanics in terms
of the contributions to the translational and internal energies of themolecules (Rushbrooke,
1949). In turn, some of the internal contribution arising fromrotational, vibrational and electronic
modes of motion can often then be determined fromspectroscopic measurement of the
frequencies of the normal mode of motion of the molecule.For many molecules, this process
provides a more accurate means of determining the ideal-gas heat capacity of the material than
direct measurement (de Reuck & Craven, 1993).As the density is increased from the ideal gas
state, the energy of the ensemble of molecules acquires a component arising from the
interactions between molecules (theconfigurational part) and this cannot be evaluated
theoretically for any but the simplestmolecules so that the only source of information on the heat
capacity is then from direct or indirect measurement. When there are no measurements available
it is necessary to haverecourse to estimation methods (Reid, Prausnitz & Sherwood, 1975).
 8
APPARATUS
There was only one equipment used for this lab practical (10) for all the experiments, and thatis
the Solteq
®
Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH11).Figure 3:
Solteq® Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH11)
.Including:-

Pressure Transmitter (1), Pressure Relief Valve (2), Temperature Sensor (3), BigGlass (4), Small
Glass (5), Vacuum Pump (6) and Electrode (7).
METHOD
General Operation:Start-up:1.

The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and then the switch wasturned on.2.

All the valves were fully opened and the pressure reading was checked on the panel.This is to
make sure that the chambers were all under atmospheric pressure.3.

The valves were all closed again afterwards.4.

The pipe from compressive port of the pump was connected to pressurized chamber.5.

The unit was ready for use.

9
Experiment 1:1.

The general start up method as previously mentioned was performed and thevalves were once
again made sure to be fully closed.2.

The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed to
increase up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed from
the chamber.3.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.4.

The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion was recorded.5.

The V 02 was fully opened and the pressurized air flows were allowed into theatmospheric
chamber.6.

The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion was recorded.7.

The experimental methodology was repeated for the following conditions:

From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber;

From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.8.

The PV value was calculated and Boyle’s Law was proven in further sections.
Experiment 2:1.

The general start up method was performed again.2.

The hose was connected from the compressive pump to pressurized chamber.3.

The compressive pump was switched on and the temperature for everyincrement of 10kPa in the
chamber was recorded. The pump was stoppedwhen the pressure PT 1 reaches about 160kPa.4.

Then, the valve V 01 was slightly opened and the pressurized air was allowedto flow out. The
temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa wasrecorded.5.

The experiment was stopped when the pressure reached atmospheric pressure.6.

The experiment was repeated for three times to get the average value.7.

A graph was plotted to represent the pressure versus temperature.Experiment 3:1.

The general start up procedures was performed.2.

The hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.

10
3.

The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed from
the chamber.4.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The pressure reading
PT 1 and temperature TT 1 were recorded.5.

Valve V 01 was slightly opened and air was allowed to flow out slowly until itreached
atmospheric pressure.6.

The pressure reading and the temperature reading after the expansion processwere recorded.7.

The isentropic expansion process was discussed in further section.Experiment 4:1.

The general start up procedure was performed.2.

The hose from the compressive pump was connected to the pressurizedchamber.3.

The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. The pump was then switched off and the hose was removed from its
chamber.4.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The pressure reading
PT 1 was recorded.5.

The valve V 01 was fully opened and brought back to closed positioninstantly. The pressure
reading PT 1 was monitored and recorded until it became stable.6.

Step 5 was repeated at least four times.Experiment 5:1.

General start up procedure was performed.2.

The hose was connected from the compressive pump to the pressurizedchamber.3.

The compressive pump was switched on and allowed to increase the pressureinside the chamber
until about 160kPa. Then it was switched off and the hosewas removed.4.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The pressure reading
was recorded as PT 1.

11
5.

The valve V 01 was fully opened and brought back to closed position after afew seconds. The
pressure reading after expansion was monitored andrecorded as PT 1 until it became stable.6.

The result was displayed on graph and further discussed.Experiment 6:1.

General start up procedure was performed and valves were made sure to beclosed.2.

Compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber wasallowed to increase
up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switched off andthe hose was removed from the
chamber.3.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.4.

The pressure reading for both chambers was recorded before expansion.5.
Valve V 02 was opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow into theatmospheric
chamber slowly.6.

The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion was recorded.7.

The experimental procedures were repeated for the following conditions:

From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.

From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.8.

The ratio of volume was calculated and compared with the theoretical value.Experiment 7:1.

The general start up method was performed.

2.

The compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.

3.

The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed from
the chamber.4.

The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until is stabilized. The pressure reading
PT1 and temperature TT1were recorded.5.

The valve V 01 was fully opened and brought back to closed until after a fewseconds. The
reading PT1 and temperature TT1 were monitored and recordeduntil they became stable.6.

The ratio of the heat capacity was determined and then compared with thetheoretical value.

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12
RESULTS
A.

Experiment 1
Pressure
(kPa)Part PT 1 PT 2Before expansion After expansion Before expansion After expansionPT 1 to
PT 2159.1 102.0 140.2 140.1PT 2 to PT 1102.4 165.4 122.4 122.2Both PT 1 and PT
2158.6 161.8 159.5 159.3
B.

Experiment 2
Pressure(kPa)Temperature
o
CTrial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3Pressurized Depressurized Pressurized
Depresurized Pressurized Depresurrized112 28.4 27.5 27.4 28.2 27.6 28.7122 29.0 27.7 27.9 28.
6 28.0 29.8132 29.7 28.3 28.9 29.4 28.9 30.7142 30.5 29.1 29.9 30.4 30.0 31.9152 31.5 30.8 30.9
32.0 30.9 32.5162 32.1 32.1 31.8 32.1 31.9 32.7
C.

Experiment 3
Before expansion After expansionPressure (kPa) 163.4 102.1Temperature (
o
C) 30.8 27.3
D.

Experiment 4
Pressure (kPa)Before expansion After expansion1st 2nd 3rd 4th162.3 144.3 133.8 120.1 101.2
13
E.

Experiment 5
Pressure (kPa)Before expansion After expansion162.2 123.4
F.

Experiment 6
Pressure
(kPa)Part PT 1 PT 2Before expansion After expansion Before expansion After expansionPT 1 to
PT 2159.0 102.0 140.0 139.9PT 2 to PT 1102.2 160.8 121.5 121.4Both PT 1 and PT 2159.5 160.3
159.6 159.5
G.

Experiment 7
Before expansion After expansionPressure (kPa) 159.7 139.2Temperature (
o
C) 32.4 30
14
SAMPLE CALCULATIONSA.

Experiment 1

PT1 to PT2:P1 = 159.1

–
102.0 P1VI = 57.1 x 25= 57.1kPa = 1427.5kPa.LP2 = 140.2
–
140.1 P2V2 = 0.1 x 12.3= 0.1kPa = 1.23kPa.L
B.

Experiment 2
Pressure (kPa)AverageTeamperature (
o
C)Pressurized
Depressurized112.00 27.80 28.13122.00 28.30 28.70132.00 29.17 29.47142.00 30.13 30.47152.0
0 31.10 31.77162.00 31.93 32.30

Pressurization Process
27.5028.0028.5029.0029.5030.0030.5031.0031.5032.0032.500 . 0 0 5 0
. 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 5 0 . 0 0 2 0
0 . 0 0
P r e s s u r e ( k P a )
Temperature (
o
C)
15

Depressurization Process
C.

Experiment 3
K = 0.4818
D.

Experiment 4
27.5028.0028.5029.0029.5030.0030.5031.0031.5032.0032.5033.000 . 0 0 5
0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 5 0 . 0 0
2 0 0 . 0 0
P r e s s u r e ( k P a )
Temperature (oC)
0204060801001201401601800 1
2 3 4
5 6
P r e s s u r e ( k P a )
Expansion
16
E.

Experiment 5F.

Experiment 6
P1V1 = P2V2P1/P2 = V2/V1Theoretical value: V2/V1 = 12.37L/25.00L= 0.49
PT 1 to PT 2 : P1/P2 = 102.0kPa/159.0kPa= 0.642
G.

Experiment 7
 [
] [
]

0204060801001201401601800 0 .
5 1 1 . 5
2 2 . 5
P r e s s u r e ( k P a )
Expansion
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17
Ratio:

Theoretical value of
is 1.4
DISCUSSION
From what Boyle’s law states about the relationship between the pressure and of a gas
and its volume, which is that they are inversely proportional to one another; this can be seenand
proven with the result obtained for this experiment. According to the tabulated data of our result
and calculations, they confirm our theory earlier and the pressure and volume of thegas are
indirectly proportional to one another. As the pressure increases, the volume starts todecrease,
and vice versa.Take one big container and a smaller one. The bigger container will have lower
gas pressure of a fixed mass compared to the smaller one provided that the temperature for
bothcontainers is constant. This is because the gas particles in the bigger container have a
morespacious room to avoid collisions with one another and against the walls of the
container which could exert pressure. Whilst in the smaller container, the gas particles have
limitedspace and thus random collisions with one another and against the walls occur
frequentlyexerting force (momentum) and causing the intense pressure. This collision theory can
help toexplain the theory and result (Silberberg, 2007).The volume(s) of the gas can be
calculated using the ideal gas formula PV = RT andafter they are obtained, it can be used in the P
1
V
1
=P
2
V
2
to prove Boyle’s law. In the next
experiment, the Gay-Lussac law (Charles law) was studied in determining the
relationship between pressure and temperature. According to our result, as the pressure increases
in thechamber(s) when the compressive pump pressurized them, the temperature increases.
Thisconfirmed Charles and Gay-
Lussac’s work and theory as well as the law.
When volume isheld at a constant level, the temperature of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to itsabsolute pressure: P/T = k. Gases expand when heated
–
that is, density decreases
–
and thuswarm air rises (Turner & Cooper, 2012).The Second Law of Thermodynamics is also the
basis of the thermodynamic (Kelvin)temperature scale and defines entropy, a new state function.
Calculations of the entropychanges for isothermal, isobaric, isochoric processes and for phase
transitions and can bedescribed (Fegley, 2013). In this experiment, the isentropic behaviour of
the process was
 18
studied. With the result gained, it seems that both the temperature and pressure of the gas before
expansion were higher compared to after expansion. However, to be discussed isreally the
mechanism behind the process. The process is claimed to be isentropic, whichmeans there was
no change in entropy throughout out the process. This is only valid for spontaneous process and
irreversible ones according to a book of fundamentalthermodynamics study by Peter Atkins
written in 2002. At the same time, on the other handthe process conducted with the apparatus
was claimed to be adiabatic and reversible.In the stepwise and brief depressurization
experiments, the strategy to adopt an equal-time-stepwise depressurization approach in this study
yielded a more reliable result for example in the production sector in industries. The substance
onset pressure is found to beaffected by the way of system depressurization (frequency and time
step magnitude) since ithas a direct bearing on the stabilization time (Petrowiki.org). With the
last two experiments,the volume ratio and the heat capacity ratio were determined. The
percentage in difference of the volume theoretical value with the result acquired is about 31
percent which is pretty large.
This could’ve been due
to environmental factors affecting the stability of the pressure andtemperature or random
mistakes done during the experiment. For the heat capacity, thedifference between the resulted
value of heat capacity ratio and the theoretical value is about24.71 percent. This also deviated
really much from the theoretical value and can be explained by the accidental mistakes done.
CONCLUSIONS
Basically the experiment was a success considering all the objectives were achieveddespite the
large deviation of figures between the theoretical ratio values and the obtainedfigures.
Throughout the studies, it is found that some of the gas laws for the perfect or ideal
gas are just limiting laws because gas don’t actually behave perfectly in the real world.
Neverthele
ss, in this experiment, the gas seemed to have obeyed Boyle’s law and Gay
-Lussaclaw in the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature. The ratio of the
volume of the gas indicates and expresses the dynamics of compression and expansion of the
gases. Theratio of heat capacity gives the capacity or amount of heat that could be taken up by
the gas inexpansion process.

19
RECOMMENDATIONS
The experiments must be done under the ideal gas properties measurement andobeying the P-V-
T relationship. Before the experiment begun, the general start up methodhad to be performed
repeatedly in order to minimize side effects which could in turn also jeopardize the results. The
apparatus must be handled carefully to avoid any accidents in thelab such as explosion due to
excessive pressure within the chambers. They must all beadjusted and connected to the right
ports. The valves had to be watched and opened carefullyin accordance to the procedures or
manuals given to avoid any mistakes. Lastly always keepeyes on the sensor while monitoring the
board because the temperature or pressure couldincrease or decrease really fast.
REFERENCES
1.

Reid, R., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K. (1977)

The Properties of Gases and Liquids
,3
rd
Edition, McGraw-Hill.2.

F.W. Sears, G.L. Salinger

, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics
(Addison-Wesley, 3rd ed 1975) pp 254-266, 354-360.3.

Gary Thomas, Stephen Stamakis, (2009)

Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine: Physics of Gases
, Elsevier.4.

Reid, R. C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Sherwood, T. K. (1977)

The Properties of Gases and Liquids
, McGraw-Hill, New York.5.

Rushbrooke, G. S. (1949)
Introduction to Statistical Mechanics
, Clarendon, Oxford.6.

de Reuck, K. M. and Craven, R. J. B. (1993)

International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State
—
12: Methanol
, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.7.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/aglussac.html8.
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/thermo2.html9.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/specheat.html10.

www.petrowiki.org11.

Arthur W. Adamson, (1979),

A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Chapter Six: TheSecond and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
& Chapter 14
,2
nd
Edition, University of Southern California, Page 173-225, 543-601.12.

Martin Silberberg, 2007,

Principles of General Chemistry
,1
st
Edition, McGraw-Hill.
 20
13.

Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula, 2002,

Physical Chemistry
,7
th
Edition, Oxford, Page 8-10, 92 & 103.

21
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