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4G & 5G Technologies
Research

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4/22/2019

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

Introduction:

4G is considered to be the fourth generation of the cellular technology and it has succeeded the
3G technology and provided more data rate speed as compared to 3G technology. A 4G system
must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. The 4G network provides high data
rate so it helps in viewing the videos online more efficiently and from technical perspective the
4G has the high capacity along high speed and low cost per bit also it has global mobility and has
the scalable mobile networks along the service portability. The 4G technology can do switching
seamlessly along the variety of services based on quality of service (QoS) requirements and it
also has better scheduling and call admission control techniques the 3G also containing Ad hoc
networks and multi-hop networks (NSF, 2017).

Today the 5G technology is emerging which will leave behind all the generation technologies
like 3G & 4G which will give speed of about speeds of 200-634 Mbit/s using 400 MHz of
spectrum. The 5G technologies will be more advance because the will save the network energy
and will provide low latency then the 3G & 4G technology. The 5G technology band coverage
area will be more than the 3G and 4G and will provide 99.99% availability all the time in
network connection. 5G will support all communication needs from low power Local Area
Network to Wide Area Networks (WAN), with the right latency/speed settings. 5G Mobile
Network operators to catch a larger piece of the IoT market pie by being able to deliver cost-
effective solutions for low broadband, low power applications (GEMALTO, 2018).

4G Network Analysis:

Frequency Band 2-8 GHz

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz
Data rate Up to 20 Mbps or more
Access Multi-carrier - CDMA or OFDM(TDMA)
FEC Concatenated codes
Switching Packet

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

Frequency Bands for the 4G Networks:

For maximum compatibility for most North American carriers 2G/3G/4G equipment that is
minimum dual-band 800MHz Cellular or 1900MHz PCS is generally recommended. In many
markets 4G data (LTE, WiMax) is on 700 MHz, 1700-2100 MHz, 1900MHz and 2500-2700
MHz) (wpsantennas, 2018).

Modulation Formats:

In 4G networks the multi carrier CDMA or OFDM format are used for modulation because the
OFDM provides spectral efficiency to achieve high data rates but also permits multiple users to
share a common channel. A channel is divided into many narrower subcarriers by the use of
OFDM. The OFDM provides such space that the subcarriers become orthogonal due to which
they won’t interfere with one another despite the lack of guard bands between them. Typically,
MC-CDMA uses quadrature phase-shift keying while OFDM with TDMA could use more high-
level modulations such as multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) (where M = 4
to 256). How-ever, to optimize overall system performance, adaptive modulation can be used;
where the level of QAM for all subcarriers is chosen based on measured parameters (NSF,
2017).

Target Data Transmission Rate:

The wireless broadband of 4G LTE are almost 10 times faster than the 3G wireless networks and
it is able to handle download speeds ranging between 5 and 12 Mbps along the upload speeds
between 2 and 5 Mbps, with peak download speeds approaching 50 Mbps. Cable speeds varies
but 4 to 12 Mbps are common. The speed can also be increased based on latency and packet rates
that are sent with less loss rate.

Signal Loss in Wireless Channel:

This signal loss in wireless channel is due to the antennas and the propagation losses. The good
antenna makes sure that it receives the signal with minimal loss or attenuation of signal but the
wireless losses is also due to mainly the distance as the signal strength become weak at long
distances also signals are distorted due to the frequency spectrum they are using in case of 4G

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

some services will run on the 800 MHz spectrum band. This band is close to the frequency used
by certain Free-view services. Because of this proximity, viewers who watch Free-view and live
close to a new 4G could experience interference (researchgate, 2015).

5G Network Analysis:

Frequency Band 24.25 – 27.5 GHz

Bandwidth 600 MHz to 6 GHz
Data rate Up to200-634 Mbit/s or more
Access CP-OFDM & DFT-SOFDM
FEC Concatenated codes
Switching Packet

https://hackernoon.com/5g-networks-can-change-the-way-we-live-for-better-or-worse-
ed2b3fc6b0e6

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

Frequency Bands for the 4G Networks:

The frequency band of the 5G network is divide into two categories first is the low band 5G and
second one is the mid band 5G. The low band 5G provides frequencies from 600 MHz to 6 GHz
and the mid range 5G provides frequencies from 3.5-4.2 GHz.

https://www.cablefree.net/wirelesstechnology/4glte/5g-frequency-bands-lte/

Modulation Formats:

For modulation the new and advance technique known as CP-OFDM & DFT-SOFDM is used
for modulation of the 5G network carriers. 5G NR provides for the use of flexible subcarrier
spacing. LTE subcarriers normally had 15 kHz spacing, but 5G NR allows the subcarriers to be
spaced at 15 kHz x 2s with a maximum spacing of 240 kHz. The integral s carrier spacing rather
than fractional carrier spacing is required to preserve the orthogonality of the carriers. The
flexible carrier spacing is used to properly support the diverse spectrum bands/types and
deployment models that 5G NR will need to accommodate (electronicsnotes, 2018).

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/5g-mobile-
wireless-cellular/waveform-optimised-ofdm.php

Target Data Rate:

In 5G technology data rate depends upon the MIMIO and also the frequency bands like for the
band of 400MHz the data rate ranges from 200-634 Mbit/s also it can be up to 10’s of gigabit per
second also in test of the 5G network its speed of data rate was noted up to 1.056 Gbit/s to a
distance of up to 2 km with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.

Signal Loss in Wireless Channel:

As there are two frequency bands used in 5G technology so one of the frequency can be
hindrance to some objects as these short wavelength mm Waves are much more easily blocked
by tree leaves and by your body. Also this band is close to the frequency used by certain Free-
view services. Because of this proximity, viewers who watch Free-view and live close to a new
5G could experience interference

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 4G & 5G Technologies
April 22, 2019

Bibliography
electronicsnotes. (2018). 5G Waveform: CP-OFDM & DFT-SOFDM, https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/connectivity/5g-mobile-wireless-cellular/waveform-optimised-ofdm.php.

GEMALTO. (2018). Introducing 5G networks – Characteristics and usages (2019),

https://www.gemalto.com/mobile/inspired/5G.

NSF. (2017). 4G Wireless Standard, https://www3.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/4G/.

researchgate. (2015). What types of interference are considered in 4G LTE?,

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_types_of_interference_are_considered_in_4G_LTE2.

wpsantennas. (2018). Cellular Antennas, Amplifiers and Repeaters are Frequency Specific,
https://www.wpsantennas.com/cellular-frequency-information.aspx.

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