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Cls Jeead-17-18 Xii Phy Target-5 Set-12 Chapter-1
Cls Jeead-17-18 Xii Phy Target-5 Set-12 Chapter-1
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. An electrostatic field line cannot be discontinuous. Why?
Sol. An electrostatic line is a continuous curve, because tangent to it at any point represents the direction in which
a test charge kept at that point will experience force. It cannot have sudden breaks, because no abrupt force
acts on a test charge.
2. The distance of the point on the equatorial plane of a small electric dipole is halved. By what factor will the
electric field due to the dipole at the point change?
3. In an electric field an electron is kept freely. If the electron is replaced by a proton, what will be the relationship
between the forces experienced by them?
Sol. F = qE, so force on electron Fe – eE and force on proton Fp eE
Fe – Fp
4. Which orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field would correspond to stable equilibrium?
Sol. When p and E are parallel, dipole remains at stable equilibrium.
5. Figure shows three point charges, +2q, –q and +3q. Two charges +2q and –q are enclosed within a surface S.
What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface ‘S’?
+2q
+3q
–q
S
q
Sol. Electric flux = (charge enclosed)/0 =
0
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2 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
6. A metallic sphere is placed in uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric field
lines and why?
a
b
Sol. Line d is correctly drawn, because it is not passing through conductor and it is perpendicular to the surface
from where it starts or meets the conductor.
7. When two electrically charged particles having charges of different magnitude are placed at a distance d from
each other, they experience a force of attraction F. These two particles are put in contact and again placed at the
same distance from each other. What is the nature of new force between them?
pE
– pE cos
Sol. = 120º
2
11. Find the value of electric field that would exactly balance the weight of electron.
mg
Sol. E = 5.67 × 10–11 N/C (m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
e
12. A small test charge is released at rest at a point in an electrostatic field. Will it travel along the field line
passing through that point?
Sol. If electric line is straight, then it will move on the line. If line is curved then charge will move tangential to it.
1
dependence ⎛⎜ instead of 2 ⎞⎟ , where r is distance between two point changes
1
13. If Coulomb’s law involved
r3 ⎝ r ⎠
would Gauss’s law still be true?
Sol. No
14. A glass rod is rubbed with silk. Will its mass increase or decrease?
Sol. Because if two bodies repel, then they surely have charges and that too of similar nature.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 3
Short Answer Type Questions :
16. A system has two electric charges qA = 2.5 × 10–7C and qB = –2.5 × 10–7 C located at points A(0, 0, –15 cm)
and B(0, 0, +15 cm) respectively. Calculate the electric dipole moment of the system. What is its direction?
Sol. Magnitude of dipole moment p = ql = (2.5 × 10–7C)(30 × 10–2 m).
= 7.5 × 10–8 Cm
Its direction is from –ve to +ve charge i.e., along positive z-axis.
17. Three point charges of +2 C, –3 C and –3 C are kept at the vertices A, B and C respectively of an
equilateral triangle of side 20 cm as shown in figure. What should be the sign and magnitude of the charge
to be placed at the mid-point (M) of side BC so that the charge at A remains in equilibrium?
A 2 C
B C
M
–3 C –3 C
Sol. It should be positive. Resultant force on A by charges at B and C are along AM . Force by charge at M should
have a repulsive force on A along MA.
18. The flux of the electrostatic field through the closed spherical surface S is found to be four times that
through the closed spherical surface S. Find magnitude of charge Q. Given : q1 = 1C, q2 = –2 C and
q3 = 9.854 C
Q
q1
1m
S q2
S q3
2m
q1 q2 q3 1
Sol. Q q q q 4
1 2 3
Q = 3(q1 + q2 + q3)
19. A charge of 17.7 × 10–4C is distributed uniformly over a large sheet of area 200 m2. Calculate the electric
field intensity at a distance 20 cm from it in air.
Q
Sol.
E
20 2 A0
17.7 10 –4
=
2 200 8.85 10 –12
5 105 N/C
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4 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
20. Two similar and equally charged identical metal spheres A and B repel each other with a force of 2 × 10–5 N.
A third identical uncharged sphere C is touched with A and then placed at the mid-point between A and B.
Calculate the net electric force on C.
Q2 A B
Sol. F1 F2 F F1
d
F2
4 0 d 2 Q Q
⎡ ⎛ Q ⎞2 Q ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ Q · ⎥
1 ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎥ –Q 2 Q/2 F4 Q/2 F3 Q
F F3 F – F1 F2
40 ⎢ ⎛ d ⎞2 ⎛ d ⎞2 ⎥ 40 d 2
4
⎢⎜ ⎟ A d/2 C d/2 B
⎜2⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
= | F | F 2 10–5 N
21. Four point charges of qA = 2 C, qB = –5 C, qC = 2 C and qD = –5C are located at the corners of a square
ABCD of side 10 cm. Find the force on a charge of 1 C placed at the centre of the square.
qA qB
q = 1 C
qD qC
A l
B
x
l l
Q kl 2
Sol. where Q ∫ dx ∫ kx dx
0 0 0 2
Q kl 2
0 20
23. Two plane sheets of charge densities + and – are kept in air, as shown in figure. What are the electric
field intensities at points A and B?
A
+
B
–
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 5
Sol. Consider vertically upward direction as positive y-axis
ˆ ˆ A
E at A = j– j 0 +
20 20
B
–
ˆ
E at B = –
20
j
20
(– jˆ)
0
– ˆj
24. A charge particle of charge +q, mass m and moving with a velocity of uiˆ enters a uniform electric field of
strength E Ejˆ . Find magnitude of velocity and magnitude of displacement of the particle after time t.
ˆ qEt ˆj
v u at = ui
m
2
⎛ qEt ⎞
∴ Magnitude of velocity =
V u2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ m ⎠
Displacement at time t,
1 1 qE 2 ˆ
ut at 2 = (ut )iˆ
S t j
2 2 m
2
⎛ 1 qEt 2 ⎞
ut
2
Magnitude of displacement
= S ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 m ⎠
25. A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 100 C/m2.
Calculate the
(i) Charge on the sphere.
(ii) Total electric flux coming out a Gaussian surface just enclosing the outer surface of the sphere.
Q
Sol. (i) Surface charge density Q = ·4R2
4R 2
C 22
= 100 × 10–6 2
4 (2.5)2
m 7
= 7.9 × 10–3C
= 7.9 mC
charge enclosed Q
(ii) Net flux coming out of the sphere = ⇒
0 0
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6 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
26. A positive point charge (+q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines
originating from the point on to the surface of the plate.
Sol.
Conducting
plate
+q
27. A spherical conducing shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q. Another charge q is placed
at the centre of the shell.
(b) Derive the expression for the electric field at a point x > r2 from the centre of the shell.
Sol. (a) (i) Let the charge on the inner surface of spherical shell is q0. Applying Gauss law to Gaussian surface
S1, intermediate to outer and inner surface.
q q
∫s1
E·ds 0
0 S2
S1
q0 r1
q0 q q
⇒ 0 [ E 0 because S1 is inside metal] r2 q1
0
q0 = –q x
–q
Surface charge density on inner surface 1 =
4r12
q1 = Q – q0 = Q + q
Qq
Surface charge density on outer surface 2 =
4r22
Qq
(b) Applying Gauss law to the Gaussian surface S2 at distance x from centre ∫ E·ds
S2
0
Qq
⇒ E·4x2 =
0
Qq
E
4 0 x 2
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 7
28. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conducting sphere is given by E nˆ , where is
0
the surface charge density and n̂ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction.
Sol. If is the surface charge density on the sphere, then charge on the sphere,
Q = × 4R2 = 4R2
Consider a Gaussian surface S coincident with the outer surface of metal sphere.
–+–++++++++– –
– ++
+
+
– –++++++++
S
R
–––––
––––––
Q
∫ E ds cos0
S 0
–+
++ +
–
– –++
Q –+ +++–
– +++ – –
E ds ∫
S
0
––
Q
E 4R 2
0
Q
E
4R 2 0 0
nˆ
E
0
29. Two small identical electric dipoles AB and AC, each of dipole moment p are kept at an angle of 120º as
shown in figure. What is the resultant dipole moment of this combination? If this system is subjected to electric
field E directed along +x direction, what will be the magnitude and direction of torque acting on this?
y
B
120º
x
A
C
y
Sol. Resultant dipole moment
B
p p1 p2
p1 p
D
Using parallelogram law of vector addition, resultant dipole moment 30º E
A x
30º
p is directed along 30º with positive x-axis (∵ BAD = DAC = 60º) p2
C
⎛ 1⎞
Magnitude of p p12 p22 2 p1p2 cos120 = p2 p2 2p2 ⎜ – ⎟ = p
⎝ 2⎠
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8 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Torque on the dipole, p E = pEsin (Normally into the paper (i.e., along negative z-axes))
= pEsin30
pE
= normally into the paper or along negative z-axies.
2
30. Charges of magnitudes 2Q and –Q are located at points (a, 0,0) and (4a, 0, 0). Find the ratio of the electric
flux due to these charges through concentric spheres of radii 2a and 5a centered at the origin.
Sol. Electric flux through sphere S1 of radus 2a
∫
1 E·ds
S1 S2
Qin 2Q S1
0 0
x = –2a 2Q x = 2a –Q
Electric flux through sphere S2 of radius 5a x = –5a x=0x=a x = 4a x = 5 a
∫
2 E·ds
S1
Qin 2Q – Q Q
0 0 0
Coulomb’s law is a quantitative statement about the force between two point charges. Coulomb measured
the force between two point charges and found that it varied inversely as the square of the distance between
the charges and was directly proportional to the product of magnitude of the two charges and acted along the
line joining the two charges.
If two point charges Q1 and Q2 at rest are separated by a distance r in vacuum, the magnitude of force
k Q1Q2 1
between them is given by F . The constant k is usually put as k , where 0 is called the
r 2
40
permittivity of free space and has the value 0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2/Nm2. For all practical purposes we will take
1
9 109 Nm2 / C2 . The choice of k determines the size of the unit of charge. SI unit of charge is
40
defined to be 1C. So 1C is the charge that when placed at a distance of 1 m from another charge of the same
magnitude in vacuum experience an electrical force of repulsion of magnitude 9 × 109 N.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 9
(ii) Using Coulomb’s law,
kQ1Q2
F
r2
(ii) Two point charges q1 = 5 × 10–6 C and q2 = 3 × 10–6 C are located at (3, 5, 1) m and (1, 3, 2) m. Find
F12 and F21 using vector form of Coulomb’s law.
Since force is a vector, Coulomb’s law in the vector notation will be written as follows. Let the position vector
of charges q1 and q2 be r1 and r2 respectively (figure). We denote force on q1 due to q2 by F12 and force or
q2 due to q1 by F21 .
F12 q1 r
2 =r
2 –r
1
q2 F21
r1
r2
x
O
The two point charges q1 and q2 have been numbered 1 and 2 and the vector leading from 1 to 2 is denoted by
r21, i .e., r2 – r1 . In the same way, the vector leading from 2 to 1 is denoted by r12 . So, r12 r
1 – r2 – r21 . The
magnitude of the vectors r21 and r12 is denoted by r21 and r12, respectively and they are equal, i.e., r12 = r21.
To denote the direction from 1 to 2 (or from 2 to 1), we define the unit vectors:
r21 r12
rˆ21 and rˆ12 where rˆ21 – rˆ12
r21 r12
So Coulomb’s force law between two point charges q1 and q2 located at r1 and r2 is then expressed as
1 q1q2
F21 · rˆ21 .
40 r212
The equation above is valid for any sign of q1 and q2 whether positive or negative. If q1 and q2 are of the same
sign (either both positive or both negative), F21 is along rˆ21 , which denotes repulsion, as it should be for like
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10 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
charges. If q1 and q2 are of opposite signs, F21 is along –rˆ21 rˆ12 , which denotes attraction, as expected
for unlike charges. Thus, we do not have to write separate equations for the cases of like and unlike charges.
Above equation takes care of both cases correctly
q1 r21 q2
(Like charges i.e., q1q2 > 0)
F12 F21
r21
(Unlike charges i.e., q1q2 < 0)
F12 F21
Also note that the force F12 on charge q1 due to charge q2 is obtained from above equation by simply
interchanging 1 or 2, i.e.,
= 3iˆ 5 ˆj kˆ – iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ
= 2iˆ 2 ˆj – kˆ
kq q
F12 12 2 rˆ12
r12
kq1q2
= 3 r12
r12
9 109 5 10 –6 3 10 –6 (2iˆ 2 ˆj – kˆ )
= 3
N
(2 2 1 )
2 2 2 2
27 5 10 –3 ˆ
=
27
2i 2 jˆ – kˆ N
= 10iˆ 10 jˆ – 5kˆ N
Again F12 – F21
F21 – 10iˆ 10 ˆj – 5kˆ N
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 11
33. (i) Show that path of a charge particle projected normal to an uniform electrostatic field is a parabola.
(ii) A particle of mass m and charge +q is thrown at a speed u against a uniform electric field E. How much
distance will it travel before coming to rest?
Sol. (i) Consider a charge +q of mass m is projected with speed u normal to uniform electric field as shown in
figure.
y
Electric field, E – Ejˆ
Initial velocity, u uiˆ +q u
m x
90º
– qE ˆ
acceleration, a j
m
E
1
r ut at 2
Instantaneous position of charge, is
2
1 ⎛ – qE ˆj ⎞ t 2
= (ut )iˆ
2 ⎜⎝ m ⎟
⎠
⎛ qEt 2 ⎞
= (ut )iˆ – ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ˆj
⎝ 2m ⎠
= xiˆ – yjˆ
x
x-co-ordinate of position x = ut t
u
2
qEt 2 qE ⎛ x ⎞
2m ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
y-co-ordinate of position y = =
2m
qE
y x2
2mu 2
y x2
v=0 u m
(ii) E
S +q
Initial velocity of charge u –uiˆ
qE qEiˆ qEiˆ
acceleration of charge
a , displacement S – Siˆ
m m m
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12 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Instantaneous velocity v at displacement S
2
v u 2 2a ·S
⎡ qE ˆ ⎤
0 u2 2 ⎢
i ·(–Siˆ)⎥
⎣ m ⎦
2 ⎛ qES ⎞
0 = u 2⎜ –
⎝ m ⎟⎠
mu 2
S
2qE
34. (i) Derive an expression for electric field due to a point charge at a distance r from the charge and express
it in vector form.
(ii) Four identical point charges of 4 C each are placed at the corners of a square of each side 0.1m.
Calculate the electric field at the centre of the square.
(iii) Calculate the electric field intensity at the centre, when one of the corner charges is removed.
Q r P E
q0 F
O
Electric field at point P, at position vector r due to charge Q at origin.
F
E (q0 = test charge at P)
q0
⎛ Qq0 ⎞
⎜ rˆ
2 ⎟
⎜ 40 r ⎟ Qrˆ
= ⎜ q0 ⎟ 4 r 2
0
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 13
(iii) If all charges are present
E A EB EC ED
0
E A EB EC
–ED
Q
EB = along OD
40 r 2
9 109 4 10 –6
=
⎛ 0.1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
= 36 2 10–4 N/C
35. (i) Two charges of a dipole –4 C and +4 C are placed at the points A(1, 0, 4)m and B(2, –1, 5)m located
in an electric field E 0.20iˆ V/cm . Calculate the torque acting on the dipole.
(ii) A Gaussian surface is shown in figure. Charges q1 and q2 are inside and charge q3 is outside the surface.
qin
Indicate the charges which contributes the electric field appearing in the formula ∫ E ·ds 0
.
q2
q1
q3
3 4
(iii) The electric field in a region is given by E E0 iˆ E0 ˆj with E0 2 103 NC –1. Find the flux of this field
5 5
through a rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 parallel to y-z plane.
–6
= 4 10 C AB
= 4 10 C ⎡⎣(2 – 1)iˆ (–1– 0) ˆj 5 – 4 kˆ ⎤⎦
–6
= 4 10 ⎡⎣iˆ – ˆj kˆ ⎤⎦ Cm
–6
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14 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
p 4 ⎡⎣iˆ – jˆ kˆ ⎤⎦ 10 –6 Cm
Electric field E 0.2iˆ V/Cm, 0.2iˆ 102 V/m
p E = 4 10 iˆ – ˆj kˆ (0.2 10 )iˆ Nm
–6 2
= 8 10 ⎡⎣kˆ ˆj ⎤⎦ Nm
–5
3 4
(iii) E E0 iˆ E0 ˆj
5 5
A 0.2m 2 iˆ (Area vector is normal to surface)
E · A
3
= E0 0.2
5
3
= 0.2 2 103 Vm
5
= 240 Vm
36. Derive an expression of electric field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
Sol. Let be the uniform surface charge density on the sheet. We take the X axis normal to the given plane.
E E
1 2
Y
By symmetry the electric field will not depend on Y and Z coordinates and its direction is always parallel
to the X-coordinate. We can take the Gaussian surface to be a rectangular parallelopiped of cross-section
area A. The electric flux is non zero for surface 1 and 2 as shown in figure and for other surfaces the flux is
zero.
qin
Flux = , by Gauss’s law
0
A
So 2 EA =
0
E = 2
0
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 15
37. Three charges of same magnitude q are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side length a. Find
the net force on any one of charges.
q
Sol. Net force on charge is = F02 F02 2F02 cos 60
a a
2
1 q
where F0 =
40 a 2 60°
F0 q
q a
3 q2
Net force F = 3 F0 = F F0
40 a 2
38. Find electric field inside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell having charge Q. If a charge q is placed at
the centre of this shell, how the electric field will change?
Sol. For thin spherical shell charge is always on the outer surface.
Consider a Gaussian spherical surface at distance r
qin + + +
∫ E · dS Q
+ + +
0
+ + +
O r
2 qin
E 4r
+ +
+
0
but qin = 0
E=0
qin = q
qin
E=
4r 2 0
39. Derive an expression for torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p , when it is placed in uniform external
field E .
Sol. qE
E
+q
a
a
–q
qE
Electric field is in upward direction as shown in figure force on positive charge is in upward direction and that
on negative charge is in downward direction.
Its direction is normal to the plane of the paper coming out of it.
The magnitude of p E is also pEsin and its direction is normal to the paper, coming out of it
p E
Sol. (a) The magntidue of charge on a body is independent of its velocity, it is invariant for all frames of reference
in relative motion. This is not always true for every scalar.
(b)
+q –q
41. Derive an expression for electric field inside a solid non-conducting sphere of charge Q, when the charge is
distributed uniformly. Also calculate electric field at the centre of sphere and electric field on the surface of
sphere.
Sol. R is radius of sphere and we want to calculate field at r. Consider a spherical Gaussian surface at distance r
from the centre. By symmetry electric field at this closed surface is always radially outwards.
+
Flux through this surface is + +
+ + +r+ +
q in + O +
E 4r 2 ...(1) + + + +
0 + R
+ +
+
charge Q is distributed uniformly
Q
charge per unit volume =
4
R 3
3
Q 4 3
qin = r
4 3
R 3
3
Qr 3
qin =
R3
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 17
Put value of qin in equation 1
Qr 3
E4r2 =
0R 3
1 Qr
E=
4 0 R 3
Q
On the surface, r = R E
4 0 R 2
42. Derive the expression for electric field on the axis of an electric dipole.
Sol. Let the point P be at distance r from the centre of the dipole on the side of the charge q as shown in figure.
Then
2a
P
r
–q p +q
–q
E– q = pˆ
4 0 (r a )2
where p̂ is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from –q to +q). Also
q
E q = pˆ
4 0 (r – a )2
Total field
q 4ar
E = E+q + E– q = pˆ
4 0 (r 2 – a 2 )2
For r >> a
4qa ⎛ 2p ⎞
E = pˆ ⎜ ⎟ pˆ
40 r 3 ⎜ 4 r 3 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
43. What is meant by the statement that the electric field of a point charge has spherical symmetry whereas that
of a linear charge of large length is cylindrically symmetrical?
Sol. Consider a charge q at the centre of a sphere of radius r. The magnitude of electric field at all points on the
surface of the sphere is given by
1 q
E= .
4 0 r 2
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18 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
E= , where is linear charge density.
20 r
Now, imagine a cylinder of radius r drawn with the line charge as axis. The electric field, due to the line charge,
at all points on the surface of the cylinder will be the same. So the electric field due to the linear charge has
cylindrical symmetry.
44. (a) A copper sphere of mass 2 g contains nearly 2 × 1022 atoms. The charge on the nucleus of each atom is
29 e. What fraction of the electrons must be removed from the sphere to give it a charge of +2.9 C?
2.9 10 –6
The number of electrons removed =
1.6 10 –19
2.9 10 –6
Fraction of electrons removed =
1.6 10 –19 29 2 10 22
= 3.125 × 10–11
(b) An electric line of force is an imaginary straight or curved line drawn in such a way that the tangent on it
gives the direction of electric force experienced by a positive charge at all points.
The tangent at a point on an electric line of force also gives the direction of the electric field at that point.
The relative closeness of electric lines of force in a certain region provides us an estimate of the electric
field strength in that region.
45. (a) Two infinite parallel planes have uniform charge densities +and –. What is the electric field between
the planes?
(b) How can you charge an ‘uncharged insulated conductor’ negatively by electrostatic induction?
Sol. (a) At a point P between the two planes, the electric fields due +ve and –ve charged planes are respectively
E ; E–
2 0 2 0 both are in the same direction.
–
P
Net field = 2 2 .
0 0 0
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 19
(b) First of all, bring a positively charged glass rod near the given conductor AB. The end A of the conductor
will be charged negatively while the end B will be charged positively as shown in figure.
+
–– +
––
– +
+
++ A + B
++
Keeping the glass rod near the conductor, the conductor is earthed as shown in figure.
– –– – – ––
++ – – ––
++ – – –––
++ A A – B
Finally, the glass rod and earth-connection are removed. The conductor AB acquires a negative charge.
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. Is the force between two point electric charges q1 and q2 kept at some distance apart in air, attractive or repulsive
when (i) q1q2 > 0, (ii) q1q2 < 0?
Sol. (i) Repulsive, like charges repel each other.
(ii) Attractive, unlike charges attract each other.
2. Name the physical quantity which has its S.I. Unit volt-meter
Sol. Electric flux, = EA
V
= m2
Vm
m
3. If F is the magnitude of force experienced by a charge of 2C at a distance of 1 cm from an infinitely large charged
sheet, then what will be the force experienced by the same charge placed at a distance of 2 cm from the same
sheet?
Sol. Same force, q
F qE nˆ . It is independent of distance.
20
4. A charge Q is placed at the centre of a cube. What is the electric flux coming out from any one face?
Q
Sol. Total flux through cube = 6(flux through each surface) =
0
Q
6
Q
6 0
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20 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
5. What is the angle between the directions of electric fields due to a dipole, at a point on axial line and a point on
equatorial line?
2p –p
Sol. 180º ; as, Ea and Ee
40 r 3 40 r 3
7. An electric dipole is free to move in a uniform electric field. Explain its motion when it is placed (i) parallel to the
field, and (ii) perpendicular to the field.
Sol. (i) When the dipole is placed parallel ( = 0º) to electric field as shown in figures then net force = qE – qE 0
–qE qE
E
–q +q
Net torque pE sin
=0
So the dipole will remain stationary.
(ii) When dipole is kept perpendicular ( = 90º) with electric field, as shown in figure
+q qE
E
90º
–qE –q
Net force = qE (– qE )0
But the forces qE and –qE produce a couple as a result it start rotate clockwise about axis normal to
E and P as shown in figure.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 21
8. Two point charges of +10C and +40C respectively are placed 12 cm apart. Find the position of the point, where
electric field is zero.
Sol. 10 C E 40 C
2 E1
1 2
x 12 – x
12 cm
E1 electric field due to 10 C and E2 is due to 40 C. At equilibrium E1 E2
0
E1 E2
10 40
x 2 (12 – x )2
12
x cm
3
x = 4 cm
9. Four point charges are placed at the four corners of a square in two ways (i) and (ii) as shown in figure. Will the
electric field at the centre of the squares be the same or different in the two configurations and why?
–q –q –q +q
–q +q +q –q
(i) (ii)
–q –q
Sol. (i) E0 E A EB EC ED
A B
EA
EC
= E A EC EB ED O
EB
ED
D C
= 2E A · EB – ED –q +q
(ii) E0 E A EB EC ED
–q +q
A B
EA
= E A EC EB ED ED
EB O
= 0 0
E A – EC and EB – ED D
+q
EC
C
–q
= 0
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22 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
10. Calculate the total charge enclosed by a closed surface, if the number of electric field lines entering it is 10,000
and leaving is 20,000.
Sol. Flux = Net number of lines leaving = 20,000 – 10,000 = 10,000
11. Three charges are placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side length l. Find the sign and magnitude of
charge q placed at centroid so that system of charges will be in equilibrium.
+Q
+Q +Q
Sol. For system of charges to be equilibrium net force on all individual charges q and Q are zero.
From symmetry force on the charge q, C
Q
= FA FB FC
0
3kQ | q | 2kQ 2 3
l2 l2 2
Q
| q |
3
–Q
q
3
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 23
12. Write two basic properties of charge.
If a system contains two point charges q1 and q2, then the total charge of the system is obtained simply
by adding algebraically q1 and q2, i.e., charges add up like real numbers or they are scalars like the mass
of a body. Charge has magnitude but no direction, similar to the mass. However there is one difference
between mass and charge. Mass of a body is always positive whereas a charge can be either positive
or negative. Proper signs have to be used while adding the charges in a system.
The total charge of the isolated system is always conserved. It is not possible to create or destroy net
charge carried by any isolated system although the charge carrying particles may be created or destroyed
in a process. For example, a neutron is unstable and after few minute it turns into a proton and an
electron. The proton and electron thus created have equal and opposite charges and the total charge is
zero before and after the creation.
All experiments so far have shown that all free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge
denoted by e. Thus charge Q on a body is always expressed by Q = ne, where n is any integer, positive
or negative.
This basic unit of charge is the charge that an electron or proton carries. By convention, the charge on
an electron is taken to be negative, therefore charge on an electron is written as –e and that on a proton
as +e. The fact that electric charge is always an integral multiple of e is termed as ‘quantization of
charge’. The quantization of charge was first suggested by the experimental laws of electrolysis discovered
by Michael Faraday. It was experimentally demonstrated by Millikan in 1912. In the international system
(SI) of units, a unit of charge is called a ‘coulomb’ and is denoted by the symbol C.
13. What is the relation between electric field intensity and the force? What determines the direction of the force
in an electric field?
Sol. F qE . Direction of force is determined by direction of E and nature of charge.
14. Electric field in the given figure is directed along +x direction and given by E = 50x + 10, where E is in
NC–1 and x is in meter. Calculate, (i) the electric flux through the cube (ii) the net charge enclosed within the
cube
y
10 cm
z
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24 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Sol. (i) G B
C A2
F
E2
A1 E1
A
x
O
E D
z
E (50 x 10)iˆ NC–1 is tangential to surfaces BCFG, CFED, ADEO and ABGO. So electric flux
Here
Electric field at surface OEFG, E1 ⎣⎡(50 0) 10 ⎦⎤ iˆ 10iˆ N/C and area of OEFG
A1
(10 10 –2 )2 – iˆ m2
–10–2 iˆ m2
Nm2
OEFG E1·A1 –10 –1 –0.1 Nm2C–1
C
= 15iˆ NC –1
Area of ABCD,
A 2 (10 10 –2 )2 iˆ m2
10 –2 iˆ m2
ABCD 15 10–2 Nm2C–1
E2 ·A2 0.15 Nm2C–1
= (0.15 – 0.1)Nm2C–1
= 0.05 Nm2C–1
= 5 × 10–2 Nm2C–2
(ii) Q = 0
= 4.425 × 10–13 C
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 25
15. Define the term electric dipole moment, and derive an expression for electric field intensity due to a dipole
on its axial line.
Sol. The dipole moment vector p of an electric dipole is defined as p 2aq ; i.e., it a vector whose magnitude
is charge q times the separation 2a (between the pair of charges q, –q) and the direction is along the line
from –q to +q. Its unit is coulomb-metre.
p
–q +q
2a
Let us calculate electric field at the point P at a distance r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line of the
dipole on the side of the charge q as shown in figure.
E+q E–q 2a
P q p –q
r
–q
E– q pˆ , where p̂ is the unit vector along the dipole moment vector.
40 (r a )2
q
E q pˆ
40 (r – a )2
The total field at P is
E Eq E– q
q ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ – ⎥ pˆ
40 ⎣ ( r – a )2
( r a )2 ⎦
q 4ar
= 4 2 2 2
pˆ
0 (r – a )
2(2aq )rpˆ
E
4 0 (r 2 – a 2 )2
2rp
4 0 (r 2 – a 2 )2
16. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 × 10–9 Cm is aligned at 30º with the direction of a uniform electric field
of magnitude 5 × 104 NC–1. Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on dipole and also indicate its
direction.
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26 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Sol. The magnitudes of the electric fields due to the two charges +q and –q are given by
q q
Eq and E – q and they are equal.
40 r a 2 2
40 r 2 a 2
The directions of E+q and E–q are as shown in the figure.
E +q
P E at P
E –q
p
q –q
2a
The components normal to the dipole axis cancel away. The components along the dipole axis add up.
The total electric field E at P is opposite to dipole moment vector p . So, we have
E – E q E – q cos
⎛ ⎞
–2q a ⎜∵ cos a ⎟
2 2
· 1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
40 (r a ) 2
(r a 2 ) 2 ⎜⎝ (r 2 a 2 ) 2 ⎟⎠
–2aq pˆ
E
4 0 (r 2 a 2 )3/2
–p
4 0 (r 2 a 2 )3/2
2p
For short dipole Ea
40 r 3
p
and Ee
40 r 3
Ea 2
2 :1
Ee 1
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 27
18. (i) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and express it mathematically. Using it derive an expression for electric
field at a point near a thin infinite plane sheet of electric charge.
(ii) Two plane sheets of charge having charge densities 1 and 2 are normal to each other. What will be the
magnitude of electric field at point O?
+
1
O
+
2
+
Sol. (i) It states that the electric flux through a closed surface S is equal to q where q is total charge enclosed
0
by S.
q
Mathematically :
∫
S
E·ds
0
x
1 2
E A E
surface
charge density
Fig. : Gaussian Surface for a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
Let be the uniform surface charge density of an infinite plane sheet. We take the x-axis normal to the given
plane. By symmetry, we assume that the electric field will not depend on y and z co-ordinates and its
direction at every point must be parallel to the x-direction.
We have taken the Gaussian surface as a cylinder (a rectangular parallolepiped will also do) of cross-sectional
area A as shown. As seen from the figure, only the two faces 1 and 2 will contribute to the flux (as between
E and A is zero on these faces). Electric field lines are parallel to other curved surface ( = 90º) and they,
therefore, do not contribute to the total flux.
The unit vector normal to surface 1 is in –x direction while the unit vector normal to surface 2 is in the +x
direction. Therefore, flux E·S through both the surfaces are equal and add up. Hence, the net flux through
the Gaussian surface is 2EA. Now the charge enclosed by the closed surface is A. Therefore by Gauss’s
law
A
2EA =
0
or, E =
20
vectorially, E nˆ
20
where n̂ is a unit vector normal to the plane and going away from it.
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28 Electric Charges and Fields Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
(ii) + 1
E2= j
20
1 E
1
E1= i
O 20
+
+
2
+
E1 E2
Field at O, E
1 ˆ 2 ˆ
= 2 i 2 j
0 0
E E12 E22
1
E 12 22 .
20
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