Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

Electrical and optical properties of materials

John JL Morton

Part 2: Dielectric properties of materials

D = 0 E + P (2.1)

D = 0 E + χe 0 E = 0 (1 + χe )E = 0 r E (2.2)

P
r = +1 (2.3)
0 E
V0 sin ωt
I = IR + IC = + CV0 ω cos ωt (2.4)
R
IR V0 /R 1
tan δ = = = (2.5)
IC CV0 ω ωCR

Z T Z 2π/ω  
1 ω V0 sin ωt
W = VI = V0 sin ωt + CV0 ω cos ωt dt (2.6)
T 0 2π 0 R

2π/ω
ωV02
 
1 − cos 2ωt
Z
W = + Cω sin ωt cos ωt dt (2.7)
2π 0 2R
V02 1 1
W = = ωV02 C tan δ = ωV02 C0 r tan δ (2.8)
2R 2 2
1 1
Z= = (2.9)
iωC iωr C0
1 Re(r ) Im(r )
Z= = 2
− (2.10)
iωC0 [Re(r ) + iIm(r )] iωC0 |r | ωC0 |r |2

0 C0 |r |2 Im(r ) 1 Im(r )

C = , R= 2
, and hence tan δ = = (2.11)
Re(r ) ωC0 |r | ωCR Re(r )

P = nαEloc , (2.12)

P cos θ
δEr = δA (2.13)
4π0 r2

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2. Dielectric properties of materials

ZZ
Es = δEr cos θ (2.14)
surface
π 2π
P cos2 θ 2
Z Z
Es = r sin θ δθ δφ (2.15)
θ=0 φ=0 4π0 r2
π
P cos2 θ
Z
Es = 2
2πr2 sin θ δθ (2.16)
θ=0 4π0 r
π
P cos2 θ
Z
Es = sin θ δθ (2.17)
θ=0 20
π
P cos3 θ

Es = (2.18)
20 3 0

P
Es = (2.19)
30
P
Eloc = E + (2.20)
30
r − 1 nα
= (2.21)
r + 2 30
 
−U
δn = C exp δU (2.22)
kB T
R
p cos θ dn
P =n R (2.23)
dn
Rπ  
pEloc cos θ
0
p cos θ C exp kB T
dU
P =n Rπ   (2.24)
0
C exp pEloc cos θ
kB T
dU
Rπ  
pEloc cos θ
0
p cos θ C exp kB T
pEloc sin θ dθ
P =n Rπ   (2.25)
0
C exp pEloc cos θ
kB T
pEloc sin θ dθ
R −1
x exp(xy) dx
P = n R1 −1 (2.26)
1
exp(xy) dx
 
1
P = np coth y − = npL(y) (2.27)
y

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Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

np2
P = Eloc (2.28)
3kB T
 2 
dx dx 2
m +γ + ω0 x = qE0 exp(iωt) (2.29)
dt2 dt
q 1
x = x0 exp(iωt) = 2
E0 exp(iωt) (2.30)
m (ω0 − ω 2 ) + iωγ

nq 2 1
P = np = nqx = 2
E0 exp(iωt) (2.31)
m (ω0 − ω 2 ) + iωγ

q2 1
α= 2
(2.32)
m (ω0 − ω 2 ) + iωγ

r − 1 nq 2 1
= 2
(2.33)
r + 2 3m0 (ω0 − ω 2 ) + iωγ
nα r − 1 r − 1
= ≈ (2.34)
30 r + 2 3

nq 2 1
r − 1 = 2
(2.35)
m0 (ω0 − ω 2 ) + iωγ

nq 2 (ω02 − ω 2 )
Re(r ) = 1 + (2.36)
m0 (ω02 − ω 2 )2 + ω 2 γ 2

nq 2 ωγ
Im(r ) = − (2.37)
m0 (ω02 − ω 2 )2 + ω 2 γ 2

nq 2 (ω0 − ω)
Re(r ) = 1 + (2.38)
2mω0 (ω0 − ω)2 + γ 2 /4

nq 2 γ/2
Im(r ) = − (2.39)
2m0 (ω0 − ω)2 + γ 2 /4

nq 2
If ω → 0, then r − 1 → (2.40)
m0 ω02

If ω → ∞, then r − 1 → 0 (2.41)

P (t) = P0 exp(−t/τ ) (2.42)

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2. Dielectric properties of materials

Z ∞
f (ω) = A P (t) exp(−iωt)dt (2.43)
0

P (t) = P0 exp(−t/τ ) (2.44)

Z ∞
r (ω) = A P0 exp (−t (iω + 1/τ )) dt (2.45)
0

AP0
r (ω) = +B (2.46)
1/τ + iω

r (0) = AP0 τ + B and r (∞) = B (2.47)

r (ω) − r (∞) 1
= (2.48)
r (0) − r (∞) 1 + iωτ
r (0) − r (∞)
Re(r (ω)) = r (∞) + (2.49)
1 + ω2τ 2
r (0) − r (∞)
Im(r (ω)) = ωτ (2.50)
1 + ω2τ 2