Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

Electrical and optical properties of materials

John JL Morton

Part 4: Maxwell’s Equations

E = f (z − vt) (4.1)

∂E ∂f ∂u ∂u
= , and =1 (4.2)
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂z
∂ 2E ∂ 2 f ∂u ∂ 2f
= = (4.3)
∂z 2 ∂u2 ∂z ∂u2
∂E ∂f ∂u ∂u
= , here = −v (4.4)
∂t ∂u ∂t ∂t
∂ 2E ∂ 2 f ∂u 2
2∂ f
= −v = v (4.5)
∂t2 ∂u2 ∂t ∂u2
∂ 2E 1 ∂ 2E
= (4.6)
∂z 2 v 2 ∂t2
 
2π
E = E0 cos (z − vt) (4.7)
λ

E = E0 cos (kz − 2πf t) (4.8)

E = E0 cos (kz − ωt) (4.9)

1 2
k2E = ω E or v = ω/k (4.10)
v2
δBy
(Eδx − (E + δE)δx) = δxδz (4.11)
δt
δEx δBy
=− (4.12)
δz δt

(Bδy − (B + δB)δy) = µJx δyδz (4.13)

δBy
= −µJx (4.14)
δz
1
4. Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism

 
∂By ∂Ex
= −µ Jx +  (4.15)
∂z ∂t
∂ 2 Ex ∂ ∂By
2
=− (4.16)
∂z ∂z ∂t
∂ 2 Ex ∂ ∂By
2
=− (4.17)
∂z ∂t ∂z
∂ 2 Ex
 
∂ ∂Ex
= µ0 0 (4.18)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 Ex ∂ 2 Ex
= µ 0 0 (4.19)
∂z 2 ∂t2
1 1
= µ0 0 or v = √ (4.20)
v2 µ0 0

µ0 = 4π × 10−7 Hm−1 and 0 = 8.854 × 10−12 s2 H−1 m−1 (4.21)

1
c0 = √ = 299 792 458 ms−1 (4.22)
µ0 0
1 c0
c= √ =√ (4.23)
µ0 µr 0 r r µr
c0 √
n= = r µr (4.24)
c

ikE0 exp(i(kz − ωt)) = iωB0 exp(i(kz − ωt)) (4.25)

E0 ω
= =c (4.26)
B0 k
r
Ex µE0 µ µ
Z= = = µc = √ = (4.27)
Hy B0 µ 

r
µ0
Z0 = = 377 Ω (= 120π Ω is a common approx.) (4.28)
0
r
µ0 µr
Z = µr µ0 c = (4.29)
0 r

2
Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

∂ 2 Ex ∂ ∂By
= − (4.30)
∂z 2 ∂z ∂t
∂ 2 Ex ∂ ∂By
2
=− (4.31)
∂z ∂t ∂z
∂ 2 Ex
 
∂ ∂Ex
=µ Jx +  (4.32)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 Ex
 
∂ ∂Ex
=µ σEx +  (4.33)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 Ex ∂Ex ∂ 2 Ex
= µσ + µ (4.34)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t2
p
k = µω 2 + iωµσ (4.35)

E = E0 ei(kz−ωt) = E0 ei(Re[k]z−ωt) e−Im[k]z (4.36)

r
σµω
Re[k] = Im[k] = (4.37)
2
r
2
δ= (4.38)
σµω
1 1
U = (D · E + B · H) = (Ex2 + µHy2 ), (4.39)
2 2
r
1 Ex2
r   
1  2 µ 2 2
cU = E + H = + ZHy , (4.40)
2 µ x  y 2 Z
Ex2
f lux = cU = Ex Hy = = ZHy2 (4.41)
Z

P=E×H (Pz = Ex Hy ) (4.42)