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சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
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174 tuyhW
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178 tuyhW
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188 òéæaš
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190 òéæaš
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192 Foikæaš
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194 Foikæaš
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196 Foikæaš
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198 Foikæaš
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© jäœehL muR
Kjš gÂ¥ò - 2012
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(bghJ¥ ghl¤Â£l¤Â‹Ñœ btëæl¥g£l K¥gUt üš)
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tuyhW
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2. 95
òéæaš
3. 102
Foikæaš
4. 109
5. 112
IV
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© jäœehL muR
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சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
TH TH
6 to 12
சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
TH TH
6 to 12
சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
TH TH
6 to 12
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
135
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¥
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136
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fhuâfŸ:
137
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t£l«
138
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
v‹W TWt®.
139
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140
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
141
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
142
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143
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144
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r®¡fiu
145
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146
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
147
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
148
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
24
149
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
br‹id‐mu¡nfhz« Ïiz¥ò,
br‹id‐br§fšg£L Ïiz¥ò,
br‹id‐F«äo¥ó©o Ïiz¥ò
k‰W« br‹id fl‰fiu‐nts¢nrç
mÂntf Ïuæš ngh¡Ftu¤J £l«
(MRTS).
150
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151
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
152
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
153
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
154
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
155
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156
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157
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V®brš
158
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4.
159
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3. ngçl® nkyh©ik
eh« thG« òéahdJ kh‰w« Ïl® v‹gJ mghafukhd ãfœÎ.
mil»‹w j‹id¤jhnd mªãfœÎ Ïa‰ifædhnyh,
rkãiy¥gL¤J»‹w f£L¥gh£L¤ kåjdhnyh V‰gL« bghGJ
bjhFÂahF«. eÅd fhy¤Âš fha§fŸ, cæ® ÏH¥ò k‰W« bghU£
»il¡f¡ Toa bjhiy¤ bjhl®ò nrj« V‰gL»‹wJ.
rhjd§fŸ _ykhf cy»‹ vªj
_iyæY« el¡»‹w ãfœÎfis
ngçl® v‹gJ bgU«
m¿a Ko»wJ. vçkiy bto¥òfnsh,
bghU£nrj¤ijÍ«, mÂf cæ®
òé m®¢Ánah mšyJ btŸs¥
ÏH¥igÍ« mnjhL R‰W¢ NHèš
bgU¡nfh v¢NHèY« kåj
bgU« kh‰w¤ijÍ« V‰gL¤j¡
rKjha¤Â‰F¡ nfL éisé¡f¡
ToaJ. mnjhL k£Lkšyhkš
ToaJ.
k¡fë‹ bghUshjhu, r_f, fyhrhu
g©gh£L thœ¡if Kiwæš bgU«
ghÂ¥ig V‰gL¤J»wJ.
160
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ngçliu mJ njh‹W« Ïl¤ij¥
bghW¤J Ïa‰ifædhš V‰gL«
ngçl® vdΫ, kåjdhš njh‹W«
ngçl® vdΫ tif¥gL¤jyh«. Ïš
gh¡f¥g£l k¡fS¡F czÎ, cil,
ÏU¥Ãl«, kU¤Jt trÂ, gz« k‰W«
rKjha cjé ngh‹w všyh¤
njitfS« ó®¤Â brŒJ MjunthL
rkhë¡f nt©oa xU ãfœthF«.
c§fS¡F¤ bjçÍkh?
2004 Ïš ϪÂa¥ bgU§flèš
V‰g£l Mê¥nguiyÍ« (Rdhä),
ngçl® nkyh©ik RH‰Á
2008Ïš Ódhéš V‰g£l
ãyeL¡fK« Ïa‰if¥ ngçlU¡F
vL¤J¡ fh£LfshF«. 1984Ïš ϪÂa¥ ngçl®
nghghèš elªj Jau ãfœthd nkyh©ikæ‹ mik¥ò
e¢RthÍ(ä¤ijš InrhiridL)
fÁÎ kåjdhš V‰gL¤j¥g£l njÁa ngçl® nkyh©ik
jiyt® - Ãujk®
ngçlU¡F vL¤J¡ fh£lhF«.
161
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162
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(M) g h  ¡ f ¥ g £ l g F  f i s m¤JiwfŸ:
ã®khâ¤jš k‰W« kWÓuik¥ò
brŒjš.
ngçl® JiwfŸ
163
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btŸs¥bgU¡»‹ ghÂ¥òfŸ
164
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òaš
òaš v‹gJ tëk©ly¤ jhœÎ
ϪÂahé‹ 7516 ».Û. ÚsKŸs
(m)Fiwªj mG¤j gFÂahF«.
fl‰fiuahdJ cyf madk©ly¥
òašfŸ mj‹ k¤Âæš Fiwªj
òayhš 10% gh¡f¥gL»wJ. ekJ
mG¤jK«, RH‹w fh‰W«
khãy¤Âš 13 fl‰fiu kht£l§fŸ
b f h © l j h F « . ò é æ ‹
Ï¥òayhš gh¡f¥gL»wJ. òašfŸ
tlnfhsh®¤j¤Âš Ï¡fh‰W fofhu¢ nk - #&‹ k‰W« m¡nlhg®- et«g®
RH‰ÁahfΫ, bj‹nfhsh®¤j¤Âš khj§fëš V‰gL»wJ. òašfŸ
v® fofhu¢ RH‰ÁahfΫ ÅR»wJ. v¥bghGJ« ntf¡ fh‰iwÍ«, kiH
Åœ¢ÁiaÍ«, btŸs¥ bgU¡ifÍ«,
" äfΫ mikÂahd, bjëthd, miy vG¢ÁiaÍ« cilajhf
nkf§fs‰w òaè‹ ika¥gFÂ òaè‹ és§F»wJ.
f©gF v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ. ϪÂah
òaš ghÂ¥ò gFÂfŸ
165
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òašfë‹ ghÂ¥ò k‰W« tw£Á V‰gLtJ g‰¿
mt‰iw¤ jâ¡fΫ, j§F« tr m¿ªÂU¥nghkhæ‹ bjë¥ò Ú®¥ghrd
gil¤j ÅLfŸ ml§»a Kiw, brh£L Ú®¥ghrd Kiw, FêÎ
k © l y § f i s Í « , r J ¥ ò V‰gL¤Â Ú®nj¡F« KiwfŸ,
ãy¡fhLfis v§bf§F ts®¡f bra‰if¡nfhŸ _y« gæçL« ãy«
KoÍnkh m§f§F ts®¥gJ ešyJ. m¿Í« Kiw, tw£Áia¤ jh§f¡
Toa jFªj gæ®fis¤ bjçÎ
tw£Á
brŒjš ngh‹w Ú®¥ ghJfh¥ò
kiH¥bghêÎ g‰wh¡Fiwædhš
E£g§fŸ _y« tw£Áæ‹
Ú©l fhykhf ãyΫ tw©l
jh¡f§fis¤ Fiw¡f KoÍ«.
thåiyia tw£Á v‹»nwh«.
tw£Áæ‹ j‹ikahdJ <u¤j‹ik òé m®Π– òéæ‹ nknyhL
FiwÎ, fhy msÎ, gh¡f¥g£l gF mirtJ (mšyJ) ef®tnj òé m®Î
M»aitfis¥ bghU¤JŸsJ. MF«. òéæ‹ c£gFÂæš V‰gL«
M‰wèdhš òé m®ΠV‰gL»wJ.
òé m®Î, bt¥g ryd bršfë‹
RH‰Á, vçkiy bto¥ò k‰W« ãy¥
gyiffŸ cuhÍ« nghJ V‰gL»wJ.
òé m®édhš c©lhF«
ghÂ¥òfŸ:
tw£Áahš gæ® ghÂ¥ò 1. òéæ‹ nk‰gu¥Ãš kh‰w¤ij
V‰gL¤J»wJ.
2. cæ® k‰W« bghU£nrj«
166
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c§fS¡F¤ bjçÍkh ? jäœeh£o‹ òé m®Î
òé m®Πnjh‹W« Ïl¤ij¥ k©ly§fŸ
òé m®Πika« (Focus) vd ϪÂah, eh‹F òé m®Î
miH¡»‹nwh«. äf mghakhd òé k©ly§fshf¥ Ãç¡f¥gL»wJ.
m®Π700 ».Û.¡F« mÂfkhd mitahtd, II, III, IV k‰W« V.
MH¤Âš mj‹òé m®Πika« mt‰WŸ k©ly« V m mgha ne®Î
mikªÂU¡F«. ãy eL¡f k©lykhF«. jäœehL äj k‰W«
ika¤Â‰F ne® vÂuhf¥ òéæ‹ Fiwªj mgha ne®Î k©ly¤ÂDŸ
nk‰gu¥Ãš mikªÂU¡F« Ïl¤ij tifpL brŒa¥g£LŸsJ. (III & II)
btëika« vd miH¡»‹nwh«. Úy»ç, ntÿ®, ÂUtŸq®,
òé m®tiyfŸ, Kj‹ik f‹åahFkç, br‹id, fhŠÁòu«,
miyfŸ mšyJ ‘P’ miyfŸ ÂUt©zhkiy, j®kòç, nry« k‰W«
ÂUbešntèæ‹ Áy gFÂfŸ äj
vdΫ, Ïu©lh« ãiy miyfŸ ‘S’
mgha ne®Î k©ly¤Âš tifpL
miyfŸ vdΫ nk‰òw miyfŸ
brŒa¥g£LŸsJ. Ïju kht£l§fŸ
mšyJ mj‰F mU»š gaâ¡F«
Fiwªj mgha ne®Î k©ly«II Ï‹Ñœ
miyfŸ ‘L’ miyfŸ vdΫ
tifpL brŒa¥g£LŸsJ.
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
jäœeh£o‹
jäœeh£o‹ òé
òé m®Î
m®Πika§fŸ
ika§fŸ
ϪÂah
k©ly« II
k©ly« III
k©ly« IV
k©ly« V
k©ly« III
k©ly« II
167
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Rdhä 24 kâ neu¤Â‰F« Fiwthd
neu¤Âš bgU§fl‰gu¥ò KGtJ«
flè‹ moæš V‰gL« òé gaâ¡f¡ ToaJ.
m®Îfëdhš mL¤jL¤J V‰gL«
mÂf msÎ Ú® bfh©l bgça msÎ
= Rdhäahš gh¡f¥g£lhš äj¡F«
miyfŸ Rdhä vd¥gL«.
xU bghUis Jizahf¡ bfh©L
Ï›tiyfshš bgUksÎ cæU¡F«,
cilikfS¡F« ghÂ¥ò Únuh£l¤Â‹ Âirænyna bršy
V‰gL¤JtJ mšyhkš R‰W¢ n t © L b k d ¥
NHèY« bgça jh¡f§fis gçªJiu¡f¥gL»wJ.
V‰gL¤J»wJ. fl‰gFÂæš cŸs
e‹Ü®¥ gFÂfëš kh‰w§fis = Ï‹W tiu V‰g£l Rdhäfëš
V‰gL¤J»wJ. gæçl¥gL« or«g® 2004Ïš ϪÂa¥
ãy§fëš flš Úiu¥ goa it¤J bgU§flèš V‰g£l Rdhäna äf
k©â‹ ju¤ij¡ Fiw¡»wJ. tèik thŒªjJ vd¡
fUj¥gL»wJ.
168
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fh£L¤ Ô
fh£L¤ Ôædhš R‰W¥òw¢ bjhê‰rhiy ég¤J
NHèš V‰gL« jh¡f§fŸ mst‰wd. ntÂæaš r«kªj¥g£l
fh®g‹-il-M¡iro‹ btëna‰w«
bjhêy§fŸ gšKid mgha
cyf bt¥gkakhjY¡F¡
ne®Îfis v®neh¡F»w
fhuzkh»wJ. cæçd¥ g‹ikæ‹
ÏH¥ò, Ú®¢ RH‰Á, xë¢nr®¡if bjhêyf§fshf mik»‹wd.
brašgh£o‹ FiwÎ, clšey¥ ghÂ¥ò c‰g¤Â, ngh¡Ftu¤J, nrä¥ò,
M»ait fh£L Ôædhš V‰gL« ga‹ghL k‰W« mf‰w¥gL»w
jh¡f§fshF«. fêÎfëš j§»éL»w ntÂæaš
fêÎ vd¥ gšKid mgha ne®ÎfŸ
fh£L¤ ÔæèUªJ cæ®fisÍ«, V‰gL»‹w Ïlkhf¤ bjhêyf§fŸ
cilikfisͫ
M»wJ.
(1) jL¤jš (2) f©LÃo¤jš
(3) Ôaiz¤jš M»a mo¥gil
Kiwfshš ghJfh¡fyh«.
169
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170
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= rhiy ég¤J¡fis¤ j鮡f 18 Mjhu«
taJ ãu«Ãa r£l¥go tH§f¥g£l 1. ngçl® nkyh©ik k‰W« ngçl®
X£Le® mDk¢ Ó£L cŸst®fŸ jâ¤jš Jiw, br‹id -5,
k£L« mDk¡f¥gLjš. jäœehL.
= bjhl®t©o¥ ghijfis
fl¡F«nghJ F¿pLfëš
ftå¥ò«, t©o bršY«
ghijfëš cŸs ÂwÎfŸ (Swing
barrier) ngh‹wit ftå¤jš
mtÁa«. MŸ cjé Ïšyhj
bjhl®t©o¥ ghijia fl¡F«
Ïl§fëš t©oæš ÏUªJ
Ïw§» ghijæ‹ ÏUòwK«
ftå¤J¡ fl¡f nt©L«.
rªnjfkhd bghUŸfis¤
b j h l h Ô ® f Ÿ . X L «
bjhl®t©oæèUªJ F¡f
nt©lh«.
171
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gæ‰Á
II) bghU¤Jf
1. kåj¥ òw¡fâ¥ò - ÂO® gå ef®Î
172
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4. ntWgL¤Jf.
Ïl®, ngçl®
173
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Ïl« - tF¥giw
ngçl® - òé m®Î.
4. tiugl¤ Âw‹
174
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175
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®
m¥gjéia¤
Kjš
176
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177
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bgU«gh‹ikia¥
mik¢r®fS¡F¤
c¤Âu¥Ãunjr«, MªÂu¥Ãunjr«
k‰W« #«K fhZÛ®.
178
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r£l¥nguit r£lnkyit
(ќ mit) (nkyit)
(nkyit)
179
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180
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® ®
181
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182
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c
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f k
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Ë
183
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cŸs FHªijfis
184
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fisͫ
185
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186
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®
¤ij
187
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188
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189
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bghUëaš
1. ϪÂa %ghŒ neh£L
190
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191
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192
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x‹gjh« tF¥ò
_‹wh« gUt«
128
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bghUsl¡f«
myF g¡f
v© jiy¥ò v©
r_f m¿éaš (128 - 200)
tuyhW
òéæaš
1. jäœehL-thâg« 149
2. jäœehL-k¡fŸbjhif 154
4. 172
Foikæaš
1. jäHf¤Â‹ j‰fhy¢ r_f¢Á¡fšfŸ 183
bghUëaš
1. rkãiy éiy 196
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129
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
130
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
131
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gÂdhwh« ÿæÍ« mtuJ
kidéahd nkç m©nlhd£L«
Âwika‰w M£Áahs®fŸ mt®fë‹
Ml«gu, bghW¥g‰w M£Á Kiwædhš
muÁ‹ tUthŒ bgUksÎ
brytê¡f¥g£L Ãuh‹° muR flåš
_œ»aJ.
1789 M« M©L gÂdhwh« ÿæ
k‹d® Ãuh‹Áš 1614 Ïš ÏUªJ
T£l¥glhkš ÏUªj °nl£° b#duš
v‹w mitia¡ fl‹g‰¿ éth¡f¡
T£odh®.
132
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muritæ‹
133
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Ïš
ghuhSk‹w¤jhš btëæ£l
134
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7)
8) 19 M« ü‰wh©oš njh‹¿a
ÃbuŠR¥ òu£Á Ϥjhè k‰W«
b#®kå ngh‹w ehLfëš njr¥g‰iw
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1. 'A Tale of two cities' ( ÏU efu§fë‹ fij ) v‹w Âiu¥gl¤ij¥ gh®¤J mJg‰¿
MŒÎiu vGJf.
2. »šy£o‹ khÂç x‹iw¤ jah® brŒf.
3. Ñœ¡ F¿¥ÃL« gl§fis¢ nrfç¤J c‹ JQ¡F¥ ò¤jf¤Âš x£o ÃbuŠR¥
òu£Áæš mitfë‹ g§F F¿¤J F¿¥ò vGJf.
m. nkç m©nlhbd£ M. bt®brŒš° mu©kid
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c§fS¡F¤ bjçÍkh ?
nehgš gçR
139
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140
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x‹gjh«
nj¡»d®
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t â f ® , n t s h s ® v ‹ w
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bkhêahf rk°»Uj¤ij
143
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fiy k‰W« f£ll¡fiy
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145
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146
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147
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148
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149
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cŸeh£L t®¤jf«
btëeh£L t®¤jf«
303
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151
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20
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51.55
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80.09
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159
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60
bfh©LŸsJ.
160
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51.55%
48.45%
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80.09%
161
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mÂf
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162
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163
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164
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òé bt¥gkakhjè‹ K¡»a¡
fhuz§fŸ
165
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thÍ¡fŸ fh‰iw khRgL¤J»‹wd.
fh‰W khriltjhš _¢R¡FHš
bjhl®ghd nehŒfŸ k‰W« Eiupuš
ò‰WnehŒ ngh‹wit V‰gL»‹wd.
b j h ê ‰ r h i y k ‰ W «
thfd§fëèUªJ btënaW« Ô§F
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khril»wJ. fh®g‹ nkhdh¡irL
k‰W« fh®g©ilM¡irL ngh‹w
166
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167
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
168
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169
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mÂntf
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173
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12
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9. tl¡F fhntç j®kòç
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176
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177
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kiH¡fhLfis
178
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179
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180
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181
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182
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183
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184
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$ ehuhazFU,
Rjªju¤Â‰F¥
185
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(bgçah®)
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186
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mofsh®,
187
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188
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Ït®fŸ
mik¥ò rh®ªj mšyJ mik¥ò rhuhj
bjhêènyh <LgL¤j¥glyh«. f«gs«
nghjhjjhš
189
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190
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191
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1970M«
192
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(Transgender)
193
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jhœ¤j¥g£l rKjha«
194
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6.
195
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196
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197
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MÁa éisah£L¥ ngh£ofŸ
MÁa ehLfS¡»ilna eh‹F M©LfS¡F xUKiw eilbgW« gšntW
éisah£L¥ ngh£ofŸ (VÁah£) kh®¢ 4, 1951 Ïš Kj‹ Kjyhf¥ òJ ošèæš
eilbg‰wJ. Ïš, gšntWg£l éisah£LfŸ éisahl¥g£L tU»‹wd.
ÏjDila Á‹dkhf¥ Ãufhrkhd c¡F« Nça‹ Ëd¥g£l tisa§fSl‹
cŸsJ. 17MtJ MÁa éisah£L¥ ngh£ofŸ 2014 Ïš bj‹ bfhçahéš cŸs
Ï‹¢Áahåš eilbg‰wJ. mL¤j ngh£o, 2018 M« M©L Ϫnjhndîahé‹
#fh®¤jhéš eilbgw cŸsJ.
c§fS¡F¤ bjçÍkh?
2014 MÁa éisah£L¥ ngh£oæš ÏªÂah
ehL j§f« btŸë bt©fy« bkh¤j« Ïl«
ϪÂah 11 10 36 57 8
nkçnfh« 4 x 400 Û
Mlt® Ah¡»¡ FG
ÃisbtŒ£ F¤J¢r©il bg©fŸ bjhl® X£l¡ FG
198
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199
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200
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சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
TH TH
6 to 12
சமச்சீர் புத்தகம்
சமூக அறிவியல்
TH TH
6 to 12
tuyhW
nkšãiy - Kjyh« M©L
jäœehL muR
Ïytr¥ ghlüš tH§F«
£l¤Â‹ Ñœ btëæl¥g£lJ
(é‰gid¡F m‹W)
Ô©lhik xU ght¢braš
Ô©lhik xU bgU§F‰w«
Ô©lhik kåj¤j‹ika‰w braš
jäœehL ghlüš k‰W«
fšéæaš gâfŸ fHf«
fšÿç¢ rhiy, br‹id - 600 006.
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© jäœehL muR
Kjš gÂ¥ò - 2007
ÂU¤Âa gÂ¥ò - 2016
kW g崘 - 2017
éiy : %.
ghl§fŸ jahç¥ò : jäœehL muR¡fhf
gŸë¡ fšé Ïa¡ff« jäœehL.
Ϫüš 60 í. v°. v«. jhëš m¢Ál¥g£LŸsJ.
ii
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myF 1 ghlntis
myF 2
myF 3
myF 4
iii
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myF 5
myF 6
15
13. bj‹åªÂa muRfŸ
myF 7
myF 8
iv
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QUICK LEARNING 4 TNPSC
myF 9
myF 10
v
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bghUsl¡f«
eÅd ϪÂa tuyhW
6. bksça¥ nguuR 44
8. r§f fhy« 63
9. F¥j¥ nguuR 71
vi
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ghl« -1
ϪÂahé‹ òéæaš TWfS«
tuyh‰¿š mt‰¿‹ jh¡fK«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Ïkhya kiyfŸ
ϪÂahé‹ tl¡F¥ gFÂæš Ïkhya kiyfŸ mikªJŸsd. ϪÂahé‹
tlnk‰F¡ nfhoæYŸs ghä® Ko¢Áš bjhl§F« ÏJ »H¡fhf Ú©L »l¡»wJ.
Ïj‹ Ús« »£l¤j£l 2560 »nyh Û£l®fshF«. ruhrç mfy« 240 Kjš 320 »nyh
Û£l®fshF«. Ïkhya¤Â‹ äf caukhd Áfu« vbtu°£ vd¥gL»wJ. flš
k£l¤ÂèUªJ Ïj‹ cau« 8848 Û£l®fshF«. irÕçahéèUªJ k¤Âa MÁah
têahf ÅR« fL« Fë® fh‰¿èUªJ ϪÂahit¥ ghJfh¡F« Ïa‰if muzhf
ÏkakiyfŸ Âfœ»‹wd. Ïjdhš, ϪÂahé‹ j£gbt¥g« M©L KGtJ« Óuhd
bt¥g¤Jl‹ fhz¥gL»wJ. Fë®fhy¤Âš Ïkhya¥ gFÂæš gå_o¡ »l¡»wJ.
vdnt Ïj‹ bgU«gFÂ thœtj‰nf‰wjhf Ïšiy.
1
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gilbaL¥òfëèUªJ ϪÂahit¥ ghJfh¡F« Ïa‰if¤ jL¥ghf
ÏkakiyfŸ ÏUªJ tªjd v‹w fU¤J Ú©lfhykhf ãyé tU»wJ.
Mdhš, tlnk‰F kiyfëš fhz¥gL« ifg®, nghy‹, F®u« nfhkš ngh‹w
fzthŒfŸ ϪÂahitÍ« k¤Âa MÁahitÍ« Ïiz¡F« vëa tê¤jl§fshf
mikªJŸsd. ϪJFZ, Riykh‹, »®jh® kiy¤bjhl®fëš Ï¡fzthŒfŸ
cŸsd. tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤Â‰F K‹ÃUªnj Ï¡fzthŒfŸ _y« ngh¡Ftu¤J
eilbg‰wd. gilbaL¥ghs®fS«, Fona¿fS« Ï¡fzthŒfŸ têahf
ϪÂahé‰FŸ EiHªjd®. Ϫnjh - Mça®fŸ, Ϫnjh-»nu¡f®fŸ, gh®¤Âa®fŸ,
rhf®fŸ, Fõhd®fŸ, A]z®fŸ, JU¡»a®fŸ ngh‹nwh® Ï¡fzthŒfŸ _ynk
ϪÂah tªjd®. Ï¥gFÂæYŸs “°th¤'' gŸs¤jh¡F« xU K¡»a tê¤jlkhF«.
khÁnlhåahé‹ mby¡rhªj® Ï›têahf¤jh‹ ϪÂahÛJ gilbaL¤jh®.
gilbaL¥ghs®fis¤ jéu, rka¥ gu¥ghs®fS«, tâf®fS«Tl Ï›tê¤jl§fŸ
_ykhf ϪÂahΡF tªjd®. vdnt, ϪÂahé‰F« k¤Âa MÁahé‰F« Ïilna
ãyéa tâf¤ bjhl®ò¡F« g©gh£L¤ bjhl®ò¡F« tlnk‰F kiyfëYŸs
fzthŒfŸ têtF¤jd.
fhZÛU¡F tl¡nf fhunfhu« kiy¤bjhl® cŸsJ. cy»‹ Ïu©lhtJ ca®ªj
Áfukhd kΩ£ fh£é‹ M°o‹ ϧFjh‹ cŸsJ. Ïkakiyæ‹ Ï¥gFÂæYŸs
fzthŒfŸ caukhfΫ Fë®fhy¤Âš gå gl®ªJ« fhz¥gL»‹wd. »ší¤
têahf k¤Âa MÁahé‰F bršY« fhunfhu« bgUtêÍ« ϧFŸsJ. Mdhš
Ϥjl¤Âš äf¡ Fiwthd ngh¡Ftu¤nj eilbgW»wJ.
2
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ÁªJ gŸs¤jh¡»‰F«, f§if¢
rkbtë¡F« Ïilna jh®¥ghiytdK«,
Mutšè F‹WfS« cŸsd. Mutšè
F‹Wfëš kΩ£ mò äfΫ caukhdjhF«
(5650 mo) Ïkakiyfëš c‰g¤ÂahF« f§if
e bj‰fhf Xo Ëd® »H¡F neh¡» ghŒ»wJ.
f§if e¡F Ïizahf XotU« aKid eÂ
Ëd® mjDl‹ x‹W fy¡»wJ. Ï›éU
eÂfS¡F Ïil¥g£l ãy¥gFÂ ‘njh M¥’
v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ. nfhkÂ, ruÍ, fh¡uh,
fh©l¡ ngh‹wit f§ifeÂæ‹ K¡»a
jh® ghiytd«
Jiz eÂfshF«.
ϪÂahé‹ »H¡F¥ gFÂæš f§if¢ rkbtëÍ« Ãu«kò¤Âuh rkbtëÍ«
x‹¿iz»‹wd. Ïka kiyfS¡F m¥ghš c‰g¤ÂahF« Ãu«kò¤Âuh e Âbg¤
têahf¥ ghŒªJ ϪÂahé‹ tl»H¡F¢ rkbtëia mil»wJ. rk btëæš
bkŸs C®ªJ bršY« ϪeÂæ‹ gu¥ò äfΫ éçtilªÂU¥gnjhL, gy ÔÎfisÍ«
bfh©LŸsJ.
3
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bj‰f¤Âa Ôgf‰g«
4
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Ï‹D« bj‰nf, fhéç¥ gŸs¤jh¡F äfΫ jå¤j‹ikbfh©l òéæaš
mik¥ig bfh©LŸsJ. nrhH¥ nguuÁ‹ mikélkhf mJ és§»aJ. g©il¡
fhy¤ÂèUªnj fhéç¥ gŸs¤jh¡F bkhê, g©ghL, ghu«gça« ngh‹wt‰W¡F òfœ
bg‰wjhF«.
bj‹åªÂa Ôgf‰g« Ú©l fl‰fiuia¡ bfh©oU¥gjhš Ï¥gFÂæš thœªj
k¡fŸ flšrh® elto¡iffëš bgçJ« <Lg£Ltªjd®. g©il¡fhy« bjh£nl,
flš thâg« Ï¥gFÂæš brê¤njh§»aJ. »H¡nf, #hth, Rk¤Âuh, g®kh, f«nghoah
ngh‹w gFÂfSl‹ thâf¤ bjhl®ò ÏUªJ tªjJ. thâg« jéu, ϪÂa¡ fiy,
rka«, g©ghL ngh‹witÍ« Ï¥gFÂfS¡F guéaJ. bj‹åªÂahé‰F«, »nu¡f-
nuhkhåaU¡F« Ïilna ãyéa t®¤jf« k‰W« g©gh£L¤ bjhl®ò tuyh‰W¥
òfœthŒªjitahF«.
5
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bkhê k‰W« g©gh£L xU§»iz¥ò¡fhd Ka‰ÁfŸ g©il¡ fhy¤ÂèUªnj
nk‰bfhŸs¥g£ld. ».K. _‹wh« ü‰wh©oš eh£o‹ bghJ bkhêahf
Ãuh»Uj« és§»aJ. ϪÂahé‹ bgU«ghyhd gFÂfëš fhz¥gL« mnrhfuJ
fšbt£L¡fëš Ãuh»uj bkhê ga‹gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ. g©ila fh¥Ãa§fshd
Ïuhkhaz«, kfhghuj« M»ad ehL KGtJ« gutyhf go¡f¥g£ld. tlbkhê
Ïy¡»a§fshd Ïitæu©L« gšntW ϪÂa bkhêfëY« vGj¥g£ld.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
6
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
m) Õlóä M) Ôgf‰g«
III. bghU¤Jf.
2. kΩ£ mò M. fhunfhu«
7
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VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. Ïkhya kiyfŸ
2. j¡fhz¥ Õlóä
4. g‹Kf¥g©gh£L rKjha«
8
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ghl« - 2
tuyh‰W¡F Kªija fhy
ϪÂahΫ Au¥gh g©ghL«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Ïil¡f‰fhy«
kåjFy thœ¡ifæ‹ mL¤j f£l¤ij Ïil¡ f‰fhy« v‹W miH¡»nwh«.
ÏJ Rkh® ».K. 10000 Kjš ».K. 6000 M©LfS¡F Ïil¥g£l fhykhF«. giHa
f‰fhy¤Â‰F« òÂa f‰fhy¤Â‰F« Ïilna V‰g£l kh‰w§fis Ï¡fhy tuyhW
vL¤Jiu¡»wJ. Ïil¡f‰fhy Á‹d§fŸ, F#uh¤Âš yh§f‹¢, k¤Âa Ãunjr¤Âš
Mj«fh®, uh#°jh‹, c¤Âu¥ Ãunjr«, Õfh® ngh‹w khãy§fë‹ Áy gFÂfŸ M»a
Ïl§fëš f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. ghiw¡ Fiffëš fhz¥gL« Xéa§fëèUªJ
Ïil¡f‰fhy k¡fë‹ r_f thœ¡if k‰W« bghUshjhu elto¡iffŸ g‰¿
xusÎ ô»¡f Ko»wJ. Ïil¡ f‰fhy¤Âš ntWtifæyhd f‰fUéfŸ
f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. äf¢ Á¿a f‰fshyhd Ïit bgU«ghY« mÂfg£r« IªJ
br‹oÛ£l® msitÍilajhF«. vdnt. Ït‰iw E©f‰fUé mšyJ ik¡nuhè¤
10
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v‹W miH¡»nwh«. nt£ilahLjš, czÎ nrfç¤jš M»ad Ï¡fhy¤ÂY«
bjhl®ªjd. bgça éy§FfS¡F¥gš Á¿a éy§Ffis nt£ilahLtÂY«,
Û‹ Ão¥gÂY« Ï¡fhy k¡fŸ mÂf ftd« brY¤Âd®. éš m«ig nt£il¡F¥
ga‹gL¤Âd®. nkY«, xnu Ïl¤Âš Ú©l fhy« j§» thG« ngh¡F« tsu¤
bjhl§»aJ. Mifahš, Ãuhâfis ts®¤jš, njh£l¥ gæçLjš, bjhl¡f¡fhy
ntsh©ik ngh‹w elto¡iffŸ Ï¡fhy¤Âš bjhl§»d. ehŒ, kh‹, g‹¿,
Ô¡nfhê ngh‹w éy§Ffë‹ vY«òfŸ »il¤JŸsik Ïj‰F rh‹whF«.
xU Áy Ïl§fëš E©f‰fUéfŸ k‰W« nknyhLfSl‹ nr®¤J rt ml¡f«
brŒa¥g£lj‰fhd rh‹WfS« »il¤JŸsd.
òÂa f‰fhy«
kåj ehfßf¤Âš F¿¥Ãl¤j¡f K‹nd‰w¤ij
òÂa f‰fhy¤Âšjh‹ fhzKo»wJ. òÂa f‰fhy«
Rkh® ».K. 6000 Kjš ».K. 4000 M©LfS¡F
Ïil¥g£ljhF«. ϪÂahé‹ gy gFÂfëš òÂa
òÂa f‰fhy¡ fUéfŸ
f‰fhy¥ bghU£fŸ »il¤JŸsd. fhZÛ® gŸs¤jh¡F,
Õfhçš Áuh©£, c¤Âu¥ Ãunjr¤Âš Õyh‹ rkbtë, j¡fhz¤Âš gy Ïl§fŸ
M»adΫ ÏÂyl§F«. bj‹åªÂahéš gy òÂa f‰fhy tÁ¥Ãl§fëš mfœ thŒÎ
nk‰bfhŸs¥g£LŸsd. f®ehlf¤Âš kh°», Ãu«k»ç, Ašÿ®, nfhnlfš, jäœeh£oš
iga«gŸë MªÂuÃunjr¤Âš c£}® M»a Ïl§fŸ mt‰¿š F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fit.
ntsh©ik, éy§Ffis ts®¤jš, f‰fUéfis gsgs¥gh¡Fjš,
k£gh©l« brŒjš ngh‹wit òÂa f‰fhy g©gh£o‹ Áw¥ò¡ TWfshF«.
jhtu§fis¥ gæçl¤bjhl§»ajhY«, Ãuhâfis ts®¤jikahY«, Xçl¤Âš
j§»thH K‰g£l òÂa f‰fhy k¡fŸ, »uhk rKjha§fŸ cUthfΫ tê tF¤jd®.
fUéfis cUth¡FtÂY«, kåjD¡F¤ njitahd rhjd§fis¥ gil¥gÂY«
bjhêšE£g¤Âš V‰g£l khWjšfis Ï¡fhy¤Âš bjëthf¡ fhzKo»wJ.
f‰fUéfŸ e‹F gsgs¥ghf Ô£l¥g£ld. nt£ilahLtj‰F«, ku§fis
bt£Ltj‰F« gsgs¥ghd Tça f‰nfhlçfŸ bgçJ« gaDilajhf ÏUªjd.
òšyhš Md FoirfS¡F¥gÂyhf, fëk© f‰fshyhd FoirfŸ mik¡f¥g£ld.
k£gh©l§fŸ brŒtj‰F r¡fu« ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. rik¥gj‰F«, czÎ
jhåa§fis nrä¤J it¡fΫ k£gh©l§fŸ ga‹g£ld. Ïwªnjhiu ml¡f«
brŒtj‰F bgça k©gh©l jhêfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld. rhFgo KiwfëY«
K‹nd‰w« fhz¥g£lJ. gšntW fhyf£l§fëš, gšntW Ïl§fëš, nfhJik, gh®è,
beš, Âid ngh‹wit gæçl¥g£ld. »H¡»ªÂahéš beš mÂf« gæçl¥g£lJ.
br«k¿ahLfŸ, MLfŸ, khLfŸ ts®¥ò gutyhf¡ fhz¥g£lJ. gæçLtj‰F«
ngh¡Ftu¤J¡F« fhšeilfŸ ga‹g£ld. gU¤Â k‰W« f«gë Milfis òÂa
f‰fhy k¡fŸ mâªjd®.
cnyhf fhy«
òÂa f‰fhy¤ij¤ bjhl®ªJ tªj fhy« br«ò f‰fhy« vd¥g£lJ.
Ï¡fhy¤Âš br«ò k‰W« bt©fy« M»a cnyhf§fŸ ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld. kåj
Fy tuyh‰¿š, cnyhf¤ij cU¡»th®¡F« bjhêšE£g¤ij f©LÃo¤jJ«
cnyhf¤Âyhd bghU£fis cUth¡» ga‹gL¤ÂaJ« K¡»a ãfœÎfshF«.
11
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Mdhš, f‰fUéfS« bjhl®ªJ ga‹gh£oš ÏUªJ tªjd. xU Áy
E©f‰fUéfŸ K¡»a¤Jt« bg‰W és§»d. Ï¡fhy¤Âš cnyhf jhJ¡fis¤
njo k¡fŸ beLªöu« gaz« brŒaΫ bjhl§»d®. Ïjdhš, br«ò - f‰fhy
g©ghLfS¡»ilna bjhl®òfŸ V‰g£ld. ϪÂahé‹ gšntW gFÂfëY« br«ò
f‰fhy¥ g©ghLfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.
12
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f®ehlf¤ÂYŸs Ašÿ®, kh°» MªÂu¥ Ãunjr¤ÂYŸs ehfh®Éd bfh©lh,
jäœeh£oš M¢r ešÿ® M»a Ïl§fŸ mt‰¿š F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fit. fšyiw¡
Fêfëš fU¥ò - Áf¥ò t©z¤jhyhd¥ ghidnahLfŸ, ÏU«ghyhd k©bt£o
k‰W« mçthŸ, ÁW MÍj§fŸ ngh‹wit fhz¥gL»‹wd.
Au¥gh ehfçf«
ÁªJ¥ gŸs¤jh¡»š nk‰F gŠrhÃYŸs Au¥gh ÁªJ khfhz¤ÂYŸs
bkhfŠrhjhnuh M»a ÏU Ïl§fëY«jh‹ Kj‹Kjèš mfœthŒÎfŸ
nk‰bfhŸs¥g£ld. Ï›éu©L Ïl§fS« j‰nghJ gh»°jhåš cŸsd. Ϫj
mfœthŒÎfë‹ gadhf xU Áwªj ehfßf« ÁªJ btëæš ÏUªjJ f©l¿a¥g£lJ.
bjhl¡f¤Âš Ϫj ehfçf« ÁªJbtë ehfçf« vd tH§f¥g£lJ. ÁªJbtë¡F
m¥ghY« Ϫj ehfçf¤Â‹ jl§fŸ guéæUªjikahš Ëd® ÏJ ‘ÁªJ ehfçf«’
v‹W miH¡f¥g£lJ. Kjèš mfœthŒÎ nk‰bfhŸs¥g£l Ïl¤ij ãidÎTW«
tifæš ‘Au¥gh ehfçf«’ v‹W« ÏJ tH§f¥gL»wJ.
K¡»a Ïl§fŸ
gšntW Ïl§fëš mfœthŒÎfŸ nk‰bfhŸs¥g£lnghÂY«, mt‰¿š
F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fit tUkhW : ÁªJéYŸs nfh£ oí, uh#°jhåYŸs fhèg§f‹,
gŠrhÚ %gh®, Açahdhéš Ãdthè, F#uh¤ÂYŸs nyh¤jš, f®nfhlhlh, k‰W«
njhyéuh. bgça efu§fŸ bgU«ghY« üW bA¡nl® gu¥gsit¡ bfh©litahF«.
ÁªJbtë efu§fënyna äf¥ bgçaJ bkhfŠrhjhnuh. ÏJ Rkh® ÏUüW bA¡nl®
gu¥ig¡ bfh©lJ vd kÂ¥Ãl¥gL»wJ.
njh‰wK« ts®¢ÁÍ«
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tsu¤ bjhl§»d. »uhk¥òw thœ¡ifæèUªJ k¡fŸ efuthœ¡ifiaÍ« nk‰bfhŸs
Mu«Ã¤jd®. M«ç, nfh£ oí M»a Ïl§fis Ϫj ãiy¡F vL¤J¡fh£lhf¡
Twyh«. Au¥gh g©gh£o‹ c¢rf£l¤Âš bgça efu§fŸ vG¢Ábg‰wd. fhèg§f‹
mfœthŒÎfŸ m§»Uªj efu mik¥òfisÍ«, ef®¥òw¡ TWfisÍ« e‹F
btë¥gL¤J»‹wd.
Au¥gh g©gh£o‹ ÏWÂãiyæš, mj‹ ÁijÎ bjhl§»aJ. nyh¤jš
mfœthŒÎfŸ Ϫj ãiy¡F j¡f vL¤J¡fh£lhf¤ Âfœ»‹wd. nyh¤jš efuK«
mj‹ JiwKfK« äfΫ Éfhy¤Âšjh‹ ãWt¥g£ld. btŸs¥bgU¡»èUªJ
ghJfh¡F« tifæš äf¥bgça jL¥ò¢Rtiu Ϫefçš fhzKo»wJ. bkrgnlhäah,
ϪÂahé‹ ÃwgFÂfŸ M»at‰W¡»ilæyhd äf¥ bgça thâg ikakhf nyh¤jš
ÂfœªjJ.
efu mik¥ò
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mik¡f¥g£LŸsd. cilfŸ kh‰Wtj‰F VJthf Fs¤Â‹ Xu§fëš jå miwfŸ
fhz¥gL»‹wd. Fëaš Fs¤Â‹ jiu¥gF br§f‰fshyhdJ. mU»èUªJ
bgça »z‰¿èUªJ Fs¤Â‰F j©Ù® bfh©Ltu¥g£lJ. Fs¤Â‹ xU _iyæš
j©Ùiu btëna‰W« FHhŒ mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ. Ï¡Fs« rl§Ffë‹nghJ
Fë¥gj‰F trÂahf mik¡f¥ g£oU¤jš nt©L«. bkhfŠrhjhnuhé‹ äf¥bgça
f£ol« mj‹ jhåa¡ fsŠÁakhF«. ÏJ 150 mo ÚsK« 50 mo mfyK« bfh©lJ.
Au¥gh efç‹ nfh£ilæš MW jhåa¡ fsŠÁa§fis¡ fhzKo»wJ.
bghUshjhu thœ¡if
ntsh©ik, bjhêš if¤bjhêš thâf« vd mid¤Jtif bghUshjhu
elto¡iffisÍ« Au¥gh g©gh£oš fhzKo»wJ. nfhJikÍ« gh®èÍ« K¡»a
éisbghU£fshF«. vŸ, fLF, gU¤Â ngh‹witÍ« gæçl¥g£ld äifahd
jhåa§fŸ fsŠÁa§fëš nrä¤J it¡f¥g£ld.
btŸshLfŸ, br«k¿ahLfŸ, vUJfŸ ngh‹wit K¡»a
ts®¥ò éy§FfshF«. FÂiuæ‹ ga‹ghL g‰¿ Ï‹D«
bjëthf tiuaW¡f¥gléšiy. kh‹ cŸë£l gšntW
éy§FfŸ czΡfhf nt£ilahl¥g£ld.
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r_f thœ¡if
fiyfŸ
vG¤J
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és§F»‹wd. vŠÁait mt‰¿‹ kh‰Wtot§fns. Au¥gh vG¤J¡fŸ bghJthf
tyäUªJ Ïlkhfnt vGj¥g£LŸsd. xUÁy K¤Âiufëš
Kjštç tyäUªJ ÏlkhfΫ. mL¤jtç ÏläUªJ
tykhfΫ kh¿kh¿ vGj¥g£LŸsd. °fh‹oneéahit¢
nr®ªj gh®nghyh k‰W« mtuJ cl‹gâah‰W«
m¿P®fS« Au¥gh k¡fë‹ bkhê Âuhélbkhêna v‹W
KoÎ brŒJŸsd®. nrhéa¤ m¿P® ÁyU« Ï¡fU¤ij
V‰»‹wd®. ntWÁy m¿P®fŸ Au¥gh vG¤J¡fis Ãuhä
vG¤JtifÍl‹ bjhl®ò¥gL¤J»‹wd®. Au¥gh vG¤J Au¥ghé‹ vG¤J
g‰¿a ò® Ï‹D« m霡f¥gléšiy. tot«
rka«
K¤ÂiufŸ, RLk© cUt§fŸ k‰W« br¥òéšiyfŸ ngh‹w rh‹WfëèUªJ
Au¥gh k¡fë‹ rka thœ¡if F¿¤J m¿aKo»wJ. mt®fsJ K¡»a M© flΟ
gRg (K‰fhy¤Âa Át‹). Âahdtoéš mk®ªÂU¡F« mtU¡F _‹W Kf§fS«
Ïu©L bfh«òfS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. eh‹F éy§FfŸ (ahid, òè, Ú®ahid, vUJ)
bt›ntW Âirfis¥gh®¤j t©z« mtiu NœªJŸsd. mtuJ ghj¤Âš Ïu©L
kh‹fŸ cŸsd. Ϫj cUt« K¤Âiufëš fhz¥gL»wJ. mt®fsJ K¡»a bg©
flΟ jhŒ¡ flÎshF«. Ïj‹ RLk© tot§fŸ »il¡»‹wd. Éfhy¤Âš è§f
têghL« fhz¥g£lJ. Au¥gh k¡fŸ ku§fisÍ« éy§FfisÍ« Tl têg£ld®.
ngŒfŸ, bf£l MéfŸ ngh‹wt‰¿‹ÛJ e«Ã¡if bfh©oUªj mt®fŸ, j§fis¥
ghJfh¤J¡ bfhŸs jha¤J¡fisÍ« mâªjd®.
Ïwªnjhiu¥ òij¤jš
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fU¤jhF«. nfh£ilfŸ gy mê¡f¥g£lJ F¿¤J ç¡ntj« F¿¥ÃL»wJ. nkY«
bkhfŠrhnjhuhéš f©blL¡f¥ g£LŸs kåj vY«ò¡Féaš mªefu« maytç‹
gilbaL¥ò¡F Mshdij btë¥gL¤Jtjhf cŸsJ. Mça®fël« tèikä¡f
MÍj§fS«, ntfkhf bršy¡Toa FÂiufS« ÏUªjJ F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fJ. Ïjdhš,
mt®fŸ ÁªJ btë¥gFÂæš j§fsJ M¡f¤ij vëjhf V‰gL¤ÂæU¡f¡ TL«.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia nj®Î brŒf.
m. fhèg§f‹ M. nyh¤jš
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III. bghU¤Jf
1. nfh£oí m. Açahdh
2. njhyéuh M. uh#°jh‹
3. fhèg§f‹ Ï. ÁªJ
1. br«ò f‰fhy«
2. bgU§f‰fŸ (bkfhè¤)
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ghl« - 3
ntj fhy¥ g©ghL
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
1. Mça®fë‹ ó®Åf«
Mça®fë‹ ó®Åf«
ntj Ïy¡»a§fŸ
‘餒 v‹w nt®¢ brhšèèUªJ ‘ntj«’ v‹w brhš ÃwªjJ. mj‰F ‘m¿jš’
v‹W bghUŸ. ntj« v‹whš "ca®thd m¿Î" v‹W« bghUŸ Twyh«. ntj§fŸ
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eh‹F - ç¡, a#&®, rhk, mj®t. Ϫj eh‹»Y« ç¡ntj« giHikahdJ. mš 1028
ghlšfŸ cŸsd.
r_f thœ¡if
21
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nfhrh, nyhgK¤uh ngh‹w bg© féP®fS« ç¡ntj fhy¤Âš thœªjd®. bghJ
mitfëY« bg©fŸ g§bfL¤J¡ bfh©ld®. Áwh® kznkh cl‹f£ilnaW«
‘rÂ’ tH¡fnkh ç¡ntj fhy¤Âš Ïšiy v‹gJ F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fJ.
bghUshjhu ãiyik
nkŒ¢rš ãy k¡fshf és§»a ç¡ntj fhyk¡fë‹ K¡»a¤ bjhêš
fhšeil ts®¥ghF«. fhšeilfis mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©nl mt®fsJ bršt«
kÂ¥Ãl¥g£lJ. tlϪÂahéš mt®fŸ ãiyahf¤ j§» thH¤ bjhl§»a Ëd®
ntsh© bjhêiy nk‰bfh©ld®. ÏU«Ã‹ gaid e‹Fz®ªÂUªj mt®fshš
btF vëjhf fhLfis ÂU¤Â gutyhd éis ãy§fis cUth¡f KoªjJ.
k‰bwhU K¡»a¤ bjhêš j¢Rntiy. fhLfis mê¡F«nghJ »il¤j Vuhskhd
ku§fshš Ϥbjhêš bgçJ« ga‹bg‰wJ. nj®fŸ, fy¥igfŸ ngh‹wt‰iw j¢r®fŸ
c‰g¤Â brŒjd®. cnyhf¡ fiyP®fŸ br«ò, bt©fy« k‰W« ÏU«ghyhd gšntW
bghU£fis c‰g¤Â brŒjd®. üš ü‰wš k‰bwhU K¡»a bjhêyhF«. gU¤Â k‰W«
f«gë MilfŸ c‰g¤Â brŒa¥g£ld. bgh‰bfhšy®fŸ Mguz§fisÍ«, Fat®fŸ
Å£L cgnahf¤Â‰fhd k£gh©l§fisÍ« c‰g¤Â brŒjd®.
rka«
ãy«, beU¥ò, fh‰W, kiH, Ïo ä‹dš ngh‹w Ïa‰if r¡Âfis ç¡ntj fhy
k¡fŸ têg£ld®. Ït‰iw flÎsuhf cUtf¥gL¤Â têg£ld®. ÃUÂé (óä), m¡å
(beU¥ò), thÍ (fh‰W), tUz‹ (kiH), ϪÂu‹ (Ïoä‹dš) M»a flÎs®fŸ ç¡ntj
fhy¤Âš òfœ bg‰¿Uªjd®. Kªija ntj fhy¤Âš ϪÂu‹ äfΫ òfœbg‰W
és§»dh‹. ϪÂuD¡F mL¤j ãiyæš ÏUªj m¡å flÎsU¡F« kåjU¡F«
Ïilna cwÎ¥ghykhf ÏUªjh®. Ïa‰if¢ rkãiyia ghJfh¡F« flÎshf tUz‹
és§»dh®. M¤Â, cõ° ngh‹w bg© flÎsU« Ï¡fhy¤Âš têgl¥g£ld®.
Mya§fnsh, Áiy têghnlh Kªija ntjfhy¤Âš Ïšiy. e‰ga‹fis v®gh®¤J
flÎsU¡F têghLfŸ brŒa¥g£ld. beŒ, ghš, jhåa« ngh‹wit gil¡f¥g£ld.
têgh£o‹nghJ gšntW rl§FfŸ Ëg‰w¥g£ld.
22
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êija ntjfhy« (».K. 1000 - ».K. 600)
êija ntjfhy¤Âš Mça®fŸ nkY« »H¡F neh¡» Ïl«bga®ªjd®. f§if
rkbtëæš Mça®fŸ j§fsJ ÏU¥Ãl¤ij éçÎ gL¤Âa étu§fis rjgj
Ãuhkz« F¿¥ÃL»wJ. êija ntj Ïy¡»a§fëš gšntW Mça Fy§fŸ k‰W«
muRfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥òfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. guªj muRfŸ vG¢Á bg‰wJ Ï¡fhy¤Âa
Áw¥ò¡ TwhF«. bjhl¡f¤Âš FU k‰W« ghŠrhy« M»a muRfŸ òfœbg‰W
és§»d. FU muÁ‹ òfœä¡f mur®fshf gçB¤, #dnk#a‹ M»nah® M£Á
òçªjd®. ghŠrhy®fë‹ Áwªj mur® ÃuthAd b#Œtè v‹gtuhth®. òyt®fis
Ït® ngh‰¿dh®. FU, ghŠrhy muRfë‹ Åœ¢Á¡F¥ ÃwF, nfhry«, fhÁ, énjf«
ngh‹w muRfŸ K¡»a¤Jt« bg‰wd. m#hjr¤U fhÁæ‹ òfœä¡f mur®. äÂiy
efiu jiyefuhf¡ bfh©l énjf eh£o‹ mur® #df®. a¡Pth¡a® v‹w òyt®
ÏtuJ mitia my§fç¤jh®. »H¡F¡ nfhoæš kfj«, m§f«, t§f« ngh‹w
muRfŸ ÏUªjd. êija ntj Ïy¡»a§fëš ÏªÂah _‹W bgU«ÃçÎfshf
F¿¡f¥g£LŸsd. Mçat®¤j« (tl ϪÂah), k¤anjr« (k¤Âa ϪÂah), j£Ázghj«
(bj‹åªÂah)
muÁaš ãiy
êija ntj fhy¤Âš bgça muRfŸ njh‹¿aij V‰fdnt F¿¥Ã£nlh«.
Ï¡fhy¤Âš gy Fy§fŸ mšyJ ‘#d’§fŸ x‹¿izªJ ‘#dgj§fŸ’ cUthæd.
muÁ‹ gu¥gsÎ bgU»ajhš murç‹ mÂfhuK« mÂfç¤jJ. jdJ tèikia¥
bgU¡F« neh¡f¤Jl‹ mur® gšntW rl§FfisÍ«, ntŸéfisÍ« brŒjh®.
uh#Na« (KoR£L éHh) m°tnkj« (FÂiu ntŸé) k‰W« th#nga« (nj®¥ ngh£o)
M»adΫ Ït‰WŸ ml§F«. uh# é°t#d‹, m»y òtdgÂ, Vfuj‹, rh«uh£
ngh‹w g£l§fisÍ« mur‹ N£o¡ bfh©lh‹.
ònuh»j®, nrdhå, »uhkâ jéu, êija ntj fhy¤Âš nkY« gy òÂa
mÂfhçfŸ M£Á¤ Jiwæš g§F t»¤jd®. fUñy mÂfhç, tçj©Lnth®, mur
öj® M»nahU« ÏÂyl§F«. »uhk rigfŸ cŸsh£Á mik¥òfëš m§f« t»¤jd.
êija ntj fhy¤Âš `rgh', `räÂ' v‹w mitfŸ bršth¡»Hªjd.
bghUshjhu ãiy
Ï¡fhy¤Âš ÏU«Ã‹ cgnahf« mÂfkhf¡ fhz¥g£lJ. Ïjdhš, k¡fŸ
nkY« gy td§fis mê¤J éisãy§is¥ bgU¡»d®. ntsh©ik K¡»a¤
bjhêyhf és§»aJ. òÂa tif fUéfŸ ntsh©ik¡F ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld.
gh®è jéu, beš k‰W« nfhJik gæçl¥g£ld. ãy¤J¡F cuäLjš xU K¡»a
K‹nd‰wkhF«. gšntW bjhêšfS« ts®¢Áailªjd. cnyhf ntiy¥ghLfŸ,
njhšbghU£fŸ, j¢R¤bjhêš, k£gh©l§fŸ ngh‹wit bgU« ts®¢Áailªjd.
cŸeh£L thâg¤njhL mašeh£L thâgK« bgU»d. flš thâg« êija
ntjfhy¤Âš tH¡»èUªjJ. ghÃnyhåah ngh‹w ehLfSl‹ t®¤jf«
nk‰bfhŸs¥g£lJ. thâa® v‹w rKf mik¥ò« Ï¡fhy¤Âš njh‹¿aJ. itÁaU«
thâf¤Âš <Lg£ld®. ‘fz§fŸ’ vd¥g£l thâf¡ FG¡fis mt®fŸ mik¤J¡
bfh©ld®. ç¡ntj fhy¤ÂèUªj ‘ãZf«’ v‹w ehza« jéu, rjkhd«, »UZzy«
v‹wiH¡f¥g£l j§f, btŸë ehza§fS« bryhtâahf òH¡f¤ÂèUªjd.
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r_f thœ¡if
rka«
Kªija ntjfhy flÎsuhd ϪÂuD«, m¡åÍ« êija ntj fhy¤Âš
bršth¡»Hªjd®. êija ntjfhy¤Âš Ãu#hg (gil¥ò¡ flΟ), éZQ (fh¡F«
flΟ), U¤u‹ (mê¡F« flΟ) M»a flÎs® K¡»a¤Jt« bg‰wd®. ntŸéfŸ nkY«
Ôéukhf Ëg‰w¥g£lnjhL, gšntW rl§FfS« m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£ld. têgh£o‹
K¡»a¤Jt« FiwªJ ntŸéfS¡F mÂf K¡»a¤Jt« tH§f¥g£lJ. órhç¤ bjhêš
e‹F Kiw¥gL¤j¥g£lnjhL gu«giu¤ bjhêyhfΫ kh¿aJ. ntŸéfS¡fhd
xG§FKiwfŸ mt®fshš V‰gL¤j¥g£ld. vdnt, êija ntj fhy¤Â‹
ÏWÂ¥ gFÂæš órhçfë‹ M¡f¤J¡F«, ntŸéfŸ, k‰W« rl§FfS¡F«
gy¤j v®¥òfŸ njh‹¿d. Ϥjifa ntŸéfS¡F vÂuhf njh‹¿anj ò¤j, rkz
rka§fshF«. ϪJ j¤Jt¤Â‹ rhukhf és§F« cgãlj§fŸ gaåšyhj Ϥjifa
ntŸéfis Mjç¡féšiy. Phd« v‹w c©ikahd m¿it¥ bgWtj‹ _ynk
nkh£r¤ij milaKoÍ« vd mit tèÍW¤Âd.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
Ϫj¥ ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJbfh©lJ.
1. eh‹F ntj§fŸ k‰W« êija ntj Ïy¡»a§fŸ.
2. ç¡ntj fhy muÁaš, rKf, bghUshjhu«.
3. ç¡ntj fhy k¡fë‹ rka«.
4. muÁaèY«, r_f¤ÂY« êija ntj fhy¤Âš V‰g£l
kh‰w§fŸ.
5. êija ntj fhy¤Âš mÂfç¤j rl§FfS« ntŸéfS«.
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. ntj§fëš gHikahdJ
m. ç¡ M. a#&®
Ï. rhk <. mj®t
2. ÃuthAd b#Œtè M£Áòçªj muR
m. énjf« M. fhÁ
Ï. FU <. ghŠrhy«
II. nfho£l Ïl¤ij ãu¥òf.
1. Ïuhkhaz¤Â‹ MÁça® ______________
2. Mçaç‹ ó®Åf« M®¡o¡ gF v‹W T¿at® ______________
III. bghU¤Jf
1. ãZf« m. êija ntjfhy ehza«
2. cõ° M. ç¡ntj fhy ehza«
3. mgyh Ï. bg© flΟ
4. »UZzyh <. bg© òyt®
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. xU brh‰bwhl® k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. ϪÂuD«, tUzD« êija ntj fhy¤Âš K¡»a flÎs®.
M. êija ntjfhy¤Âš kfë® ãiy K‹nd‰w« f©lJ.
Ï. êija ntjfhy¤Âš #hÂKiw fLikahf Ïšiy.
<. êija ntj fhy¤Âš räÂ, rgh M»at‰¿‹ K¡»a¤Jt« FiwªjJ.
V. ËtUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. Mu©af§fŸ ϪJ j¤Jt¤Â‹ rhu« vd¥gL»wJ.
2. êija ntjfhy¤Âš mur®fë‹ mÂfhu« bgU»aJ.
3. ç¡ ntj fhyk¡fŸ ÏU«ig m¿ªÂU¡féšiy.
4. ç¡ntj fhy¤Âš tUz mik¥ò Kiw e‹F nt%‹¿aJ.
VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. ntj fhy Ïy¡»a«
2. Mça®fë‹ ó®Åf«
3. ç¡ntjfhy kfë® ãiy.
4. ç¡ntjfhy rka«.
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VII. FW»a éil jUf. (100 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. ç¡ntj fhy muÁaš ãiy g‰¿ F¿¥bgGJf.
2. êij ntjfhy k¡fë‹ rka thœ¡ifia F¿¥ÃLf.
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ghl« - 4
rkz, ò¤j rka§fŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
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më¡f¥gléšiy. vdnt, mt®fŸ ò¤j, rkz rka§fis Mjç¡f¤bjhl§»d®.
thâf tF¥Ãduhd Ït®fŸ Ï›éu©L òÂa rka§fS¡F« kf¤jhd MjuÎ
më¤J ngh‰¿d®.
rkz rka«
kfhÅuç‹ nghjidfŸ
rkz rka¤Â‹ _‹W K¡»a nfh£ghLfŸ _‹W Ïu¤Âd§fŸ vd¥gL»‹wd.
mit :
- ešy e«Ã¡if
- ešy m¿Î
- ešy el¤ij
- bghŒ ciu¡fhik
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cz®»‹wd v‹W« fUÂd®. ntj§fë‹ M¡f¤ij kW¤j mt®, ntj rka¤Â‹
rl§Ffis v®¤jh®. òåjkhd, xG¡fkhd thœ¡ifia nk‰bfhŸt‹ Áw¥ig
mt® tèÍW¤Âdh®. ãy«, k© òG¡fŸ, éy§FfŸ ngh‹wt‰W¡F Ô§F éistjhš
ntsh©ik brŒtJTl ght« vd mt® fUÂdh®. mnjnghš, g£oå »l¥gJ,
Milia¤ Jw¥gJ, j«ik¤ jhnk J‹òW¤Â¡ bfhŸtJ ngh‹w eilKiwfëdhš
Jwtw thœ¡ifia mj‹ c¢rf£l¤Â‰nf kfhÅu® Ï£L¢ br‹wh®.
ò¤j rka«
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ngu¿Î (ã®thz«) »£oaJ. m¥nghJ mtU¡F taJ K¥g¤Â IªJ. mj‹ÃwF, mt®
ò¤j® mšyJ ‘xëbg‰wt®’ v‹W miH¡f¥g£lh®. bgdhuR¡F mU»YŸs rhueh¤
v‹w Ïl¤Âš ò¤j® jdJ KjyhtJ ciuia ãfœ¤Âdh®. mL¤j eh‰g¤Â IªJ
M©LfŸ Ïilélhj Ãu¢rhu¤ij mt® nk‰bfh©lh®. FÁefu« v‹wél¤Âš
jdJ v©gjhtJ taš mt® cæ® Ú¤jh®.
ò¤jç‹ nghjidfŸ
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ò¤j rka« guÎjš
ò¤jU¡F Ïu©L tif Ól®fŸ c©L - áFfŸ v‹w ò¤j rka¤ JwéfŸ,
cghÁf®fŸ v‹w rhjhuz ò¤j rka¤ij¤ jGéa k¡fŸ. ò¤juJ nghjidfis
gu¥òtj‰F, ò¤j rka¤ Jwéfis¡ bfh©l r§f« mik¡f¥g£lJ. M©,
bg©, rh ntWghLfë‹¿ midtU« r§f¤Âš cW¥Ãduhf nr®¡f¥g£ld®.
bg©JwéfS¡F mt®fsJ ÏU¥Ãl« k‰W« Ãuahz« F¿¤j f£L¥ghLfŸ
é¡f¥g£oUªjd. rçò£l®, bkh¡fy©z®, Mdªj® M»nah® òfœä¡f ò¤j
rka¤ Jwéfsht®. #dehaf Kiw¥go r§f« ã®t»¡f¥g£lJ. cW¥Ãd®fëilna
xG¡f¤ij brašgL¤J« mÂfhu« r§f¤Âl« ÏUªjJ. r§f« nk‰bfh©l mauhj
Ka‰Áfë‹ gydhf ò¤juJ thœehënyna ò¤jrka fU¤J¡fŸ tl ϪÂahéš
ntfkhf¥ guéaJ. kfj«, nfhry«, nfhrh«Ã k‰W« gy tlϪÂa FoauRfŸ
ò¤jrka¤ij V‰W¡bfh©ld. ò¤j® kiwªJ Vw¤jhH ÏUüW M©LfS¡F¥ ÃwF
bksça¥ nguur® mnrhf® ò¤jrka¤ij jGédh®. mnrhf® mD¥Ãa öJ¡ FG¡fŸ
_ykhf, nk‰F MÁah, Ïy§if M»a gFÂfS¡F« ò¤j rka« guéaJ. Á¿a rka¥
Ãçthf¤ njh‹¿a ò¤j rka« Ï›thW cyf rkakhf kh¿aJ.
ò¤jrka khehLfŸ
ò¤j® kiwªjÎlndna, kfhfrg® jiyikæš uh#»UA¤Âš Kjš ò¤j rka
khehL T£l¥g£lJ. ò¤juJ nghjidfë‹ öŒikia ghJfh¥gnj Ϫj kheh£o‹
neh¡fkhF«. Rkh® ».K. 383 M« M©L Ïu©lhtJ ò¤jrka khehL itrhèæš
eilbg‰wJ. mnrhfuJ Mjuéš ghlèò¤Âu¤Âš _dwhtJ ò¤jrka khehL
ToaJ. bkh¡fhèò¤j°[h Ïj‰F jiyik t»¤jh®. Ï«kheh£oš ÂçÕlf§fŸ
ÏWÂtot« bg‰wJ. tRä¤Âu® jiyikæš fhZÛçš eh‹fhtJ ò¤jrka kheh£il
fåZf® T£odh®. mRtnfhõ® Ï«kheh£oš g§nf‰wh®. Ï«kheh£ošjh‹ kfhahd
ò¤j rka« v‹w òÂa rka¥ ÃçÎ cUthæ‰W ò¤juhš ngh¡f¥g£lJ« mnrhfuhš
gu¥g¥g£lJkhd ò¤j rka« A&dahd« v‹W miH¡f¥g£lJ.
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ϪÂa¥ g©gh£o‰F ò¤j rka¤Â‹ g§fë¥ò
f‰wš milÎfŸ
Ϫj¥ ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJ bfh©lJ
1. ò¤j rkz rka vG¢Á¡fhd rka k‰W« Ãw fhuz§fŸ.
2. kfhÅuç‹ Ïsik¡ fhy thœ¡ifÍ« mtuJ _‹W Ïu¤Âd¡
nfh£ghLfS«.
3. bfsjk ò¤jç‹ Ïsik¡fhyK«, eh‹F c©ikfŸ, v© tif
têfŸ v‹w mtuJ nghjidfS«.
4. ò¤j rka¤ij Mjç¤jt®fŸ – r§f« ãWt¥g£lik ò¤jrka«
guéaJ.
5. ϪÂahéš ò¤jrka« kiwªjJ – k‰W« ϪÂa¥ g©gh£L
ts®¢Á¡F ò¤jrka« M‰¿a gâfŸ.
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. t®¤jkhd kfhÅu® Ãwªj Ïl«
m. fÃyt°J M. ghlèò¤Âu«
Ï. F©l¡»uhk« <. FRkòu«
2. ÂçÕlf§fŸ vªj bkhêæš vGj¥g£lJ?
m. tlbkhê M. Ãuh»Uj«
Ï. ghè <. ϪÂ
II. nfho£l Ïl¤ij ãu¥òf.
1. Kjš rkzrka khehL _________ v‹wél¤Âš _________v‹gtuhš
f£l¥g£lJ.
2. rkzrka Ïy¡»a¤Â‹ ÏW tot« _________ vd¥g£lJ.
3. mnrhf® ngh¤j ò¤jrka« _________ vd miH¡f¥g£lJ.
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. Kjš ò¤j khehL m. itrhè
2. Ïu©lh« ò¤j khehL M. fhZÛ®
3. _‹wh« ò¤j khehL Ï. uh#»UA«
4. eh‹fh« ò¤j khehL <. ghlèò¤Âu«
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. x‹W k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. eh‹F Óça c©ikfis kfhÅu® ngh¤jh®.
M. ghèbkhêia Ëg‰¿ajhš ò¤jrka« mêªjJ.
Ï. kfhahd ò¤j rka¥Ãçéd® Áiy têgh£il Ëg‰¿d®.
<. j¤Jth®¤jkhd éthj§fëš ò¤j® <Lg£lh®.
V. ËtUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. ò¤j® flΟ ÏU¥gij V‰fÎäšiy, kW¡fÎäšiy.
2. kfhÅu® jkJ Ól®fis IªJ K¡»a éuj§fis fil¥Ão¡f tèÍW¤Âdh®.
3. Kjš ò¤jrka khehL fhZÛçš fåZfuhš T£l¥g£lJ.
4. cy»‹ ÃwgFÂfS¡F ϪÂa¥ g©ghL guÎtj‰F ò¤jrka« fhuzkhæ‰W.
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VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. Âçu¤Âd§fŸ
2. rkz rka« ÃsÎgLjš
3. ÂçÕl§fŸ
4. _‹whtJ ò¤jrka khehL.
VII. FW»a éil jUf. (100 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. ϪÂahéš rkzrka« guéaij éthÂ.
2. ϪÂahéš ò¤jrka« kiwa fhuz§fŸ ahit?
VIII. éçthd éil jUf. (200 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. kfhÅuç‹ thœ¡if k‰W« nghjidfis étç.
2. ò¤jç‹ thœ¡if k‰W« nghjidfis RU¡» vGJf.
3. ò¤jrka« v›thW cyf rkakhæ‰W?
34
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ghl« - 5
kfj¤Â‹ vG¢ÁÍ«,
mby¡rhªjç‹ gilbaL¥ò«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
t¤r«
35
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mtªÂ
nfhry«
nfhry eh£o‹ jiyefu« mnah¤Â - Ïj‹ òfœthŒªj mur® Ãunrdí¤,
fšéæš Áwªjt®. kfj¤njhL kzÎwÎ bfh©lË mtuJ bršth¡F nkY«
mÂfç¤jJ. jdJ jªijia ëÃrhuD¡F kzKo¤J fhÁia kz¥ gçrhfΫ
bfhL¤jh®. Ëd®, m#hjr¤UÎl‹ nkhjš V‰g£lJ. ÏWÂæš Ãunrdí¤
ëÃrhuå‹ kfis kz«òçªJ bfh©lh®. mtuJ kiwΡF¥Ã‹ nfhry« kfj¤Â‹
xUgFÂahæ‰W.
kfj«
tlϪÂa muRfënyna kfj« tèikahfΫ tsikahfΫ vG¢Á bg‰wJ.
tl ϪÂa muÁaš elto¡iffë‹ ikakhf mJ ÂfœªjJ. kfj¤Â‹ òéæaš
mik¥ò k‰W« ÏuhQt K¡»a¤Jt« bg‰w mikél« Ïa‰if kfj¤Â‰F më¤j
bfhil vdyh«. f§if rkbtëæ‹ Ïil¥g£l gFÂæš kfj« mikªÂUªjJ
rhjfkhfnt fhz¥g£lJ. tskhd éisãy§fŸ, uh{ÑU¡fU»š ÏUªj ÏU«ò¡
fåts«, fahΡF mU»èUªj ÏU«ò¥ gok§fŸ M»ad Ïa‰if më¤j tukhF«.
m¡fhy¤Âš thâf tê¤jl¤Â‹ ika¤ÂY« kfj« mikªÂUªjJ F¿¥Ãl¤
j¡fjhF«. kfj¤Â‹ jiyefu« uh#»UA«, ëÃrhu‹, m#hjr¤U M»nahç‹
M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš kfj¤Â‹ bršt« mj‹ c¢rmsit v£oaJ.
36
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m#hjr¤U (».K. 494 - ».K. 462)
ÁRehf t«r«
eªj®fŸ
eªjt«r M£Áæš kfj¤Â‹ òfœ mj‹ c¢Á¡F br‹wJ. mt®fŸ bg‰w
bt‰¿fŸ f§if¢ rkbtë¡F m¥ghY« br‹wJ. tlϪÂah KGtijÍ« cŸsl¡»a
xU bgU« nguuir eªj®fŸ cUth¡»d®.
eªjt«r¤Â‹ tèikä¡f M£Áahs® kfhg¤keªj®. tlϪÂahéèUªj
õ¤Âça t«r¤jt®fis K¿ao¤j mt® Vfuj‹ v‹w g£l¤ij N£o¡ bfh©lh®.
kfhg¤k eªjç‹ éçthd gilbaL¥òfŸg‰¿ òuhz§fŸ F¿¥ÃL»‹wd. eªj®fŸ
fè§f eh£il if¥g‰¿ajhf fhuntyå‹ AÂF«gh fšbt£L F¿¥ÃL»wJ.
j¡fhz¤Â‹ bgU«gF eªj®fë‹ f£L¥gh£oš ÏUªjJ vd gy tuyh‰W m¿P®fŸ
fUJ»‹wd®. vdnt, kfhg¤k eªj® xU guªj nguuir cUth¡»dh® v‹gš kh‰W¡
fU¤J¡F Ïläšiy.
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ò¤j rka rh‹WfŸgo kfhg¤k eªj® g¤J M©LfŸ M£Á òçªjh®. mtiu¤
bjhl®ªJ mtuJ v£L òjšt®fS« xUt®Ã‹ xUtuhf kfj¤ij M£Á brŒjd®.
eªjt«r¤Â‹ filÁ mur® jdeªj®. kfj¥ nguuir f£L¡Fiyahkš mt®
fh¥gh‰¿dh®. Vuhskhd bršt¤ijÍ«, tèikä¡f giliaÍ« mt® it¤ÂUªjh®.
eªj®fë‹ bršt¢ brê¥ò g‰¿ r§f Ïy¡»akhd mfeh}‰¿š kh_ydh®
ghoÍŸsh®. eªj®fë‹ M£Á¥ gFÂæš ãyéa tskhd ntsh©ikÍ«, bghJthd
bršt¢ brê¥ò« muR¡ fUñy¤ij ãu¥ÃæUªÂU¡f nt©L«. jdeªj‹ Ëg‰¿a
fLikahd tçtNš Kiwia k¡fŸ v®¤jd®. Ïjid¢ rhjfkhf ga‹gL¤Â¡
bfh©l rªÂuF¥j bksçaD«, bfsošaU« eªj®fë‹ M£Á¡F vÂuhf xU
k¡fŸ vG¢Áia njh‰Wé¤jd®. Ï¡fhy¤Âšjh‹ mby¡rhªj® ϪÂahé‹ÛJ
gilbaL¤jh®.
ghuÓf gilbaL¥òfŸ
iru° (».K. 558 - ».K. 530)
m¡fnkåa¥ nguuÁ‹ äf¢Áwªj bt‰¿ahsuhf¤ Âfœªjt® kfh iru°.
ϪÂahé‰F vÂuhf gilbaL¤j Kjš gilbaL¥ghs® ÏtnuahF«. ϪÂahΡFŸ
EiHªJ fhªjhu¥ gFÂia if¥g‰¿dh®. ÁªJ e¡F nk‰»èUªj ϪÂa¥
gH§FofŸ mid¤J« mtçl« ruzilªjd. f¥g« f£lΫ x¥ò¡bfh©ld. mtuJ
kf‹ fh«ÃÁR¡F ϪÂahé‹ÛJ ftd« brY¤j neuäšiy.
38
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ghuÓf gilbaL¥Ã‹ éisÎfŸ
gilbaL¥ò¡fhd fhuz§fŸ
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iAlh°g° ngh®
f‰wš milÎfŸ
41
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. cjaz‹ m. nfhry«
2. Ãu¤nahj‹ M. mtªÂ
3. Ãunrdí¤ Ï. kfj«
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VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
2. iAlh°g° ngh®
3. iru°
43
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ghl« - 6
bksça¥ nguuR
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Ϫj¥ ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJ bfhŸtJ
1. bksça® tuyh‰W¡fhd rh‹WfŸ.
2. rªÂuF¥j bksçaç‹ rhjidfŸ.
3. mnrhfuJ rhjidfS«, mnrhfuJ j®k« guÎjY«.
4. bksça® M£ÁKiwæ‹ Áw¥ò¡ TWfŸ.
5. bksça®fhy fiy, f£ol¡ fiy.
6. bksça¥ nguuÁ‹ Åœ¢Á¡fhd fhuz§fŸ.
Ïy¡»a rh‹WfŸ
érhfj¤jç‹ K¤uhuh£rr«
44
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jU»wJ. bksça®fhy r_f« F¿¤j mtuJ t®zid F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fJ. mt® TW« xU
Áy e«g Ïayhj jftšfis äFªj v¢rç¡ifÍlndna fz¡»š bfhŸs nt©L«.
Ãw Ïy¡»a§fŸ
nk‰T¿a _‹W üšfŸ jéu, òuhz§fS« #hjf¡ fijfŸ ngh‹w ò¤j rka
Ïy¡»a§fS« bksça® tuyhW F¿¤j jftšfis¤ jU»‹wd. Ïy§if üšfshd
kfht«r«, Ôgt«r« Ïu©L« Ïy§ifæš mnrhfuJ Ka‰Áahš ò¤jrka« guéa
tuyh‰iw¡ TW»‹wd.
bjhšèaš rh‹WfŸ
mnrhfuJ MizfŸ
1837 M« M©L n#«° Ãç‹br¥ v‹gtuhš Kj‹Kjèš mnrhfuJ
fšbt£LfŸ go¤j¿a¥g£ld. ghèbkhêæY«, xUÁy Ïl§fëš Ãuh»Uj
bkhêæY« mit vGj¥g£LŸsd. Ãu«ä tç tot¤Âš mit mikªJŸsd.
tlnk‰F ϪÂahéYŸs mnrhfuJ fšbt£L¡fŸ fnuhZ tçtot¤Âš
bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸsd. bkh¤j« gÂdh‹F bgça ghiw¡ fšbt£L¡fŸ cŸsd. mtuhš
òÂajhf if¥g‰w¥g£l gFÂæš Ïu©L fè§f¡ fšbt£L¡fŸ »il¤JŸsd.
K¡»a efu§fëš bgça ö© fšbt£L¡fŸ ãWt¥g£LŸsd. Ïit jéu,
Á¿a ghiw k‰W« ö© fšbt£LfS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. mnrhfuJ Mizfshd
Ïitaid¤J« mnrhfç‹ j®k« g‰¿Í«, jdJ mÂfhçfS¡F mnrhf® Ãw¥Ã¤j
MizfŸ g‰¿Í« TW»‹wd. gÂ_‹wh« ghiw¡ fšbt£L mnrhfuJ fè§f¥
nghiu¥g‰¿ F¿¥ÃL»wJ. jdJ nguuÁš j®k¤ij gu¥òtj‰fhf mnrhf® nk‰bfh©l
Ka‰Áfis VHhtJ ö© fšbt£L étç¡»wJ. vdnt, mnrhfuJ fšbt£L¡fŸ
mnrhfiu¥ g‰¿Í«, bksça¥ nguuR F¿¤J« m¿ªJ bfhŸs K¡»a rh‹Wfshf¥
ga‹gL»‹wd.
bksça®fë‹ muÁaš tuyhW
rªÂuF¥j bksça® (».K. 322 - ».K. 298)
bksça¥ nguuir ãWéat® rªÂuF¥j bksça®. mt® jdJ ÏUg¤Â
IªjhtJ taš eªjt«r¤Â‹ filÁ mur‹ jdeªjåläUªJ ghlèò¤Âu¤ij¡
if¥g‰¿dh®. Ïj‰F bfsoša® mtU¡F cWJizahf ÏUªjh®. bfsošaiu
rhz¡a® v‹W« éZQF¥j® v‹W« miH¥g®. f§if¢ rkbtëæš jdJ ãiyia
tY¥gL¤j¡ bfh©lË, rªÂuF¥j bksça® tlnk‰»š gilbaL¤J¢ br‹W ÁªJ
e tiuæyhd gFÂfis¡ if¥g‰¿dh®. Ëd® k¤Âa ϪÂahéš e®kij e¡F
tl¡»èUªj gFÂfŸ mid¤ijÍ« Ïiz¤J¡ bfh©lh®.
».K. 305 M« M©L tlnk‰F ϪÂahit M£Áòçªj mby¡rhªjç‹ gil¤
jsgÂahd brÿf° ãnflU¡F vÂuhf gilbaL¤jh®. mtiu K¿ao¤j rªÂuF¥j
bksça®, mtnuhL cl‹go¡if x‹iw brŒJ bfh©lh®. mj‹go, brÿf° ãnfl®
ÁªJe¡F m¥ghèUªj gFÂfshd mçah, munfhîah, bf£nuhîah ngh‹wt‰iw
bksça¥ nguuRl‹ Ïiz¤J¡bfhŸs r«k¤jh®. jdJ kfisÍ« bksça
ÏsturD¡F kzKo¤J¡ bfhL¤jh®. rªÂuF¥j bksçaU« brÿf° ãnflU¡F
gçrhf 500 ahidfis më¤jh®. »nu¡f eh£o‹ öjuhf bkf°jå° bksça
murit¡F mD¥Ã it¡f¥g£lh®.
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rªÂuF¥j bksça® jdJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Â‹ Koéš rkz rka¤ij jGédh®.
jdJ kf‹ êJrhuD¡fhf mçaizia¤ Jwªj mt®, g¤ughF jiyikæyhd
rkz¤JwéfŸ òilNH ikNU¡F mU»YŸs Áutzbgšnfhyhit tªjilªjh®.
m§F c©zhneh‹ÃUªJ cæ® Jwªjh®.
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mnrhfU« ò¤j rkaK«
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mnrhfuJ nguuR¥gu¥ò
mnrhfuJ j®k«
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jkJ nfh£ghLfS¡F c©ikahdtuhf¤ ÂfœªJ mt‰iw¡ fil¥Ão¤J
xG»dh®. mt® fdÎ fh©gtušy; khwhf xU eilKiw nkij. mtuJ j®k¡
bfhŸif cyf« mid¤Â‰F« bghJthdJ. kåj Fykid¤Â‰F« Ï‹iw¡F«
bghUªjtšyJ. fUizä¡f M£Á¡F«, nghçš bt‰¿ bg‰w ÃwF« nghiu¤
JwªJ mik¡bfhŸifia¡ fil¥Ão¤jik¡F« mnrhf® tuyh‰¿š Áwªj
K‹Djhuzkhf¤ Âfœ»wh® v‹W Twyh«. mtuJ nfh£gh£o‹ ika¡fU¤J kåj
Fy¤Â‹ eyidna tèÍW¤Jtjhf mikªÂUªjJ.
Éfhy bksça®fŸ
».K. 232« M©L mnrhf® kiwªjË bksça¥ nguuR Ïu©LgFÂfshf¥
Ãç¡f¥g£lJ nk‰F¥ gFÂæš mnrhfç‹ òjšt® Fzhs‹ M£Áòçªjh®. »H¡F¥
gFÂæš mnrhfuJ ngu‹fëš xUtuhd jruj‹ muruhf ÏUªjh®. gh¡oça
gilbaL¥òfë‹ éisthf nguuÁ‹ nk‰F¥ gF ӮFiyªjJ. jrujå‹ òjšt®
rh«Ãu v‹gtuJ M£Áæš »H¡F¥ gF k£L« f£L¡nfh¥ghf ÏUªjJ. bksça
t«r¤Â‹ filÁ muruhd ÃUf¤uj‹ v‹gtiu mtuJ gil¤jsg òZaä¤Âu
R§f‹ gLbfhiy brŒjh®.
bksça® M£ÁKiw
k¤Âa murh§f«
bksça® M£Á bjhl§» ϪÂahéš Koah£Á Kiw bgU« bt‰¿bg‰wJ.
bksçaU¡F Kªija fhy ϪÂahéèUªj FoauR k‰W« ÁWFG M£ÁKiwfŸ
Ó®Fiyªjd. g©ila ϪÂahé‹ Kj‹ik muÁaš nfh£gh£lhsuhf és§»a
bfsoša® Koah£Á Kiwia Mjç¤jnghÂY«, tu«g‰w Koah£Áia mt®
éU«géšiy. mur‹ jdJ ã®thf¤ij br«ikahf el¤Jtj‰F mik¢ruitæ‹
Mnyhridia¡ nf£fnt©L« v‹W mt® tèÍW¤Âdh®. vdnt, murdJ
M£Á¡F cjéahf kªÂç gçõ¤ v‹w mik¢ruit brašg£lJ. mš ònuh»j®,
kfhkªÂç, nrdhgÂ, Ítuh#‹ M»nah® ÏUªjd®. m‹whl mYtšfis ãiwnt‰w
mkh¤Âa®fŸ v‹wiH¡f¥g£l Áéš gâahs®fŸ ÏUªjd®. Ït®fis j‰fhy
ϪÂahéš gâah‰W« ϪÂa M£Á¥ gâ mÂfhçfnshL x¥Ãlyh«. mkh¤Âa®fis
nj®Î brŒÍ« Kiw F¿¤J bfsoša® étukhf¡ T¿ÍŸsh®. j®k¡ nfh£ghLfis¥
gu¥òtj‰fhf mnrhf® j®kkfhkh¤Âu®fis ãaä¤jh®. bksça® M£Áæš e‹F
Óuik¡f¥g£l M£Á¤Jiw brašg£lJ.
tUthŒ ã®thf«
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uhQt«
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khfhz, cŸsh£Á ã®thf«
ö©fŸ
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xUÁy °öÃfŸ k£Lnk vŠÁÍŸsd.
äfΫ Ãu«kh©lkhd njh‰w¥
bghèÎl‹ mik¡f¥g£LŸs rhŠÁ
°öÃ mnrhfuJ °öÃfS¡F
Áwªj vL¤J¡fh£lhF«. Kjèš mJ
br§f‰fshš cUth¡f¥g£L, mnrhfuJ
fhy¤Â‰F¥Ã‹ éçÎgL¤j¥g£lJ.
eh‹F
FiffŸ
Á§f§fŸ
mnrhf® k‰W« mtuJ òjšt® jruj‹ M»nahuhš
rhŠÁ °öÃ mÉéf®fS¡F bfhilahf më¡f¥g£l FiffŸ
bksça®fë‹ K¡»a ghu«gça Á‹d§fshf¤ Âfœ»‹wd. mt‰¿‹ c£òw¢Rt®fŸ
f©zhonghy bkUT£l¥g£LŸsd. JwéfŸ j§» thG« tifæš mit
mik¡f¥g£oUªjd. ò¤j fahΡF mU»YŸs ghuhgh® F‹WfëYŸs FiffŸ
bksça® f£ol¡ fiy¡F c‹dj rh‹WfshF«.
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f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. mnrhfuJ fè§f¥ngh® F¿¤j étu§fis më¥gJ
m. fè§f¡ fšbt£L M. 13 M« ghiw¡ fšbt£L
Ï. rhueh¤ ö© <. m®¤j rh°Âu«
2. mnrhf® jkJ Mizfis btëæl bgçJ« ga‹gL¤Âa bkhê
m. ghè M. tlbkhê
Ï. fnuhZÂ <. Ãu«ä
II. nfho£l Ïl¤ij ãu¥òf
III. bghU¤Jf
2. fè§f¥ ngh®
3. bkf°jå°
4. êJrhu‹
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ghl« - 7
bksçaU¡F¥ êija fhy ϪÂah
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
3. rhf®fS« gh¡oça®fS«.
4. fåZfç‹ rhjidfŸ.
R§f®fŸ
bksça®fë‹ gil¤jsgÂahf ÏUªj òZaä¤uR§f‹ v‹gtuhš R§f t«r«
ãWt¥g£lJ. bksça t«r¤Â‹ filÁ muriu¡ bfh‹Wé£L mt® mçaizia¡
if¥g‰¿dh®. tlnk‰F ϪÂahéš gilbaL¤j tªj gh¡oça »nu¡f®fëläUªJ
tl ϪÂahit ghJfh¥gnj R§f M£Á¡F m¥nghJ bgU« rthyhf ÏUªjJ.
»nu¡f®fŸ ghlèò¤Âu« tiu tªJ mªj efiuÍ« Áyfhy« M¡uä¤J¡ bfh©ld®.
ÏU¥ÃD«, òZaä¤u R§f® éiuªJ brašg£L ÏHªj gFÂfis clnd Û£lh®. tl
ϪÂahé‹ÛJ gilbaL¤j fè§f eh£L¡ fhuntyidÍ« v®¤J mt® nghç£lh®.
òZaä¤j R§f® itÔf Ãuhkz rka¤ij Mjç¤jh®. mt® Ïu©L m°tnkj
(FÂiu ntŸé) ahf§fis¢ brŒjh®. ò¤j rka¤jtiu mt® J‹òW¤Âajhf ò¤j
rka¢ rh‹WfŸ TW»‹wd. Mdhš, ò¤jrka fiyia òZaä¤Âu® Mjç¤jh®
v‹gj‰F tYthd rh‹WfŸ cŸsd. mtuJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš gh®A&¤, rhŠÁ M»a
Ïl§fëèUªj ò¤jrka Á‹d§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡f¥g£L éçÎgL¤j¥g£ld.
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f§if¢ rkbtëia mayt® gilbaL¥ÃèUªJ fh¥gh‰¿a éj¤Âš
R§f®fë‹ M£Á K¡»a¤Jt« bgW»wJ. g©gh£L ßÂahf neh¡»dhš, Ãuhkz
rka¤ijÍ«, FÂiu ntŸéiaÍ« R§f®fŸ òJ¥Ã¤jd®. itzt rka¤ijÍ«
tlbkhêiaÍ« R§f®fŸ ngh‰¿ ts®¤jd®. RU¡fkhf¡ T¿dhš, R§f®fë‹ M£Á
tu¥nghF« F¥j®fë‹ bgh‰fhy M£Á¡F f£oa«
TWtJnghy mikªjJ.
rhjthfd®fŸ
bghUshjhu ãiyik
rhjthfd® M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš thâfK« bjhêY« e‹F ts®¢Áailªjd.
tâf®fŸ j§fsJ thâg¤ij¥ bgU¡Ftj‰fhf tâf¡ FG¡fis mik¤J¡
bfh©ld®. Fat®fŸ, berΤ bjhêš brŒnth®, v©bzŒ c‰g¤Âahs®fŸ ngh‹w
iféidP®fS« fHf§fis V‰gL¤Â¡ bfh©ld®. f®õgz« v‹W miH¡f¥g£l
btŸë ehza§fŸ t®¤jf¤Â‰F ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld. rhjthfd®fŸ fhy¤Âš
mašeh£L t®¤jfK« e‹F brê¤jJ. j¡fhz¤ÂèUªj gšntW JiwKf§fis
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lhyä F¿¥Ã£LŸsh®. nk‰F j¡fhz¤ÂèUªj fšah© rhjthfd®fë‹ äf¥bgça
JiwKfkhF«. »H¡F¡ fl‰fiuæèUªj f©lfnryh, fŠr« v‹w JiwKf§fS«
Áw¥ò thŒªjit.
g©gh£L¡ bfhil
gh¡oça®fŸ
».K. _‹wh« ü‰wh©o‹ Ïil¥gFÂæš gh¡oçah, gh®¤Âah Ïu©L« Áçah¥
nguuÁèUªJ éLjiy bg‰wd. gh¡oçahé‹ »nu¡f M£Áahsuhd blbk£ça°
M¥fhå°jh‹, gŠrh¥ gFÂfis¤ jh¡» if¥ g‰¿dh®. j£rÓy¤ÂèUªJ
m¥nghnyhnlhl°, Ûdhªj® v‹w jkJ Ïu©L gil¤jiyt®fis k‰w gFÂfis¥
if¥g‰W«go mD¥Ã it¤jh®. m¥nghnyhnlhl° ÁªJ¥ gFÂia¡ if¥g‰¿
c{#æåtiu K‹nd¿dh®. Ûdhªj® kJuh tiu jkJ M£Áia éçÎgL¤ÂaJl‹
ghlèò¤Âu¤ij¡ if¥g‰wΫ Ka‰ÁfŸ nk‰bfh©lh®. Mdhš, òZaä¤u R§få‹
ngudhd tRä¤u‹ mtid v®¤J¥ nghç£L jL¤J ãW¤Âdh®.
rhf®fŸ
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Fõhd®fŸ
fåZfç‹ gilbaL¥òfŸ
fåZf® M£Á¡F tªjnghJ mtuJ nguuÁš
M¥fhå°jh‹, fhªjhu«, ÁªJ, gŠrh¥ M»a gFÂfŸ
ÏUªjd. Ëd®, mt® kfj¤ij¡ if¥g‰¿ ghlèò¤Âu«,
ò¤jfah tiu K‹nd¿¢ br‹wh®. fšAzç‹
T‰W¥go, fåZf® fhZÛ® ÛJ gilbaL¤J mjid¡
if¥g‰¿dh® v‹gJ bjëÎ. kJuh, °uht°Â, nfhrh«Ã,
bgdhu°, ngh‹wél§fëš mtuJ ehza§fŸ
f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. vdnt, f§if¢ rkbtëæ‹
bgU«gF mtuJ M£Á¡F£g£oU¤jš nt©L«.
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cUt§fS« bgh¿¡f¥g£oUªjd. ÏJ fåZf® Ãw rka§fŸÛJ bfh©oUªj rka
r»¥ò¤j‹ikia btë¥gL¤Jtjhf cŸsJ. fåZfuJ fhy¤Âšjh‹ kfhahd
ò¤jrka« njh‰Wé¡f¥g£lJ. ò¤j® ãWéa mnrhf® gu¥Ãa rka¤ÂèUªJ mJ
gšntW j‹ikfëš ntWg£oUªjJ. ky®fŸ, Mguz§fŸ, thrid¤ Âuéa§fŸ,
Ôg§fŸ bfh©L ò¤jU¡F têghLfŸ el¤j¥g£ld. Ï›thW, kfhahd ò¤j rka¤Âš
cUt têghL« rl§F KiwfS« ts®¢Ábg‰wd.
fhªjhu¡ fiy
kJuh fiy¥ghâ
f‰wš milÎfŸ
4. fåZfç‹ gilbaL¥òfŸ.
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia nj®Î brŒf.
m. bksça®fŸ M. Fõhd®fŸ
III. bghU¤Jf.
3. ghlèò¤Âu« Ï. Ûdhªj®
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3. rhjthfd®fŸ M£Á¡fhy¤Âš »H¡F¡ fl‰fiuæš ehÁ¡ K¡»a
JiwKfkhf¤ ÂfœªjJ.
1. bfsjäò¤u rjf®â
2. Ûdhªj®
3. mRtnfhõ®
4. kJuh fiy¥ghâ
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ghl« - 8
r§f fhy«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
r§f Ïy¡»a§fŸ
63
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Ãw rh‹WfŸ
muÁaš tuyhW
r§f fhy jäHf¤Âš nru, nrhH, gh©oa kuòfŸ M£Á òçªjd®. Ïy¡»a
F¿¥òfëèUªJ Ϫj kuòfë‹ tuyh‰iw xusÎ m¿ªJ bfhŸsyh«.
nru®fŸ
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nrhH®fŸ
gh©oa®fŸ
j‰fhy¤Âa bj‰F¤ jäœeh£oš r§ffhy¥ gh©oa®fŸ M£Á òçªjd®.
mt®fë‹ jiyefu« kJiu. beonah‹, gšahfrhiy KJFLä¥ bgUtGÂ,
Kl¤ÂUkhw‹ ngh‹nwh® K‰fhy¤Âa gh©oa k‹d®fsht®. Mça¥gilflªj
beLŠbrêa‹, nfhty‹ bfhšy¥glΫ, f©z» ÁdK‰W kJiuia vç¡fΫ
fhuzkhf ÏUªjt®. k‰bwhUt® jiyahy§fhd¤J¢ brUbt‹w beLŠbrêa‹.
e¡Ñu‹ k‰W« kh§Fo kUjdh® M»a òyt®fshš ngh‰w¥g£lt®. j‰fhy jŠir
kht£l¤ÂèUªj jiyahy§fhd« v‹w él¤Âš eilbg‰w nghçš vÂçfis
Åœ¤Âajhš mtU¡F Ï¥bga® tH§fyhæ‰W. Ï›bt‰¿æ‹ gadhf, beLŠbrêa‹
jäHf¤ij jdJ f£L¥gh£oš bfh©L tªjh®. brê¥ghd JiwKfkhd bfh‰if
g‰¿Í«, gh©oa eh£o‹ r_f - bghUshjhu ãiyikfŸ F¿¤J« kh§Fo kUjdh®
kJiu¡ fhŠÁæš étç¤JŸsh®. c¡»u¥ bgUtG k‰bwhU Áw¥ò ä¡f gh©oa
mur‹. fs¥Ãu®fŸ gilbaL¥Ã‹ éisthf r§f fhy¥gh©oa®fŸ M£Á
Åœ¢ÁailªjJ.
FWãy k‹d®fŸ
r§f fhy¤Âš FWãy k‹d®fŸ K¡»a g§fh‰¿d®. ghç, fhç, Xç, ešè,
ngf‹, MŒ, mÂakh‹ v‹w filbaG tŸsšfŸ bfhil¡F¥ bga® bg‰wt®fŸ.
j䜥 òyt®fis Mjç¤J¥ ngh‰¿d®. nru, nrhH, gh©oa M£Áahs®fS¡F mt®fŸ
Ñœ¥goªjt®fŸ v‹w nghÂY« j¤j« M£Á¥ gFÂfëš tèikÍ« òfG« bg‰W¤
Âfœªjd®.
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nru k‹d®fŸ N£o¡ bfh©ld®. br‹å, tst‹, »Ÿë v‹gd nrhH®fë‹ g£l¥
bga®fshF«. bj‹dt®, Ûdt® v‹git gh©oa k‹d®fë‹ éUJ¥ bga®fshF«.
x›bthU r§ffhy mur FyK« j§fS¡nfÍça mur Á‹d§fis¥ bg‰¿Uªjd®.
gh©oa®fë‹ Á‹d« Û‹. nrhH®fS¡F òè, nru®fS¡F éš, m«ò. muritæš
FWãy¤ jiyt®fS« mÂfhçfS« ʼn¿Uªjd®. M£Áæš murU¡F cjéahf
bgU«Âushd mÂfhçfŸ ÏUªjd®. mt®fŸ IªJ FG¡fshf Ãç¡f¥g£oUªjd® -
mik¢r®fŸ, mªjz®fŸ, gil¤jiyt®fŸ, öJt®fŸ, x‰w®fŸ, r§f fhy¤Âš gil
ã®thf« Âw«gl Óuik¡f¥g£oUªjJ. x›bthU M£ÁahsU« ãuªju¥ giliaÍ«,
j¤jk¡Fça bfhoku¤ijÍ« bfh©oUªjd®.
muÁ‹ K¡»a tUthŒ ãytç. mašeh£L thâf¤Â‹ÛJ R§fK«
tNè¡f¥g£lJ. òfh® JiwKf¤Âš ãaä¡f¥g£oUªj R§f mÂfhçfŸ g‰¿
g£od¥ghiy F¿¥ÃL»wJ. nghç‹nghJ if¥g‰w¥gL« bfhŸis¥ bghU£fŸ
muR¡ fUñy¤Â‰F K¡»a tUthahf¤ ÂfœªjJ. rhiyfS« bgUtêfS« e‹F
guhkç¡f¥g£Ltªjd. bfhŸis k‰W« fl¤jš M»at‰iw jL¥gj‰fhf ÏuΫ
gfY« mit f©fhâ¡f¥g£ld.
- ghiy , tw©l óä
bjhêš - ntsh©ik
bjhêš - bfhŸisao¤jš
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eh‹F tif rhÂfŸ - mur®, mªjz®, tâf®, ntshs® - F¿¤J bjhšfh¥Ãa«
TW»wJ. MS« t®¡f¤Âd® mur® v‹wiH¡f¥g£ld®. r§f fhy muÁaš k‰W«
rka thœ¡ifæš mªjz® K¡»a g§F tÁ¤jd®. tâf®fŸ tâf¤ bjhêèš
<Lg£ld®. ntshs®fŸ g殤 bjhêš brŒjd®. gH§Fo Ïd¤jt®fshd gujt®,
ghz®, væd®, fl«g®, kwt®, òiya® ngh‹nwhU« r§f fhy rKjha¤Âš m§f«
t»¤jd®. g©il¡fhy bjhšgH§Fofshd njhl®fŸ, ÏUs®fŸ, ehf®fŸ, ntl®fŸ
ngh‹nwhU« Ï¡fhy¤Âš thœªjd®.
rka«
r§f fhy¤Â‹ Kj‹ik¡flΟ KUf‹ mšyJ nrnah‹. j䜡flΟ vd
mt® ngh‰w¥g£lh®. KUf têghL bjh‹ik thŒªjJ. KUf‹ bjhl®ghd éHh¡fŸ
r§f Ïy¡»a¤Âš F¿¥Ãl¥g£LŸsd. mWgil ÅLfŸ mtD¡nf cç¤jhdit.
khnah‹ (éZQ), ntªj‹ (ϪÂu‹), tUz‹, bfh‰wit ngh‹w flΟfisÍ« r§f
fhy¤Âš têg£ld®. Åu¡fš mšyJ eLfš têghL r§f fhy¤Âš K¡»a¤Jt«
bg‰W és§»aJ. ngh®¡fs¤Âš ÅudJ M‰wiyÍ« Âahf¤ijÍ« ngh‰W« tifæš
mtdJ ãidthf Åu¡fš el¥g£lJ. jäœeh£o‹ gy gFÂfëš kiwªj Åu®fŸ g‰¿a
F¿¥òfŸ ml§»a Åu¡f‰fŸ f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. Ϥjifa Ú¤njh® têghL
äfΫ bjh‹ikahdjhF«.
kfë® ãiy
E©fiyfŸ
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r§f fhy¥ bghUshjhu«
ntsh©ik K¡»a¤ bjhêš MF«. beš K¡»a¥ gæ®. nfœtuF, fU«ò, gU¤Â,
äsF, ÏŠÁ, kŠrŸ, Ïyt§f«, gšntW gHtiffŸ ngh‹witÍ« gæçl¥g£ld. gyh,
äsF Ïu©L¡F« nru ehL òfœ bg‰wjhF«. nrhH eh£oY«, gh©oa eh£oY« beš
K¡»a gæuhF«.
r§f fhy¤Âš if¤bjhêšfŸ V‰w« bg‰¿Uªjd. berÎ, cnyhf¤ bjhêš,
j¢Rntiy, f¥gš f£Ljš, kâfŸ, éiyÍa®ªj f‰fŸ, jªj« M»at‰iw
ga‹gL¤Â Mguz§fŸ brŒjš ngh‹wit xUÁy if¤bjhêšfshF«. Ϥjifa
bghU£fS¡F ešy njitfŸ ÏUªjd. Vbd‹whš r§ffhy¤Âš cŸeh£L k‰W«
mašeh£L thâf« RWRW¥ghf eilbg‰wJ. gU¤Â k‰W« g£L ÏiHfis¡
bfh©L beŒa¥g£l JâfŸ ca®ªj juKilajhf ÏUªjd. ÚuhéiaélΫ,
gh«Ã‹ njhiyélΫ bkèjhd JâfŸ beŒa¥g£ljhf r§f Ïy¡»a¥ghlšfŸ
F¿¥ÃL»‹wd. ciwôçš c‰g¤Â brŒa¥g£l gU¤ÂahilfS¡F nkiy ehLfëš
bgU« njit fhz¥g£lJ.
cŸeh£L k‰W« mašeh£L t®¤jf« r§f fhy¤Âš e‹F Óuik¡f¥g£oUªjJ.
r§f Ïy¡»a§fŸ, »nu¡f - nuhkhåa üšfŸ k‰W« bjhšèaš rh‹WfŸ ÏJ
F¿¤j Vuhskhd jftšfis¤ jU»‹wd. t©ofëY« éy§FfŸ nkš V‰w¥g£l
bghÂfë‹ _ykhfΫ, tâf®fŸ bghU£fis bfh©Lbr‹W é‰gid brŒjd®.
cŸeh£L thâf« bgU«ghY« g©lkh‰W Kiwæ‹ mo¥gilænyna eilbg‰wJ.
bj‹åªÂahé‰F«, »nu¡f muRfS¡F« Ïilna mašeh£L t®¤jf«
eilbg‰wJ. nuhkhåa¥ nguuR njh‹¿a ÃwF nuhkhòçÍldhd thâg« Áw¥gilªjJ.
JiwKf¥g£odkhd òfh® mašeh£L tâf®fë‹ t®¤jfikakhf¤ ÂfœªjJ.
éiy kÂ¥ò ä¡f bghU£fis V‰¿tªj bgça f¥gšfŸ Ϫj JiwKf¤Â‰F tªJ
br‹wd. bjh©o, KÁ¿, bfh‰if, mç¡fnkL, ku¡fhz« ngh‹wit Ãw RWRW¥ghd
JiwKf§fshF«. mašeh£L thâg« F¿¤J ‘bgç¥òq°’ üè‹ MÁça® gy
mça jftšfis¡ T¿ÍŸsh®. mf°l°, ilÕça°, Únuh ngh‹w nuhkhåa¥
nguur®fŸ btëæ£l j§f« k‰W« btŸëahyhd ehza§fŸ jäHf¤Â‹ gšntW
gFÂfëš Vuhskhf¡ »il¡»‹wd. r§f fhy¤Ây eilbg‰w thâf¤Â‹
msÎ k‰W« jäœeh£oš nuhkhåa tâf®fë‹ brašghLfŸ M»at‰iw Ïit
btë¥gL¤Jtjhf cŸsd. gU¤ÂahilfŸ, äsF, ÏŠÁ, Vy¡fhŒ, Ïyt§f«, kŠrŸ
ngh‹w eWkz¥ bghU£fŸ, jªjntiy¥ghL ãiwªj bghU£fŸ, K¤J¡fŸ k‰W«
éiyÍa®ªj f‰fŸ ngh‹wit r§f fhy¤Âš V‰Wk brŒa¥g£l bghU£fshF«.
j§f«. FÂiufŸ, Ïå¥ghd kJtiffŸ M»ad K¡»a Ïw¡FkÂfshF«.
r§f fhy¤Â‹ KoÎ
».Ã. _‹wh« ü‰wh©o‹ ÏWÂæš r§ffhy« bkšy KoΡF tu¤
bjhl§»aJ. Rkh® Ïu©liu ü‰wh©LfŸ jäHf¤ij fs¥Ãu®fŸ M¡uä¤J¡
bfh©ld®. fs¥Ãu®fŸ M£ÁF¿¤J ek¡F brh‰g jftšfns »il¡»‹wd.
Ï¡fhy¤Âš ò¤j rkaK«, rkz rkaK« K¡»a¤Jt« bg‰¿Uªjd. Ëd®
fs¥Ãu®fis éu£oé£L tl¡F jäœeh£oš gšyt®fS«, bj‰F¤ jäœeh£oš
gh©oa®fS« j¤j« M£Áia ãWéd®.
68
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f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ bjçÎ brŒf.
m. rhjthfd®fŸ M. nrhH®fŸ
III. bghU¤Jf
1. bj‹dt® m. nru®fŸ
2. thdt® M. nrhH®fŸ
3. br‹å Ï. gH§FofŸ
69
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IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. xU brh‰bwhl® k£Lnk rçahdJ.
1. g¤J¥gh£L
2. v£L¤bjhif
3. filbaG tŸsšfŸ
5. K¢r§f«
70
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ghl« - 9
F¥j¥ nguuR
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
2. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ rhjidfŸ
71
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Kjyh« rªÂuF¥j® (».Ã. 320 - 330)
bj‹åªÂahit¥ bghW¤jtiu
rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ bfhŸif ntWg£oUªjJ. mt®
bj‹åªÂa mur®fis mê¤J, m¥gFÂfis
nguuRl‹ Ïiz¤J¡ bfhŸs éšiy. khwhf,
mt®fis K¿ao¤j Ëd® Û©L« M£Á¥
gFÂfis mtutçlnk x¥gil¤jh®. jdJ
nkyh©ikia V‰W¡ bfhŸS khW mt® rK¤Âu F¥jç‹ j§f ehza§fŸ
72
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tèÍW¤Âdh®. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ _‹whtJ gilbaL¥ò vŠÁæUªj tlϪÂa
mur®fis K¿ao¥gij neh¡fkhf¡ bfh©oUªjJ. x‹gJ mur®fS¡F vÂuhf
nghç£l mt® mt®fis mê¤J M£Á¥gFÂfis nguunrhL Ïiz¤J¡ bfh©lh®.
mt®fsJ bga®fS« fšbt£oš F¿¥Ãl¥g£LŸsd U¤unjt‹, kÂy‹, ehfj¤j‹,
rªÂut®k‹, fzgÂehf‹, ehfnrd‹, m¢Rj‹, eªÂ‹, ghyt®k‹. Ït®fëš
bgU«ghyhdt®fŸ ehf® FL«g¤ij nr®ªjt®fŸ. tlϪÂahéš bt›ntW gFÂfëš
M£ÁòçªJ tªjt®fŸ.
rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ nguuR¥gu¥ò
Ϫj ngh® bt‰¿fS¡F¥ ÃwF nkiy f§if¢ rkbtë, j‰fhy c¤Âu¥
Ãunjr¤Â‹ bgU«gFÂ, k¤Âa ϪÂahé‹ xU gFÂ, t§fhs¤Â‹ bj‹nk‰F¥
gF M»a gFÂfS« rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ M£Á¡F£g£lJ. Ï¥gFÂfëš mtuJ neuo
ã®thf« eilbg‰wJ. bj‰»š f¥g« brY¤J« muRfŸ ÏUªjd. nk‰»èUªj rhf
k‰W« Fõhd Á‰wuRfS« mtuJ M¡f¤Â‰F f£L¥g£nl ÏUªjd. j¡fhz¤Â‹
»H¡F¡ fl‰fiuæèUªj muRfS«, gšyt muR c£gl, mtuJ nkyh©ikia V‰W¡
bfh©oUªjd.
73
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rK¤ÂuF¥j® g‰¿a kÂ¥ÕL
74
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nk‰F ϪÂahit bt‰¿bfh©l‹ éisthf, nguuÁ‹ nk‰F všiy
muhÃa¡ flštiu Ú©lJ. Ïjdhš, ònuh¢, nrhguh, fh«ng cŸë£l JiwKf§fŸ
F¥j¥ nguuÁ‹ všiy¡FŸ tªjd. nkiy ehLfSldhd mašeh£L t®¤jf« F¥j¥
nguuÁ‹ f£L¥gh£oš tªjJ. c{#æå xU K¡»a tâf K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªj
efuhf ts®¢Á bg‰wJ. éiuéš mJ F¥j®fë‹ kh‰W¤ jiyefuhfΫ és§»aJ.
t§fhs¤Âš c‰g¤Âahd mH»a gU¤Â MilfŸ, Õfhç‹ mÎç¢ rha«, gdhu° g£L,
Ïkhya kiyfë‹ eWkz¥ bghU£fŸ, rªjd«, bj‹åªÂa thrid¤ Âuéa§fŸ
ngh‹wit Ϫj JiwKf§fS¡F v›éj jilÍä‹¿ bfh©L tu¥g£ld. ϪÂa¥
bghU£fis th§Ftj‰fhf nk‰f¤Âa tâf®fŸ nuhkåa j§f¤ij ϪÂahé‰F
bfh©LtªJ Fé¤jd®. Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j® btëæ£l gštif j§f ehz§fŸ
F¥j¥ nguuÁ‹ bršt¢ brê¥ò¡F milahskhF«.
Ãwbt‰¿fŸ
t§f¤Âš jdJ vÂçfë‹ T£oizit Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j® K¿ao¤jh®.
ÁªJ eÂia¡ flªJ br‹w mt® gh¡oçahit¡ if¥g‰¿dh®. m§F M£Áòçªj
Fõhd®fis mogâa¢ brŒjh®. Ϥjifa bt‰¿fëdhš, F¥j¥ nguuR nk‰F
khst«, F#uh¤ f¤Âath® tiu nk‰»š guéaJ. tlnk‰»š nguuÁ‹ všiy ϪJ
FZ kiy¡f¥ghš gh¡oçah tiu guéæUªjJ. »H¡nf t§fhs¤Â‹ »H¡F¥
gFÂtiuÍ« bj‰nf e®kij eÂia všiyahf¡ bfh©L« F¥j¥ nguuR és§»aJ.
ghïahå‹ tUif
75
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Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j® g‰¿a kÂ¥ÕL
F¥j® M£ÁKiw
76
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F¥j® M£ÁKiw F¿¤J ghïah‹ më¡F« jftšfŸ gaDŸsit.
F¥j® M£Á fUizä¡fjhf ÏUªjJ. k¡fsJ elkh£l¤Â‰F v›éj jilÍ«
ÏU¡féšiy. x›bthUtU« jå¥g£l RjªÂu¤ij mDgé¡f KoªjJ. jåeg®
thœ¡ifæš muÁ‹ jiypL fhz¥gléšiy. j©lidfS« fLikahdjhf
Ïšiy. mguhj« éÂ¥gnj bghJthd j©liz KiwahF«. x‰w® Kiw VJ«
Ïšiy. gaâfS¡F ghJfh¥òä¡f rhiyfŸ, ÂUl®fŸ gaä‹ik ngh‹wit
F¥j M£ÁKiwæ‹ Âwik¡F rh‹W gf®tjhF«. k¡fŸ bghJthf tsikahd
thœ¡ifia el¤ÂajhfΫ, F‰w§fŸ äfΫ Fiwthfnt ÏUªjjhfΫ ghïah‹
F¿¥ÃL»wh®. f§if¢ rkbtë KGtJ« v›éj gaK« Ïšyhkš gaz« brŒa
KoªjJ vd mt® F¥j¥ nguuÁ‹ M£Áæ‹ Áw¥ig òfœªJ TW»wh®. bkh¤j¤Âš,
bksça® M£ÁKiwiaél, F¥j® M£Á äfΫ RjªÂu¤j‹ikÍilajhfnt
fhz¥g£lJ.
r_f thœ¡if
ϪÂahéš F¥j®fŸ M£Á¡F K‹ò mayt® gilbaL¥òfŸ bjhl®ªJ
eilbg‰wd. m¤jifa mašeh£lt®¡F ϪÂa rKjha« Ïlkë¤J mt®fis
ϪÂahényna j§fΫ mDk¤jJ. Mdhš, F¥j® fhy¤Âš #hÂKiw äfΫ
fLikahf Ëg‰w¥g£lJ. Ãuhkz®fŸ rKjha¤Âš ca® m§f« t»¤jd®.
M£Áahs®fS«, brštªj®fS« mt®fS¡F Vuhskhd bfhilfis thç
tH§»d®. Ô©lhik tH¡f« Ï¡fhy¤Âšjh‹ bkŸs tsu¤bjhl§»aJ.
r©lhs®fŸ rKjha¤ÂèUªJ éy¡» it¡f¥g£ljhf ghïah‹ T¿ÍŸsh®.
Ϥjifa bfhLik g‰¿ Ód¥ gaâ étukhf¡ F¿¥Ã£LŸsh®.
77
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fiyÍ« g‹ghL«
78
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giwrh‰W»‹wd. ehza§fŸ ÛJ bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸs cUt§fŸ F¥j®fhy ehzaéaš
M‰wY¡F« òfG¡F« rh‹WfshF«. Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j®, j§f«, btŸë, br«ò
M»at‰whyhd gštif¥g£l ehza§fis btëæ£LŸsh®.
Ïy¡»a«
m¿éaš
79
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ngh‰w¥gL»wJ. thd Ïaš, n#hÂl«, òéæaš, f£ol¡ fiy, thåiy, éy§FfŸ,
kzKiwfŸ, rFd§fŸ vd gšntW jiy¥òfŸ Ϫüèš Ïl« bg‰WŸsd. mt®
vGÂa ÃUf¤#hjf« v‹w üš n#hÂl¡ fiy¡F mo¥gilahf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ.
kU¤Jt¤Jiwæš Áwªj nkijahd th¡gj® F¥j® fhy¤Âš thœªjt®. g©ila
ϪÂahé‹ kU¤Jt K«kâfëš mtU« xUt®. F¥j® fhy¤Â‰F K‹ò thœªj k‰w
ÏUt® rufU«, N°UjU«. ‘mZlh§f r«»uA«’ mšyJ kU¤Jt¤Â‹ v£L ÃçÎfŸ
v‹w üiy th¡gj® vGÂÍŸsh®.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. F¥j rfh¥j« bjhl§F« M©L
m. ».Ã. 310 M. ».Ã. 320
Ï. ».Ã., 330 <. ».Ã. 300
2. ehsªjh gšfiy¡fHf¤ij ãWéat®
m. rK¤ÂuF¥j® M. Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j®
Ï. FkhuF¥j® <. °fªj F¥j®
3. F¥j® fhy¤Âš thœªj kU¤Jt m¿P®
m. tuhAä»u® M. th¡gj®
Ï. ruf® <. N°Uj®
80
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II. nfho£l Ïl¤ij ãu¥òf
1. F¥j kuig njh‰Wé¤jt® _____________
2. ò¤j rka m¿P® tRgªJit Mjç¤jt® _____________
3. ‘rhfç’ v‹w éUJ¥ bgaiu¡ bfh©lt® _____________
4. fhëjhr® gil¤j fh¥Ãa§fŸ _____________
5. ÃUf¤ r«ïijæ‹ MÁça® _____________
III. bghU¤Jf
1. nkf öj« m. j©o‹
2. njé rªÂu F¥j« M. N¤uf®
3. jr Fkhu rçj« Ï. fhëjhr®
4. äU¢rfof« <. érhfj¤j®
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. x‹W k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. rK¤Âu F¥j® bj‹åªÂahéš if¥g‰¿a mid¤J¥ gFÂfisÍ« nguuRl‹
Ïiz¤J¡ bfh©lh®.
M. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ ‘j£rzghjh’ gilbaL¥ig¥ g‰¿ ghïah‹ étç¤JŸsh®.
Ï. rK¤ÂuF¥j® bj‹åªÂa mur®fis K¿ao¤J. Ëd® mt®fS¡F bt‹w
gFÂfis ÂU¥Ã¡ bfhL¤jh®.
<. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ tlϪÂa bt‰¿fëdhš F¥j® nguuR éçtilaéšiy.
V. Ë tUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. etu¤Âd§fŸ v‹W miH¡f¥g£l m¿P®fŸ rK¤ÂuF¥juJ mitia
my§fç¤jd®.
2. A&z®fŸ gilbaL¥òfëdhš F¥j¥ nguuR mêªjJ.
3. F¥j® fhy fiy ehfu« k‰W« Âuhél fiy¥ghâfŸ Ïu©ilÍ«
Ëg‰¿ajhF«.
4. F¥j®fŸ tlbkhêia Mjç¤jd®.
VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. myfhgh¤ fšö© fšbt£L
2. rK¤Âu F¥jç‹ j£Ázghjh gilbaL¥ò
3. Mçag£l®
4. F¥j® fhy¤Âa cnyhf fiy
81
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VII. FW»a éil jUf (100 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. Ïu©lh« rªÂuF¥j® nk‰F ϪÂahit¡ if¥g‰¿ajhš V‰g£l éisÎfis
kÂ¥ÃLf.
2. ϪÂahé‰F ghïah‹ tUif k‰W« mtuJ F¿¥òfŸ g‰¿ bjhF¤J vGJf.
3. F¥j®fŸ M£ÁKiwæ‹ Áw¥ò¡ TWfis MŒf.
VIII. éçthd éil jUf (200 th®¤jifŸ)
1. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ rhjidfis bjhF¤J vGJf.
2. F¥j® fhy M£Áæš ãyéa r_f - bghUshjhu ãiyikfis étç.
3. F¥j®fë‹ g©gh£L g§fë¥ig MŒf.
82
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ghl« - 10
A®õ t®¤jd® (».Ã. 600 - 647)
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Ϫj¥ ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJ bfhŸtJ.
1. A®õ® g‰¿ m¿a cjΫ rh‹WfŸ.
2. A®õç‹ Ïsik¡fhy«
3. A®õç‹ ngh® elto¡iffŸ
4. ò¤j rka¤Â‰F A®õ® M‰¿ÍŸs bjh©L
5. ehsªjh gšfiy¡fHf«
A®õç‹ Ïsik¡fhy«
83
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A®õç‹ gilbgL¥òfŸ
84
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fndh{ nguit
myfhgh¤ khehL
Ãuahif v‹wiH¡f¥gL« myfhgh¤Âš eilbg‰w khehL g‰¿ Íth‹
Rth§ jdJ gaz¡ F¿¥òfëš étç¤JŸsh®. Iªjh©LfS¡F xUKiw A®õ®
T£L« khehLfëš x‹whfnt mJ ÏU¤jš nt©L«. mid¤J rka¥ Ãçédiu¢
nr®ªjt®fS¡F« A®õ® jdJ Vuhskhd bršt¤ij A®õ® thç tH§»dh®.
fUñy« fhèahd ãiyæš jdJ cilfŸ, mâfy‹fŸ mid¤ijÍ«Tl A®õ®
jhdkhf tH§»dh® v‹W Íth‹ Rth§ F¿¥Ã£LŸsh®. A®õ®ÛJ Íth‹ Rth§
bfh©oUªj kÂ¥ng Ϥjifa òfGiu¡F fhuz« v‹W TWyh«.
85
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A®õuJ M£Áæš r_f, bghUshjhu ãiyikfŸ
g©gh£L ts®¢Á
86
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F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fit. ehsªjh gšfiy¡ fHf« g‰¿ Íth‹ Rth§ étukhf¡
F¿¥Ã£LŸsh®. ‘ehsªjh’ v‹w brhšY¡F ‘m¿it më¥gt®’ v‹W bghUŸ. F¥j®
fhy¤Âš Kjyh« Fkhu F¥juhš ÏJ ãWt¥g£lJ. mtU¡F¥ Ëtªj M£Áahs®fS«,
A®õU« mjid Mjç¤jd®. gšfiy¡fHf¥ nguuÁça®fŸ g©oj®fŸ v‹W
miH¡f¥g£ld®. §fehf®, j®kghy®, °ÂukÂ, Áyg¤Âu® ngh‹wt®fŸ xU Áy
òfœä¡f g©oj®fŸ. fhŠÁòu¤ij¢ nr®ªj j®kghy® ehsªjh gšfiy¡ fHf¤Â‹
jiytuhfΫ ÏUªJŸsh®.
khzt®fŸ j§»¥ go¡F« cŸëU¥ò gšfiy¡fHfkhf ehsªjh és§»aJ.
czΫ, ÏU¥ÃlK« Ïytrkhf tH§f¥g£ld. üW Kjš ÏUüW »uhk§fëèUªJ
»il¤j tUthia¡ bfh©L mJ guhkç¡f¥g£lJ. mJ xU kfhahd gšfiy¡fHf«
v‹w nghÂY«, ntj§fŸ, Ëdahd¡ nfh£ghL, rh§»a k‰W« nahf j¤Jt§fŸ
ngh‹witÍ« ngh¡f¥g£ld. Ïij jéu, bghJthd ghl§fshd, j®¡f«, Ïy¡fz«,
thdÏaš, kU¤Jt«, fiy ngh‹witÍ« ghl¤Â£l¤Âš nr®¡f¥g£oUªjd.
EiHΤ nj®é‹ mo¥gilænyna khzt® nr®¡f¥g£ld®. EiHΤ nj®Î äfΫ
fodkhdjhf ÏUªjJ. bkh¤j khzh¡fëš K¥gJ rjé»j«ngnu mš bt‰¿ bgw
KoªjJ. éçÎiufis¤ jéu, éthj§fS« eilbg‰wd. tlbkhêna gæ‰Wbkhêahf
és§»aJ.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
87
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia nj®Î brŒf.
m. ghlèò¤Âu« M. bgõht®
III. bghU¤Jf
88
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VI. ÁW F¿¥ò tiuf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
3. fndh{ nguit
4. myfgh¤ khehL
3. A®õ® fhy¤Âa r_f« k‰W« M£Á g‰¿ Íth‹ Rth§»‹ T‰iw étç.
89
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ghl« - 11
bj‹åªÂa muRfŸ - I
gšyt®fŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
1. gšyt®fë‹ njh‰w«
3. gšyt® M£ÁKiw
jäœeh£oš r§f fhy« Koªj ÃwF, fs¥Ãu®fë‹ M£Á Rkh® 250 M©LfŸ
Úo¤jJ. Ëd® fhŠÁòu¤ij jiyefuhf¡ bfh©L bjh©il k©ly¤Âš
gšyt®fŸ j§fsJ muir ãWéd®. ».Ã. g¤jh« ü‰wh©oš nguuR¢ nrhH®fŸ
bjh©il k©ly¤ij¡ if¥g‰W« tiu mt®fsJ M£Á bjhl®ªjJ.
gšyt®fë‹ njh‰w«
gšyt®fë‹ njh‰w« g‰¿ gšntW fU¤J¡fŸ ãyλ‹wd. nk‰»ªÂahit
M£ÁbrŒj mayt®fshd gh®¤Âa®fnshL mt®fis xU Áy® x¥ÃL»‹wd®.
j¡fhz¤Âš M£Áòçªj thfhlf®fŸ v‹w Ãuhkz mur Fy¤Â‹ xU Ãçédnu
gšyt®fŸ v‹w fU¤J« ãyλwJ. kâgšyt¤ Ôé‹ ÏstuÁahd ehf
f‹åif¡F« nrhH Ïstur‹ xUtD¡F« Ãwªjt®fë‹ tê¤ njh‹wšfns
gšyt®fŸ v‹gJ _‹whtJ fU¤J. Mdhš, nk‰T¿a fU¤J¡fis Mjç¡F«
rh‹WfŸ äfΫ FiwÎ.
muÁaš tuyhW
90
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F¿¥Ãl¤j¡ft®fŸ, mL¤jjhf M£Á¡F tªj gšyt®fŸ ».Ã. 350 Kjš ».Ã. 550
tiu M£Á òçªjd®. mt®fŸ tlbkhêæš g£la§fis btëæ£ld®. m¥Ãçéš
K¡»a M£Áahs® éZQnfhg‹. rK¤ÂuF¥jç‹ bj‹åªÂa¥ gilbaL¥Ã‹nghJ
mt® K¿ao¡f¥g£lh®. _‹whtjhf M£Á¡F tªj gšytkuÃd® ».Ã. 575 Kjš
x‹gjh« ü‰wh©o‹ mt®fŸ Åœ¢ÁailÍ« tiu M£Á òçªjd®. mt®fŸ
tlbkhê, jäœ Ïu©L bkhêfëY« g£la§fis btëæ£ld®. Ï¥Ãçé‹ Kjš
M£Áahs® Á«k éZQ. mt® fs¥Ãu®fis K¿ao¤J bjh©il k©ly¤Âš
gšyt® M£Áia ãiyahf V‰gL¤Âdh®. nrhH®fis K¿ao¤j mt® fhéç e¡fiu
tiu gšyt® M£Áia éçÎ gL¤Âdh®. mtiu¤ bjhl®ªJ M£Á¡F tªjt®fëš
Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹, Kjyh« euÁ«kt®k‹, Ïu©lh« euÁ«kt®k‹ M»nah®
F¿¥Ãl¤j¡ft®fŸ.
91
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bfhšy¥g£lh‹. thjhÃefu« mê¡f¥g£lJ. Kjyh« euÁ«kt®k‹ ‘thjhÃ
bfh©lh‹’ v‹w éUij¢ N£o¡ bfh©lh‹. jªij ÏHªj gFÂiaÍ« Û£lh‹.
Kjyh« euÁ«kt®kå‹ k‰bwhU F¿¥Ãl¤j¡f rhjid mt‹ Ïy§ifÛJ fl‰gil
el¤Â¢ br‹wjhF«. jdJ e©gD«, Ïy§if ÏsturDkhd khdt®kD¡F Ïy§if
mçaizia Û£L¡ bfhL¤jh‹.
fšé, Ïy¡»a«
93
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bjhl§»aJ. Filtiu¡ nfhæšfëš bjhl§»,
x‰iw¡ fš uj§fŸ, f£Lkhd¡ nfhæšfŸ vd
xUéj gçzhk ts®¢Áia gšyt®fŸ fiyæš
fh©»nwh«. gšyt®fhy nfhæš f£ol¡ fiyæš
eh‹F ãiyfis¡ fhzyh«.
94
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E©fiyfŸ
f‰wš milÎfŸ
3. gšyt® M£ÁKiw
4. g©ghL¡F g§fë¥ò
95
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia nj®Î brŒf.
1. fs¥Ãu®fis mê¤j gšyt mur‹
m. éZQnfhg‹ M. Á«kéZQ
Ï. Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹ <. uh#Á«k‹
2. Íth‹ Rth§ fhŠÁ¡F tUif¥ òçªj nghJ M£ÁæèUªj mur‹
m. Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹ M. Kjyh« euÁ«kt®k‹
Ï. uh#Á«k‹ <. Ïu©lh« eªÂt®k‹
II. nfho£l Ïl¤ij ãu¥òf
1. Kjyh« knfªÂut®kid irt rka¤Â‰F kh‰¿a irt¥ bgçah® __________
2. thjhéia mê¤jnghJ gšyt gil¤ jsg __________
3. khkšy‹ v‹w éUij N£o¡ bfh©l mur‹ __________
III. bghU¤Jf
1. bgUªnjtdh® m. ehyhæu›a Ãugªj«
2. Mœth®fŸ M. njthu«
3. eha‹kh®fŸ Ï. k¤jéyhr Ãufhrd«
4. Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹ <. ghujbt©gh
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu¡ nj®Î brŒf. x‹W k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. gšyt® fhy¤Âš tlbkhê Åœ¢ÁailªjJ.
M. uh#Á«k‹ thjhÃia mê¤J thjhà bfh©lh‹ v‹w éUij¢ N£o¡
bfh©lh‹.
Ï. knfªÂut®k‹ f£Lkhd¡ nfhæšfŸ f£L« Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh‹.
<. itztK«, irtK« gšyt® fhy¤Âš jiH¤njh§»d.
V. Ë tUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. r§f fhy¤ij bjhl®ªJ gšyt® fhy« bjhl§»aJ.
2. Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹ bjhl¡f¤Âš rkz rka¤ij Ëg‰¿dh®.
3. fhŠÁòu¤Âš x‰iw¡fš uj§fis Kjyh« euÁ«kt®k‹ to¤jh‹.
VI. ÁW F¿¥ò vGJf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. gšyt®fë‹ njh‰w«
2. fhŠÁ foif
3. gšyt rhS¡»a nkhjšfŸ
96
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4. g¡Â Ïa¡f«
5. gšyt®fë‹Ñœ E©fiyfŸ
VII. FW»a éil jUf. (100 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. Kjyh« knfªÂut®k‹ M£Á F¿¤J vGJf.
2. Kjyh« euÁ«k t®kå‹ ngh®bt‰¿fis RU¡» vGJf.
3. gšyt®fë‹ M£ÁKiwia MŒf.
4. gšyt®fhy r_f thœ¡if g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf.
VIII. éçthd éil jUf. (200 th®¤ijfŸ)
1. gšyt®fë‹ muÁaš tuyh‰iw bjhF¤J vGJf.
2. gšyt®fë‹ g©gh£L g§fë¥ig kÂ¥ÃLf.
3. gšyt® fiyæ‹ Áw¥ò¡ TWfis F¿¥ÃLf.
97
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ghl« - 12
bj‹åªÂa muRfŸ - II
rhS¡»a®fŸ, ÏuhZouTl®fŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
98
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Ïu©lh« òènfÁ¡F¥Ã‹ M£Á¡F tªjt® é¡ukh¤j‹. mt‹ rhS¡»a
eh£il Û©L« ãiy¥gL¤Â gšyt®fis K¿ao¤jnjhL, fhŠÁiaÍ« if¥g‰¿dh®.
gšt®fël« jdJ jªij milªj njhšé¡F é¡ukh¤j‹ gêÔ®¤J¡ bfh©lh‹.
rhS¡»a kuË filÁ mur® Ïu©lh« Ñ®¤Ât®k‹. mtid K¿ao¤J ÏuhZouTl
muir ãWéat‹ jªÂ J®¡f‹.
99
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2. xU ò¤j ir¤Âa¤ij¥ nghy njh‰wkë¡F« J®¡if nfhæš
3. A&¢Ákšè Fo nfhæš
100
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Kjyh« mnkhft®õ® gil¤jh®. ÏuhZouTl®fë‹ jiyefuhd khšbf£ mšyJ
kh‹anfj« v‹w efiuÍ« mt® ã®khâ¤jh®.
M£ÁKiw
g©gh£L¥ g§fë¥ò
ÏuhZouTl®fŸ tlbkhêia bgçJ« Mjç¤jd®. ÏuhZouTl muritæš
gy m¿P®fŸ ÏUªjd®. eèr«ò v‹w üiy ÂUé¡uk‹ vGÂdh®. _‹wh«
»UZzuJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš AsÍjh v‹gt® féuA°a« v‹w üiy¥ gil¤jh®.
ÏuhZouTl®fë‹ mutiz¥Ãdhš rkzrka Ïy¡»a§fS« ts®¢Á bg‰wd.
rkzuhd Kjyh« mnkhft®õ® gy rkz m¿P®fis Mjç¤jh®. mtuJ MÁçauhd
101
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Édnrd® gh®Rtehjç‹ thœ¡if tuyh‰iw brŒÍŸ eilæš
‘gh®rtójah’ v‹w jiy¥Ãš vGÂdh®. gšntW rkz
Kåt®fë‹ thœif tuyhWfis¤ bjhF¤J MÂòuhz« v‹w
jiy¥Ãš Fzg¤u® v‹gt® vGÂdh®. mnkhf éU¤Â v‹w
Ïy¡fz üiy rhfjhadh v‹gt® gil¤jh®. Åuh¢rhçah®
v‹w m¡fhy fâjnkij ‘fâjrhu«’ v‹w üiy vGÂdh®.
ÏuhZouTl®fë‹ M£Á¡fhy¤Âš f‹dl Ïy¡»aK«
ts®¢Á f©lJ. mnkhft®õ® Ïa‰¿a féuh#kh®¡f«
f‹dlbkhêæš vGj¥g£l Kjš féij üyhF«. g«gh v‹gt®
f‹dlbkhê¡ féP®fëš jiyÁwªjt®. mtuJ òfœbg‰w üš
‘é¡uknrdé#a«’. bgh‹dh v‹w k‰bwhU f‹dl¡ féP® všnyhuh ifyhr®
nfhæš
‘rhªÂóuzh’ v‹w üiy vGÂdh®.
102
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f‰wš milÎfŸ
Ϫj ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJbfhŸtJ
1. ghjhä rhS¡»a®fë‹ muÁaš tuyhW
2. rhS¡»aç‹ fiy, f£ol¡ fiy
3. ÏuhZouTl M£Áahs®fë‹ rhjidfŸ
4. ÏuhZouTl®fë‹ g©gh£L¥ g§fë¥ò
5. ÏuhZouTl® M£Áæš Ïy¡»a ts®¢Á
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
III. bghU¤Jf
1. InAhny fšbt£L
2. g£lhl¡fš
3. všnyhuh
4. vègh‹lh
104
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ghl« - 13
nguuR¢ nrhH®fŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
105
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2. gh©oa mur‹ mkuò#§f‹ njh‰fo¡f¥g£lh‹. gh©oa eh£oš nrhH® M£Á
V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.
106
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4. Kjyh« uhn#ªÂuå‹ òfœ thŒªj gilbaL¥ò mt® tl ϪÂahé‹ÛJ
nk‰bfh©ljhF«. têæš gy M£Áahs®fis K¿ao¤j nrhH¥gil f§if
eÂia¡ flªJ br‹wJ. t§fhs mur‹ Kjyh« k»ghyid Kjyh« uhn#ªÂu‹
K¿ao¤jh‹. jkJ tlϪÂa¥ gilbaL¥Ã‹ bt‰¿ia¡ bfh©lhL« éj¤Âš
f§ifbfh©l nrhHòu« v‹w efiu ã®zkhâ¤J m§F òfœthŒªj uhn#°tu
Mya¤ijÍ« mt® vG¥Ãdh®. mªefç‹ nk‰F¥òw¤Âš nrhHf§f« v‹w
Ú®¥ghrd VçiaÍ« bt£Lé¤jh‹.
107
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6. gšntW fyf§fis xL¡», nrhH¥ nguuR Ó®FiyahjthW mt® gh®¤J¡
bfh©lh®.
k¤Âa murh§f«
tUthŒ ã®thf«
108
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ms¡f¥g£L, tif¥gL¤j¥g£L, tç kÂ¥ÕLfŸ brŒa¥g£ld. »uhk FoæU¥ò
gFÂfŸ C® e¤j« vd¥g£lJ. Ï¥gFÂÍ«, Mya§fS¡F jhdkhf tH§f¥g£l
ãy¥gFÂÍ« tçéy¡F bg‰¿Uªjd. ãy tçia¤jéu, Xçl¤ÂèUªJ k‰bwhU
Ïl¤Â‰F bghU£fis bfh©L brštj‰fhd R§fK« tNè¡f¥g£lJ. gšntW
bjhêšfS¡F« tçé¡f¥g£ld. ÂUkz«, rl§FfŸ ngh‹w ãfœÎfë‹
nghJ« tç tNè¡f¥g£lJ. ÚÂk‹w§fëš é¡f¥g£l mguhj§fS« k‰bwhU
tUthahF«. Ïl®ä¡f fhy§fëš tçéy¡F« më¡f¥g£lJ. Kjyh« Fnyh¤J§f‹
tçéy¡F më¤jh‹ v‹gj‰fhf R§f« j鮤j nrhH‹ v‹w éUJ¥ bgaiu¢ N£o¡
bfh©lh‹. mur‹, murit, uhQt«, f¥g‰gil, rhiy guhkç¥ò, Ú®¥ghrd VçfŸ,
fhšthŒfŸ mik¤jš ngh‹wit muÁ‹ bryéd§fshf ÏUªjd.
uhQt ã®thf«
khfhz M£Á
»uhk rigfŸ
fšé, Ïy¡»a«
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m. gteªÂ M. ò¤jä¤Âu®
112
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III. bghU¤Jf.
113
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ghl« - 14
MÁa ehLfëš ÏªÂa¥ g©ghL guÎjš
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
ϪÂahΫ Ïy§ifÍ«
ntWg£l muÁaš tuyh‰iw Ïy§if bfh©oUªjhY«
ϪÂa¥ g©gh£o‹ jh¡f« m§F btë¥gLtij¡ fhzyh«. ò¤j
rka öJ¡ FGéd® j§fsJ rka¡ fU¤J¡fis k£L« m§F
gu¥géšiy; khwhf g©gh£L¡ TWfis vL¤J¢ br‹wd®.
fšèny Á‰g§fis to¡F« Kiw ϪÂahéèUªJ Ïy§if¡F
br‹wJ. ».Ã. Iªjh« ü‰wh©oš ò¤jnfhõ® Ïy§if¡F br‹W
A&dahd ò¤j rka¥ Ãçit m§F ãiy ãW¤Âdh®. m§FŸs
Á»çah Xéa§fëš m#ªjh Xéa§fë‹ jh¡f¤ij¡ fhz
Á»çah Xéa«
Ko»wJ.
f«nghoah (fh«ngh#«)
115
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v©z‰w tlbkhê¡ fšbt£LfŸ étu§fis¤ jU»‹wd. ntj§fŸ, uhkhaz«,
kfhghuj«, ghâåæ‹ Ïy¡fz«, ϪJ j¤Jt és¡fÎiufŸ ngh‹w ϪJ
Ïy¡»a¥ gil¥òfis f«nghoa k¡fŸ m¿ªÂUªjd®.
r«gh
116
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t§fhs¤Â‹ ghy®fSlD« mt®fŸ ešYwit nk‰bfh©oUªjd®. irnyªÂu
mur‹ khw é#anyh¤J§f t®k‹ ehf¥g£od¤Âš ò¤j klhya« mik¥gj‰F nrhH
mur‹ uh#uh# nrhH‹ cjéfis tH§»dh®. Mdhš, mtuJ kf‹ uhn#ªÂu nrhH‹
irnyªÂu muir Á¿J fhy« if¥g‰¿ it¤ÂUªjh‹. Ëd®, mt®fŸ éLjiy
bg‰wd®. ».Ã. gÂbdh‹wh« ü‰wh©Ltiu irnyªÂu nguuR Úo¤ÂUªjJ.
ghè
äah‹k®
j‰nghJ äah‹k® v‹wiH¡f¥gL« g®khé‰F« ϪÂahé‰F« Ïilæyhd
117
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cwÎ mnrhf® fhy¤ÂèUªnj bjhl§F»wJ. ò¤j rka¤ij¥ gu¥òtj‰fhf mnrhf®
g®khé‰F FG¡fis mD¥Ã it¤jh®. g®khéš gy ϪJ muRfŸ M£Á òçªJŸsd.
gÂ_‹wh« ü‰wh©L tiu ghèÍ« tlbkhêÍ« g®khé‹ bkhêfshf ÏUªjd. g®äa
k¡fŸ kfhahd, A&dahd ò¤j rka¥ ÃçÎfis Ëg‰¿d®.
knya¤ Ôgf‰g«, ϪnjhÓdh M»a gFÂfëš »£l¤j£l 1500 M©LfŸ ϪJ
mur®fŸ M£Á òçªJŸsd®. ϪÂa rka§fS« g©ghL« m§F thœªj k¡fëilna
gué ehfçf¤Â‹ c¢Á¡F mt®fis Ï£L¢ br‹wd.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
3. ϪÂahΫ Ïy§ifÍ«
4. bj‹ »H¡fhÁa ehLfëY« ϪnjhÓdhéY« ϪÂa¥ g©ghL
guÎjš.
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m. é#ahya‹ M. uh#uh#‹
m. fh«ngh#« M. $é#a«
118
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III. bghU¤Jf.
2. nghnuhòö® M. Ïy§if
Ï. irnyªÂu®fŸ irt®fŸ.
1. m§fh®th£
2. nghnuhòö®
4. ϪÂahΫ ghèÍ«
119
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ghl« - 15
Kªija Ïil¡fhy ϪÂah
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
u#ò¤Âu muRfŸ
120
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ÏUªjd®. xU ÃçÎ F#uh¤ÂY«, k‰wJ mtªÂæY« M£Á òçªjd. t§fhs¤Â‹
ghy®fSlD«, j¡fhz¤Â‹ uhZouTl®fSlD« mt®fŸ nghç£ld®. u#ò¤Âu
Ïd¤Ânyna Åuä¡ft®fshd brsf‹fŸ M{Ûçš M£Á òçªjd®. mt®fë‹
jiyÁwªj mur‹ é¡uAuh#‹. mt® blšèia if¥g‰¿d®. vdnt, nfhç
KfkJé‹Ñœ K°Ä«fŸ gilbaL¤J tªjnghJ brsf‹fŸ mt®fis v®bfhŸs
nt©oajhæ‰W. Ï¡fhy¤Âa k‰bwhU K¡»a u#ò¤Âu¥ Ãçéd® gukhu®fŸ.
mt®fsJ Áwªj mur‹ ngh#‹. mtuJ ngh®bt‰¿fS« g©gh£L¥ g§fë¥ò«
u#ò¤Âu tuyh‰¿š Áw¥Ãl« bg‰WŸsd.
bjhl®ªj ngh®fë‹ fhuzkhf u#ò¤Âu®fŸ tèikæHªjd®. nkY«, mt®fŸ
bghJ vÂç¡F vÂuhf xUnghJ« mâtF¤J ã‰féšiy. muÁaš bjhiyneh¡F«
mt®fël« fhz¥gléšiy. c£gif nknyh§»æUªjikahš, mt®fŸ K°Ä«
gilbaL¥ghs®fS¡F vÂuhf x‹W nr®ªJ nghçl¤ jt¿d®.
121
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fíå KfkJé‹ gilbaL¥òfŸ
122
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mitia my§fç¤j mšbgUå òfœä¡f »jh¥-Ï-瘝 v‹w ϪÂah g‰¿a üiy
vGÂdh®. KfkJ, KšjhidÍ« gŠrhigÍ« if¥g‰¿ajhš ϪÂahé‹ muÁaš
ãiyikæš kh‰w§fŸ V‰g£ld. JU¡»a®fS«, M¥fhåa®fS« ϪÂa® ÛJ
bjhl®ªJ gilbaL¡fΫ, vªj neu¤ÂY« f§if¢ rkbtëtiu bršY« thŒ¥igÍ«
KfkJé‹ gilbaL¥òfŸ têtF¤jd. nkY«, mtuJ bjhl®ªj gilbaL¥òfëdhš,
ϪÂahé‹ bghUshjhu tèikÍ« kåj ts M‰wY« t‰¿¥ nghæd. ϪÂahé‹
v®fhy muÁaY¡F ÏJ Ô§fhf KoªjJ. mªãa¥ gilbaL¥ghs®fS¡F vÂuhf
ϪÂahé‹ thæèš muzhf ã‹wJ ϪJ rhï murhF«. KfkJ mjid mê¤jh®.
ϪÂa všiy¥òw« ghJfh¥g‰W él¥g£lJ. fíå¥ nguuÁš gŠrhò« M¥fhå°jhD«
Ïl«bg‰¿Uªjjhš mL¤J tªj K°Ä« gilbaL¥ghs®fë‹ gâ vëjhæ‰W.
nfhç KfkJ
123
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Ïu©lhtJ jbuŒ‹ ngh® xU bjëthd Koit¡ bfhL¤j nghuhF«.
u#ò¤Âu®fS¡F mJ khbgU« njhšéia¡ bfhL¤jJ. mt®fsJ muÁaš
bršth¡F rçªjJ. brsf‹fë‹ muR gilbaL¥ghsç‹ fhyoæš »lªjJ.
Ï›thW ϪÂahé‹ Kjš K°Ä« muR M{Ûçš ãWt¥g£lJ. ϪÂahéš xU òÂa
rfh¥j« bjhl§»aJ. jbuŒ‹ nghçš bg‰w khbgU« bt‰¿ia¢ RkªJ, KfkJ nfhç
fíå¡F¤ ÂU«Ãdh®. ϪÂahéš bt‰¿bfh©l gFÂfis gil¤jsg F¤òÔ‹
Ig¡tr« é£L¢ br‹wh®. blšè, Ûu£ ngh‹w gFÂfis M¡»uä¤J¡ bfh©l Ig¡
jdJ ãiyia tY¥gL¤Â¡ bfh©lh®. 1193 M« M©L nfhç KfkJé‹ mL¤j
gilbaL¥ò¡fhd Ma¤j§fisÍ« brŒJ bfhL¤jh®. Ï¥gilbaL¥ò fhjthyh
muÁ‹ M£Áahs® b#a¢rªÂuD¡F vÂuhdjhF«. KfkJ, b#a¢rªÂuå‹
gilfis jéLbghoah¡»dh®. rªjht® nghU¡F¥ ÃwF K°Ä«fŸ fndh{
eh£il¡ if¥g‰¿d®. jbuŒ‹ nghU«, rªjht® nghU« ϪÂahéš JU¡»a® M£Á
ãWt¥gLtj‰F têtF¤jd.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
124
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. Ïu©lh« jbuŒ‹ ngh® eilbg‰w M©L
m. 1190 M. 1191
Ï. 1192 <. 1292
2. »jh¥-Ï-瘝 v‹w üè‹ MÁça®
m. îbjsÁ M. guhå
Ï. KfkJ <. mšbgUå
II. nfho£l Ïl§fis ãu¥òf.
1. KfkJ Ë fhÁ« gilbaL¥Ã‹nghJ ÁªJé‹ mur‹ _________
2. ϪÂahéš Kjš K°Ä« muR ãWt¥g£l Ïl« _________
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. T®#h ÃuÂfhu®fŸ m. fndh{
2. uh{aghy‹ M. Ëkš
3. nrhy§»fŸ Ï. mnuh®
4. jhï® <. m‹ïšth£
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. x‹W k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. mt®fS¡»ilna x‰Wikæšyhikna ϪJ muRfë‹ njhšé¡fhd K¡»a
fhuz«.
M. K°Ä«fS¡F vÂuhf ϪÂa®fŸ Âwikä¡f FÂiu¥ gilfis bg‰¿Uªjd®.
Ï. K°Ä« gilbaL¥òfS¡F vÂuhf u#ò¤Âu®fŸ x‹Wg£L ã‹wd®.
<. fíå KfkJ jkJ ϪÂa¥ gFÂfis Ig¡ tr« x¥gil¤jh®.
V. ËtUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. nfhçfŸ bjhl¡f¤Âš fíå M£Áahs®fël« Ñœ¥goªÂUªjh®.
2. Kjš jbuŒ‹ nghçš ÃUÂéuh{ brsf‹ nfhç KfkJit K¿ao¤jh®.
VI. ÁWF¿¥ò vGJf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. KfkJ Ë fhÁ«
2. Ïu©lh« jbuŒ‹ ngh®
3. T®#u ÃuÂAhu®fŸ
4. mšbgUå
125
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VII. FW»a éil jUf. (100 th®¤ijfŸ)
126
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ghl« - 16
blšè Ršjhåa«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
6. iraJfS« nyhofS«
ÏšJ¤äZ (1211-1236)
Ïšghç Fy¤ij¢ nr®ªjt® ÏšJ¤äZ. vdnt mtuJ
muR Fy« Ïšghç Fy« vd¥g£lJ. mtuJ x‹Wé£l
rnfhju®fshš Ig¡»l« moikahf é‰f¥g£lt® ÏšJ¤äZ.
Ig¡ jkJ kfis mtU¡F ÂUkz« brŒJ it¤J
kUkfdh¡»¡ bfh©lh®. Ëd®, mtiu Fthèaç‹ Ï¡jhjh®
gjéæY« mk®¤Âdh®. 1211š ÏšJ¤äZ Mu« g¡iõ
éu£oé£L Ršjhdhf gjéna‰wh®. yhTçèUªj jiyefiu
mt® blšè¡F kh‰¿dh®. mtuJ
M£Áæ‹ Kjš g¤J M©LfŸ jkJ
FJ¥ädh® mçaizia ngh£oahs®fëläUªJ
ghJfh¤J¡ bfhŸtÂnyna fêªjJ.
Ïj‰»ilæš, k§nfhèa®fë‹ jiytdhd br§»°fh‹ v‹W
midtuhY« miH¡f¥gL« bjKí‹ k¤Âa MÁahé‹ ÛJ
gilbaL¥ig¤ bjhl§»æUªjh®. m§F Fthçr« M£Áahsuhd
#yhYÔ‹ k§fg®å v‹gtiu K¿ao¤jh®. ÁªJ eÂia¡
flªJ ϪÂahé‰FŸ Xotªj k§fg®å ÏšJ¤äîl« òfèl«
nf£lh®. k§nfhèaçläUªJ ϪÂahit¡ fh¥gh‰Wtj‰fhf
k§fg®å¡F òfèl« bfhL¡f ÏšJ¤äZ kW¤jh®. ešy br§»°fh‹
ntisahf, br§»°fh‹ ϪÂahé‰FŸ gilbaL¤J tuhkš
ÂU«Ã¢ br‹wh®. ÏšJ¤äZ Ëg‰¿a Âwikahd k§nfhèa¡ bfhŸifahš, ϪÂah
br§»°fhå‹ Niw¡F¤ j¥ÃaJ.
128
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m¿P®fisÍ« N~à JwéfisÍ« ÏšJ¤äZ Mjç¤jh®. ä‹A{-c°-Áuh{,
jh#&‹, ãrh« cš Kš¡ KfkJ b#ŒdÂ, khè¡ F¤òÔ‹ Ar‹, g¡Uš Kš¡ <rhä
ngh‹nwh® mtuJ fhy¤Âš thœªJ mtuJ mitia my§fç¤j m¿P®fŸ. ϪÂahé‹
äf ca®ªj f£olkhd (238 mo) FJ¥ädhiu f£o Ko¤j mt® M{Ûçš mH»a kNÂ
x‹iwÍ« f£odh®. ϪÂahéš muhÃa ehza Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® ÏšJ¤äZ.
175 »uh« vilbfh©l btŸë jh§fh v‹w mtuJ ehza« Ïil¡fhy ϪÂah
KGtJ« V‰f¥g£lJ. j‰fhy¤Âa %ghŒ¡F mtuJ btŸë ehzank mo¥gil v‹W
Twyh«. tèik thŒªj eh‰gJ gil¤ jiyt®fŸ bfh©l eh‰g‹k®FG x‹iwÍ«
ÏšJ¤äZ cUth¡»dh®.
uÁah (1236-1240)
ÏšJ¤äZ jdJ òjšé uÁahit mçaiz¡F thçrhf ãaä¤ÂUªjh®.
Mdhš blšèæ‹ fhì k‰W« thÁ® ÏUtU« U¡DJÔ‹ Ãnuh° v‹gtiu
mçaizæš mk®¤Âd®. Kšjhåš eilbg‰w fyf¤ij xL¡Ftj‰F U¡DÔ‹
br‹wh®. m¤jUz¤ij ga‹gL¤Â¡ bfh©l uÁah blšèæ‹ mÛ®fŸ MjunthL
mçaizia¡ if¥g‰¿¡ bfh©lh®. mÃÓåa moikahd ahT¤ v‹gtiu FÂiu¥
gil¤ jiytdhfΫ ãaä¤jh®. MQil jç¤J muritæš uÁah mk®ªjh®.
nt£il¡F¢ brštJ, gil el¤JtJ cŸë£l brašfëY« uÁah <Lg£lh®.
Ïjid¡ f©L JU¡»a ca®Foæd® btF©ld®. 1240M« M©L mšöåah
v‹w go©lhé‹ MSe® uÁahΡbfÂuhf »s®¢ÁæÄLg£lh®. uÁah jhnd
gilel¤Â¢ br‹W »s®¢Áia eR¡f K‰g£lh®. Mdhš, mšöåah ahT¤ij¡
bfh‹W uÁahit Áiw¥gL¤Âdh®. Ïj‰»ilæš JU¡»a ca®Foæd® ÏšJ¤äî‹
k‰bwhU kfdhd gÀu« v‹gtiu mçaizæš mk®¤Âd®. ÁiwæèUªj uÁah
mšöåahé‹ m‹ig¥ bg‰W mtuJ JiznahL blšè neh¡» br‹wh®. Mdhš,
uÁah njh‰fo¡f¥g£L bfhšy¥g£lh®.
129
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ghšgdJ fU¤J¥go ‘mur‹ ÏiwtdJ ãHš ngh‹wt‹’, ‘Ïiwtdhš óä¡F
mD¥Ã it¡f¥g£lt‹’. vdnt, ghšg‹ Ôéukhd murit eilKiwfis
m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh®. Ršjh‹ K‹ò k©oæ£L tz§» fhiy¤bjh£L K¤jäLjš
v‹w tH¡f¤ij Ëg‰w¢ brŒjh®. Ïjdhš, ca® Foædiuél Ršjh‹ ca®ªjt®
v‹gJ cz®¤j¥g£lJ. jdJ bršt¤ijÍ« tèikiaÍ« ca®FoædU¡F«
k¡fS¡F« vL¤J¡fh£L« éj¤Âš e›nuh° v‹w ghuÓf¤ ÂUéHhitÍ« Ml«gukhf
mt® bfh©lhodh®. JU¡»a ca®Foædç‹ ey‹ ehLgtuhf mt® Âfœªjh®. Ãw
ca®FoædUl‹ mÂfhu¤ij g»®ªJ bfhŸs jahuhf Ïšiy. ϪÂa K°Ä«fS¡F
murh§f¤Â‹ K¡»a gjéfis mt® tH§féšiy. ca®Foædç‹ elto¡iffis
f©fhâ¥gj‰F x‰w®fisÍ« ghšg‹ ãaä¤jh®.
130
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mt®fis¡¡ if¥g‰¿a Ršjh‹ v¢rç¤J, k‹å¤J, éLjiy brŒjh®. 1292š khè¡
r{#& Ïu©lh« Kiwahf »s®¢ÁæÄLg£lnghJ mtiu Ú¡»é£L, jdJ kUkf‹
myhÎÔ‹ »šíia fhuhé‹ mSeuhf ãaä¤jh®. 1296š myhÎÔ‹ »ší njt»ç
ÛJ gilbaL¤J Vuhskhd bršt¤Jl‹ fhuh ÂU«Ãdh®. m¥nghJ mtU¡F
më¡f¥g£l tunt‰Ãš fyªJ bfh©l khkdhU« RšjhDkhd #yhYÔ‹ »šíia
rÂbrŒJ bfh‹Wé£L myhÎÔ‹ »ší blšè mçaizia¡ if¥g‰¿dh®.
131
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x‹W V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ. x›bthU tâfU« m¤Jiwæš gÂÎ brŒÂU¡f nt©L«.
Ϫj m§fhofŸ brašgL« éj« g‰¿ RšjhD¡F ufÁa m¿¡iffis mD¥òtj‰F
K‹ïah‹fŸ v‹w ufÁa Kft®fŸ ÏUªjd®. gšntW bghU£fë‹ éiy k‰W«
vilia rçgh®¥gj‰F Ršjh‹ jdJ moik¢ ÁWt®fis m§fhofS¡F mD¥Ã
bghU£fis th§»tu¢ brŒtJ tH¡f«. m§fho éÂKiwfis Ëg‰whjt®fS¡F
fLikahd j©lidfŸ tH§f¥g£ld. fil¡fhu® mÂf éiy¡F é‰whnyh, vil
Fiwthf ÏUªjhnyh fLikahd j©lid é¡f¥g£lJ. gŠr fhy§fëšTl xnu
éiy v‹gJ cW brŒa¥g£lJ. blšèæš eilKiwæèUªj m§fho éÂKiwfŸ
khfhz jiyefu§fëY«, Ãw efu§fëY« eilKiw¥gL¤j¥g£ljh v‹W
bjçaéšiy.
132
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gilbaL¥òfŸ
133
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Kghu¡ õh, F°Uõh ÏUtU« M£Á¡F tªjd®. Âgšóç‹ MSeuhd fhì khè¡,
F°Uõhit¡ bfh‹Wé£L 1320Ïš »ahRÔ‹ J¡s¡ v‹w g£l¤Jl‹ blšè
mçaizna¿dh®.
jiyef® kh‰w«
milahs ehza«
134
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btëæ£lh®. Mdhš, nghè ehza§fis jilbrŒa mt® elto¡if vL¡féšiy.
bgh‰bfhšy®fŸ bgU¤j mséš nghè ehza§fis c‰g¤Â brŒjd®. Ïjdhš
m§fhofëš òÂa ehza§fis th§f kW¤jd®. ÏWÂahf, KfkJ Ë J¡s¡
milahs ehza« btëæLtij ãW¤Âé£L, br¥ò ehza§fis btŸë
ehza§fshf muR¡ fUñy¤Âš kh‰¿¡ bfhŸsyh« vd m¿é¤jh®. Ïjdhš
fUñy« fhèah»‰W. guhåæ‹ T‰W¥go J¡shgh¤ bjU¡fëš br¥ò ehza§fŸ
Féaš Féayhf fhz¥g£ld.
ntsh© Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ
ãthuz elto¡if tH§FtJ«, ntsh©ikia K‹nd‰WtJnk Ãu¢rid¡F
Ô®thf ÏU¡f KoÍ« v‹gij Ršjh‹ jhkjkhfnt cz®ªjh®. Foahdt®fŸ
éijfŸ th§fΫ ntsh©ikia¥ bgU¡fΫ j¡fhé¡ fl‹fŸ tH§F« £l¤ij
Ršjh‹ m¿é¤jh®. Âthå nfhï v‹w ntsh©Jiw x‹iwÍ« mt® V‰gL¤Âdh®.
vGgJ y£r %ghŒ muR bryéš 64 rJu ikš gu¥Ãš khÂç¥ g©iz x‹iwÍ« mt®
cUth¡»dh®. Ϥ£l« Ãnuh° J¡s¡ fhy¤Âš nkY« éçÎgL¤j¥g£lJ.
»s®¢ÁfŸ
135
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gilbaL¥òfŸ
136
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M£Áæ‹nghJ moikfë‹ v©â¡if xU y£r¤J v©gjhæu¤ij¤ jh©oaJ.
1388Ïš Ãnuh° ÏwªjnghJ, RšjhD¡F« ca®FoædU¡Fäilæyhd óršfŸ
Û©L« jiybaL¤jd. Ãnuh° J¡s¡ cUth¡»a moikfë‹ »s®¢Áia
mtU¡F¥Ã‹ tªj M£Áahs®fŸ v®bfhŸs nt©oajhæ‰W.
mL¤j Áy M©Lfëš blšè Ršjhåa« ÁijªjJ. khst«, F#uh¤ ngh‹w
khfhz§fŸ éLjiyia m¿é¤J¡ bfh©ld. 1398M« M©L eilbg‰w ij_ç‹
gilbaL¥ò ãiyikia nkY« nkhrkh¡»aJ. blšè¡FŸ ij_® EiHªjnghJ
v®¥gj‰F vtUäšiy. _‹W eh£fŸ blšèia Niwahoa ij_® Mæu¡fz¡fhd
k¡fis¡ bfh‹W Vuhskhd bršt¤ij bfhŸisæ£lh®. 1399Ïš mt® ϪÂahit
é£lf‹wh®. ij_ç‹ gilbaL¥ò J¡s¡ t«r M£Á¡F ngçoahf mikªjJ.
Á¡fªj® nyho¡F¥ ÃwF M£Á¡F tªj mtuJ _¤j kf‹ Ï¥uhï« nyho
Mztä¡ft®. muritænyna ca®Foædiu mt® mtk¤jh®. fyf« brŒjt®fŸ
bfhšy¥g£ld®. mtuJ Á‰w¥gh myhÎÔ‹ fyf¤Âš <Lg£lh®. gŠrhË MSeuhf
ÏUªj bjsy¤fh‹ nyhoÍ« Ï¥uhï« nyhoahš mtk¡f¥g£lh®. kd« btW¤j
bjsy¤fh‹ nyho ϪÂah ÛJ gilbaL¤J tU«go ghgU¡F miH¥ò éL¤jh®.
blšè¡F vÂuhf gilbaL¤J tªj ghg® 1526M« M©L ghå¥g£L¥ nghçš
Ï¥uhï« nyhoia K¿ao¤J¡ bfh‹wh®. M¥fhåa®fë‹ muR vGg¤Â IªJ
M©Lfns Úo¤jJ.
137
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f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
139
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ghl« - 17
blšè Ršjhåa¤Â‹Ñœ ϪÂah
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
3. r_f thœ¡if
5. Ïy¡»a ts®¢Á
k¤Âa murh§f«
M£Á¤ Jiwæš RšjhD¡F« cjéahf gšntW JiwfS« mÂfhçfS«
ÏUªjd®. eha¥ v‹w gjé äFªj mÂfhuKŸsjhF«. Ršjhid¥ nghy mid¤J
mÂfhu§fisÍ« bg‰W és§»a eha¥ mid¤J JiwfisÍ« jkJ bghJthd
f£L¥gh£oš it¤ÂUªjh®. mtU¡F mL¤j ãiyæš Âthå érhu¤ v‹w ã¤
Jiw¡F¥ bghW¥ghd thÁ® v‹w mÂfhç ÏUªjh®.
140
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uhQt¤ Jiw Âthå m®° vd miH¡f¥g£lJ. mç°-Ï-Kkhè¡ v‹w mÂfhç
mj‹ jiyt®. gilÅu®fis nr®¥gJ«, uhQt¤Jiwia ã®t»¥gJ« mtuJ
bghW¥ghF«. mt® gil¤ jsg mšy v‹gij F¿¥Ãl nt©L«. Ršjhnd gil¡F¤
jsg Mth®. ghšg‹ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âšjh‹ gil¤Jiw cUth¡f¥g£lJ. gilæ‹
v©â¡if _‹W y£r¤ij jh©oa myhÎÔ‹ »ší M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš m¤Jiw
nkY« éçÎgL¤j¥g£lJ. FÂiufS¡F NLnghL« KiwiaÍ«, Åu®fS¡fhd
CÂa¤ij gzkhf tH§F« KiwiaÍ« myhÎÔ‹ »ší m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh®. blšè
Ryjhåa¤Âš FÂiu¥ gil¡F K¡»a¤Jt« më¡f¥g£lJ.
Âthå çrhy¤ v‹gJ rka étfhu§fŸ Jiw. mj‹ jiyt® rj® v‹w
mÂfhç. kNÂfŸ, fšyiwfŸ k‰W« kjurh¡fŸ f£Ltj‰F«, guhkç¥gj‰F«
mªj Jiw khåa§fis tH§»aJ. Ú¤Jiwæ‹ jiytuhf jiyik¡ fhì
ÏUªjh®. Ršjhåa¤Â‹ gšntW gFÂfëY« fhìfŸ mšyJ ÚÂgÂfŸ
ãaä¡f¥g£oUªjd®. cçikæaš F¿¤j tH¡Ffëš Ï°yhäa jåeg® r£l«
mšyJ õhçah Ëg‰w¥g£lJ. ϪJ¡fS¡F mt®fsJ jå¢r£l« tH¡»èUªjJ.
mt®fsJ tH¡Ffis bgU«ghY« »uhk gŠrha¤J¡fns Ô®¤J it¤jd. »çädš
r£l§fis¥ bghW¤jtiu, m›t¥nghJ Ršjh‹fŸ btëæL« MizfS«,
éÂKiwfS« r£l§fshf Ëg‰w¥g£ld. Âthå Ï‹õh v‹gJ ngh¡Ftu¤J¤
Jiw. M£ÁahsU¡F« mÂfhçfS¡F« Ïilæyhd foj¥ ngh¡Ftu¤Jfis mJ
ftå¤J tªjJ.
cŸsh£Á ã®thf«
bghUshjhu«
141
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mo¡fo njh‹¿a gŠr§fshš mt®fsJ ãiyik nkY« nkhrkilªjJ. ÏU¥ÃD«,
KfkJ Ë J¡s¡, Ãnuh° J¡s¡ ngh‹w Ršjh‹fŸ Ú®¥ghrd trÂfis brŒJ
bfhL¤J« j¡fhé¡ fl‹fis tH§»Í« ntsh© c‰g¤Âia¥ bgU¡f Ka‰Á¤jd®.
gh®è¡F¥ gš nfhJik ngh‹w ca®ªj uf gæ®fis gæçL«go mt®fŸ
Foahdt®fis C¡Fé¤jd®. Ãnuh° njh£l gæ®fis C¡Fé¤jh®. KfkJ Ë
J¡s¡, Âthå nfhï v‹W jåahf xU ntsh© Jiwia V‰gL¤Âdh®.
r_f thœ¡if
142
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tH¡f¤ÂèUªjJ. kfë® moikfshfnt el¤j¥g£ld®. ‘rÂ’ tH¡fK«
eilKiwæèUªjJ. ca® t®¡f bg©fëilna g®jh v‹w Kf¤Âiu mâÍ«
tH¡fK« jå¤ÂU¡F« tH¡fK« fhz¥g£lJ. ϪÂahéš muhÃaU«, JU¡»aU«
g®jh Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âd®. Ëd®, tlϪÂahéš ca®#h ϪJ¥
bg©fëilna m›tH¡f« guéaJ.
fiy, f£ol¡fiy
blšè Ršjhåa¤Â‹ fiy, f£ol¡fiy, ϪÂa¥
ghâæèUªJ khWg£oUªjJ. tisÎfŸ, Fékhl§fŸ, ca®ªj
nfhòu§fŸ mšyJ ädhu£LfŸ muhÃa vG¤J¡fshyhd
my§fhu totik¥òfŸ ngh‹wt‰iw JU¡»a®fŸ Fth¤ cš Ï°yh«
m¿Kf¥gL¤Âd®. ϪÂa Á‰Ãfë‹ Âwikfis mt®fŸ kNÂ
e‹F ga‹gL¤Â¡ bfh©ld®. Áf¥ò, kŠrŸ ãw§fshyhd gë§F¡ f‰fisÍ«,
kz‰ghiwfisÍ« ga‹gL¤Â f£ol§fis mt®fŸ gy t©z§fëš mik¤jd®
143
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Ïir
Ïy¡»a«
blšè Ršjh‹fŸ fšé, Ïy¡»a¤ijÍ« ngh‰¿ ts®¤jd®.
mÛ® F°U
mt®fëš gy® muhÃa k‰W« ghuÓf bkhêfis neÁ¥gt®fshf
ÏUªjd®. ghuÓf¤ÂèUªJ gy m¿P®fŸ ϪÂahé‰F tªjd®.
M£Áahs®fŸ ghuÓf bkhêia bgçJ« C¡Fé¤jd®. rkaéaš féij jéu tuyhW
vGJtijÍ« mt®fŸ bgçJ« Mjç¤jd®. xUÁy Ršjh‹fë‹ muritæš tuyh‰W
m¿P®fS« Ïl« bg‰¿Uªjd®. Ar‹ ãrhä, ä‹ A{-c°-Áuh{, ÁahÎÔ‹ guhå,
A«°-Áuh{ mÃ¥ M»nah® m¡fhy¤Âa òfœä¡f tuyh‰W m¿P®fŸ. J¡s¡
t«r¤Â‹ tuyh‰iw guhå, jhç» Ãnuh° õhï v‹w bgaçš vGÂdh®. 1260M«
M©L tiuæyhd K°Ä« mur Fy§fë‹ tuyh‰iw jghf¤-Ï-erhç v‹w bgaçš
ä‹A{-c°-Áuh{ vGÂdh®.
144
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f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m. î¡j®fŸ M. K¡ÂfŸ
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. ä‹A{-c°-Áuh{ m. uh#ju§»â
2. mä®F°U M. jghf¤-Ï-ehrç
3. fšAz® Ï. »jh¥-cš-瘝
4. mšg%å <. rgh¡-Ï-瘝
IV. rçahd brh‰bwhliu nj®Î brŒf. x‹W k£Lnk rçahdJ.
m. Cêa¤Â‰F <lhf mÂfhçfS¡F tH§f¥g£l ãy« Ï¡jh vd¥gL«.
M. fhèrh ãy« »uhk mÂfhçfë‹ neuo¡ f£L¥gh£oš ÏUªjd.
Ï. Ïdh« v‹gJ nghçš g§Fbg‰w Åu®fS¡F më¡f¥g£l ãy«.
<. Âthå nfhï v‹gJ ãytUthŒ¤ JiwahF«.
145
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V. ËtUtdt‰iw rçah, jtwh v‹W TWf.
1. Âthå érhu¤
3. mk®F°U
4. FJ¥ädh®
146
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ghl« - 18
Ïil¡fhy ϪÂahéš g¡Â Ïa¡f«
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
147
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Ïiwtid cz®tj‰F m‹ò« g¡ÂÍnk Áwªj têfŸ v‹W N~á fU¤JfŸ
tèÍW¤J»‹wd. kåj Fy¤Â‹ ÛJ m‹ò fh£Ltj‹ _ynk flΟÛJ m‹ò brY¤j
KoÍ«. vdnt, kåj Fy¤Â‰F nrit brŒtj‹ _ynk flÎS¡F nritah‰w KoÍ«
vd N~ÃfŸ e«Ãd®. flΟ g‰¿ m¿ªJ bfhŸs Ra xG¡f« äfΫ tèÍW¤j¥g£lJ.
itÔf K°Ä«fŸ òw xG¡f¤ij tèÍW¤Âa ntisæš, N~ÃfŸ mf xG¡f¤Â‹
gaid vL¤Jiu¤jd®.
g¡Â Ïa¡f«
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flΟ, M‹kh, bghUŸ x›bth‹W« Áw¥ghdJ bjY§fhdh gFÂæš ã«gh®¡f®,
tšygh¢rhça® itzt g¡Âia¥ gu¥Ãd®. tšygh¢rhçah® tl ϪÂah br‹W m§F
»UZzg¡Âia¥ gu¥Ãdh®. mt® N¤Âu®fisÍ« jkJ Ól®fshf¡ bfh©oUªjh®.
ÛuhghŒ Áwªj »UZz g¡ijahf¤ Âfœªjh®. mtuJ Ûuhg#‹fŸ uh#°jhåš ÃuÁ¤Â
bg‰wit. JsÁjhr® uhkg¡juhf és§»dh®. uhkhaz¤Â‹ Ϫ bkhê totkhd
‘uh« rç¤kd°’ v‹w òfœbg‰w üiy JsÁjhr® gil¤jh®.
uhkhdªj®
Ï) nrdh - Ko ÂU¤Jgt®
C) euAç - bgh‰bfhšy®
149
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fÕ®
FUehd¡
Ïil¡fhy¤Âš thœªj k‰bwhU rka¤ jiyt® FUehd¡. mt® Ó¡»a rka¤ij
ãWédh®. bjhl¡f¤Âš fÕç‹ ÓluhfΫ és§»dh®. yhTU¡F mU»YŸs
jhšth©o v‹w Ïl¤Âš FUehd¡ Ãwªjh®. #h nt‰Wikfis¢
rhoa mt®, òåj eÂfëš ÚuhLtJ ngh‹w rl§Ffis Ïfœªjh®.
mtuJ rka¡ fU¤J¡fŸ xG¡f¤ij tèÍW¤JtjhfΫ mnj
rka« eilKiw¡F cfªjjhfΫ ÏUªjd.
150
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gÂ_‹wh« ü‰wh©oš kfhuhZou¤Âš g¡Â Ïa¡f¤ij gu¥Ãat® ehknjt®.
mtuJ fU¤J¡fŸ kfhuhZou j®k« vd¥g£lJ. gft¤ Ñij¡F és¡f« TW«
PhndZtç v‹w üiy mt® vGÂdh®. ntW gy kfh‹fS« Ïil¡fhy¤Âš g¡Â
be¿ia¥ gu¥Ã tªjd®. Phdnjt® m‹ò be¿ia¥ ngh¤jh®. Áiy têgh£ilÍ«
ònuh»j® KiwiaÍ« mt® f©o¤jh®. rh KiwiaÍ« rhodh®. gÂdhwh« ü‰wh©oš
thœªj Vfehj® rh ntWgh£il rhoanjhL, jhœ¤j¥g£l rhÂædU¡F fUiz
fh£odh®. Vuhskhd Ïir¥ghlšfis vGÂÍŸsh®. mtuJ g#‹fS« Ñ®¤jidfS«
òfœbg‰wit. kuh£oa Áthíæ‹ rk fhy¤jtuhd J¡fhuh« kfhuhZou¤ij
nr®ªj k‰bwhU g¡Â be¿ahs®. kuh£oa njÁa« njh‹Wtj‰Fça Ëòy« mtuhš
V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ. r_f ntWghLfis mt® v®¤jh®.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
151
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m. fÕ® M. uhkjh°
m. jäœ M. t§fhs«
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. r§fu® m. myfhgh¤
2. uhkhD#® M. fhyo
3. ehd¡ Ï. $bgU«òö®
152
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VI. ÁWF¿¥ò vGJf. (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. Á°Â mik¥ò
2. uhkhD#®
3. FUehd¡
4. fÕ®
153
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ghl« - 19
é#aef®, ghäå muRfŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
rh‹WfŸ
ϪÂa tuyh‰¿š é#aefu¥ nguuÁ‹ tuyhW xU K¡»a Ïl¤ij¥ bg‰WŸsJ.
eh‹F kuòfŸ - r§fk, rhSt, JSt, MuÅL - ».Ã. 1336 Kjš 1672 tiu é#a efiu
M£Á òçªjd. Ïy¡»a«, bjhšèaš, ehza« vd é#a efu tuyh‰W¡fhd rh‹WfŸ
gštif¥gL«. »UZz njtuhaç‹ MK¡j khšaj«, f§fhnjé vGÂa kJuhé#a«,
mšyrhå bg¤j©zhé‹ kDrçj« ngh‹wit é#aefu rkfhy üšfshF«.
é#a efu¥ nguuR¡F gšntW mašeh£L gaâfŸ tUif òçªjd®. mt®fsJ
F¿¥òfS« gaDŸs rh‹WfshF«. bkhnuh¡fh eh£il¢ nr®ªj Ïg‹ göjh,
btåîa¥ gaâ ã¡nfhnyh o nfh‹o, ghuÓf¥gaâ m¥Jš urh¡, ngh®¢RÑÁa¥
gaâ nlhä§nfh ga° ngh‹w gaâfŸ é#a efu fhy r_f bghUshjhu ãiyikfŸ
g‰¿ j§fsJ gaz¡ F¿¥òfëš étç¤JŸsd®.
Ïu©lh« njtuhaç‹ $u§f« br¥ngLfŸ ngh‹w br¥ngLfŸ
é#aefu mur tê¤njh‹wšfŸ k‰W« mt®fsJ rhjidfis¡
TW»‹wd. A«Ã ÏoghLfS« Ãw Á‹d§fS« é#a efu
M£Áahs®fë‹ g©gh£L¥ g§fë¥ig btë¥gL¤J»‹wd.
mt®fŸ btëæ£LŸs v©z‰w ehza§fëš fhz¥gL«
cUt§fŸ k‰W« brh‰bwhl®fŸ éUJfisÍ« rhjidfisÍ«
Ïg‹ göjh vL¤J¡ TW»‹wd.
muÁaš tuyhW
r§fk kuig¢ nr®ªj AçAuU« ò¡fU« 1336M« M©L é#a efu¤ij ãWéd®.
V‰bfdnt, mt®fŸ thu§fš M£Áahs®fshd fhfÔa®fël« gâah‰¿ tªjd®.
ÃwF fh«Ãè¡F br‹wd®. m§F K°Ä« gilbaL¥ghs®fshš Áiw¥gL¤j¥g£L
154
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Ï°yhäa rka¤Â‰F kh‰w¥g£ld®. Ëd®, é¤ahu©a® v‹gtç‹ Ka‰Áahš ϪJ
rka¤Â‰F ÂU«Ãd®. j§fsJ RjªÂu¤ij m¿é¤J¡ bfh©l mt®fŸ J§fg¤Âiu
eÂæ‹ bj‹fiuæš xU òÂa efu¤ij ãWéd®. bt‰¿ efu« v‹w bghUŸ bfh©l
é#aefu« v‹W mJ tH§f¥g£lJ.
nAhŒrs muÁ‹ Åœ¢Á, AçAuU« ò¡fU« j§fsJ muir éçÎgL¤Â¡
bfhŸtj‰fhd Ka‰Áfis vëjh¡»aJ. 1346M« M©L th¡»š nAhŒrs
muR¥ gF KGtJ« mt®fsJ f£L¥gh£oš tªjJ. é#aefu¤Â‰F« kJiu
fšjhåa¤Â‰F« Ïilæyhd órš eh‰gjh©L fhy« Úo¤jJ. Fkhu fh«gzç‹
kJiu¥gilbaL¥ò F¿¤J kJuhé#a« v‹w üèš étukhf¡ Tw¥g£LŸsJ. mt®
kJiu Ršjhåa¤ij mê¤jh®. Ïjdhš, é#a efu¥ nguuR uhnk°tu« cŸë£l
bj‹åªÂah KGtijÍ« cŸsl¡»ajhf éçtilªjJ.
é#aefu nguuR¡F« ghäå muR¡F« Ïilæyhd órY« gy M©LfŸ
Úo¤jd. »UZzh, J§fg¤Âuh eÂfS¡»ilæyhd gFÂahd buŒ¢N® njhM¥
gFÂia f£L¥gL¤JtJ«, »UZzh nfhjhtç blšlhé‹ tskhd ãy§fis¡
if¥g‰WtJ« Ï«nkhjY¡F mo¥gil¡ fhuzkhf mikªjd. r§fk kuË Áwªj
mur® Ïu©lh« njtuha®. Mdhš, mtuhšTl ghäå Ršjh‹fis KGtJkhf
bt‰¿¡ bfhŸs Ïayéšiy. mtuJ kiwΡF¥ÃwF r§fk kuò tèikæHªjJ.
mL¤jjhf, rhSteuÁ«k® rhSt kuig¤ njh‰Wé¤jh®. Ϫj kuò äfΫ FW»a
fhynk (1486-1509) M£ÁæèUªjJ.
155
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mZl¡f#§fŸ v‹w v£L Áwªj m¿P®fŸ mtuJ mitia my§fç¤jd®.
mt®fë‹ Kj‹ikahdt® mšyrhå bg¤j©zh. MªÂuféjhÃjhkf® v‹W
mt® òfH¥g£lh®. mtuJ K¡»a gil¥òfŸ kDrçj« k‰W« Açfjhrhu« v‹gjhF«.
çfè Nu©zh, bjdhè uhk»UZzh ÏUtU« Áwªj m¿P®fshf¤ Âfœªjd®.
MK¡jkhšaj« v‹w bjY§F bkhê üiyÍ«, #h«gt fšahz«, cõhgçza«
v‹w tlbkhê üšfisÍ« »UZz njtuha® Ïa‰¿ÍŸsh®.
M£Á Kiw
156
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é#a efu uhQt« Âwikahd Kiwæš Óuik¡f¥g£oUªjJ. FÂiu¥gil,
fhyh£gil, Õu§»¥ gil, ahid¥gil vd eh‹F K¡»a ÃçÎfis mJ bfh©oUªjJ.
mašeh£L tâfçläUªJ ca®uf FÂiufŸ uhQt¤Â‰fhf th§f¥g£ld.
uhQt¤Â‹ ca® mÂfhçfŸ eha¡ mšyJ ghisa¡fhu® v‹W miH¡f¥g£ld®.
mt®fŸ M‰W« gâ¡F <lhf ãy§fŸ tH§f¥g£ld. Ϫãy§fŸ mku« v‹W
miH¡f¥g£lJ. gil Åu®fS¡F CÂa« bghJthf gzkhfnt tH§f¥g£lJ.
r_f thœ¡if
bghUshjhu ãiy
m¡fhy cy»‹ brštä¡f gFÂfëš x‹whf é#aefu¥ nguuR és§»aJ
v‹w brŒÂia mašeh£L¥ gaâfë‹ F¿¥òfŸ bjçé¡»‹wd. k¡fë‹ K¡»a
bjhêš ntsh©ik. Ú®¥ghrd trÂfis brŒJ bfhL¤J é#aefu M£Áahs®fŸ
ntsh©ik ts®¢Á¡F nkY« C¡fkë¤jd®. òÂa VçfŸ bt£l¥g£ld.
J§fg¤Âuh ngh‹w eÂfë‹ FW¡nf jL¥ò mizfŸ f£l¥g£ld. fhšthŒfŸ
157
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mik¡f¥g£lij¥ g‰¿ üå° T¿ÍŸsh®. gšntW bjhêšfS« ÁwªJ és§»d.
mit x›bth‹W¡F« fHf§fŸ ÏUªjd. cnyhf¤bjhêš brŒnthU« Ãw
iféidP®fS« m¡fhy¤Âš jiH¤njh§»d®. f®üš mdªjó® kht£l§fëš
itu¢Ru§f§fŸ ÏUªjd. é#aefu« xU òfœä¡f t®¤jf ikakhfΫ és§»aJ.
K¡»a j§f ehza« tuhf‹ v‹gjhF«. Mdhš, vilfS« msitfS« Ïl¤J¡F
Ïl« khWg£oUªjd. cŸeh£L, mašeh£L t®¤jf« bgU»ajhš eh£oš bghJthf
bršt brê¥ò fhz¥g£lJ.
kygh® fl‰fiuæš gy JiwKf§fŸ ÏUªjd. mt‰¿š F¿¥Ãl¤j¡fJ
f©z}® JiwKfkhF«. muhÃah, ghuÓf«, bj‹ M¥Ãç¡fh, ngh®¢Rfš ngh‹w
nkiy ehLfSlD« thâf¤bjhl®ò ãyéaJ. gU¤Â k‰W« g£L¤ JâfŸ, eWkz¥
bghU£fŸ, mçÁ, btoÍ¥ò, r®¡fiu ngh‹wit K¡»a V‰WkÂ¥ bghU£fŸ. FÂiufŸ,
K¤J¡fŸ, br«ò, gtH«, ghjur«, Ód¤J¥g£L, btšbt£ JâfŸ ngh‹wit Ïw¡FkÂ
brŒa¥g£ld. f¥gš f£L« bjhêY« ts®¢ÁailªjJ.
g©gh£L¥ g§fë¥ò
é#a efu M£Áæš nfhæš f£L«
elto¡iffŸ nkY« mÂfç¤jJ. uhanfhòu§fŸ
vd¥gL« EiHthæš nfhòu§fŸ k‰W« nfhæš
tshf§fëš Á‰g¤ö©fis¡ bfh©l fšahz
k©lg§fŸ M»ad é#aefu f£ol¡ fiyæ‹ Áw¥ò
m«r§fshF«. k©lg¤ö©fëš to¡f¥ g£LŸs ahid uj« - A«Ã ÏoghLfŸ
Á‰g§fŸ fiyeaä¡fit. Ϫj ö© Á‰g§fëš bgU«ghY« FÂiu cUt§fŸ
Ïl«bg‰¿Uªjd. bgça Mya§fëš ü‰W¡fhš k©lg§fS«, Mæu§fhš
k©lg§fS« vG¥g¥g£ld. ÂUéHh¡fhy§fëš Ïiwtid m§F bfh©L tªJ
it¤J têgLtJ tH¡f«. V‰fdnt f£l¥g£l Mya§fë‹ R‰W¥Ãufhu¤Âš
m«kD¡F vd jå Mya§fŸ m¡fhy¤Âš mik¡f¥g£ld.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m. J®¡if M. é£lyh
m. mnuÃah M. bkhnuh¡nfh
III. bghU¤Jf.
1. r§fk kuò
3. Ar‹ f§F
1. é#a efu¥ nguuR¡F tUif jªj mašeh£L¥ gaâfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
161
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ghl« - 20
Kfyha¥ nguuR
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Ϫj¥ ghl¤ÂèUªJ khzt® m¿ªJ bfhŸtJ
1. Kfyha¥ nguuÁ‹ muÁaš tuyhW
2. ghgU« mtuJ rhjidfS«
3. ckhôå‹ Ãu¢ridfŸ - N®kuò Ïilbtë
4. m¡gU« mtuJ rhjidfS« - rka¡ bfhŸif
5. #Ah§Ñ®, õh#fh‹
6. mÎu§fÓ¥ k‰W« mtuJ rka¡ bfhŸif
7. Kfyha¥ nguuÁ‹ Åœ¢Á¡fhd fhuz§fŸ
muÁaš tuyhW
163
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N® Ïilbtë (1540 - 1555)
164
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eh‹F K¡»a bgUtê¢ rhiyfis mik¤J ngh¡Ftu¤J trÂfis bõ®õh
nk«gL¤Âdh®. mitahtd : 1. nrhdh®fh‹ Kjš ÁªJ tiu, 2. M¡uh Kjš ò®Ah«ó®
tiu, 3. n#h¤ó® Kjš Á¤ö® tiu, 4. yhT® Kjš Kšjh‹ tiu. gaâfë‹
tr¡fhf bgUtê¢ rhiyfëš M§fh§nf j§Fäl§fS« mik¡f¥g£ld.
fhtšJiw äfΫ Âwikahd Óuik¡f¥g£oUªjJ. mtuJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš
F‰w§fŸ äfΫ Fiwthfnt fhz¥g£ld.
165
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167
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1582Ïš m¡g® ‘Ô‹ Ïyhï’ mšyJ ‘Ïiwe«Ã¡if’ v‹w jkJ òÂa rka¤ij
m¿é¤jh®. mJ xU flΟ ‘nfh£gh£o‹ÛJ e«Ã¡if bfh©ljhF«. mid¤J
rka§fë‹ ešy fU¤J¡fisÍ« cŸsl¡»ajhf mJ fhz¥g£lJ. gF¤j¿nt
mj‹ mo¥gil. _le«Ã¡iffis mJ Mjç¡féšiy. gšntW rka§fS¡»ilna
fhz¥gL« ntWghLfS¡F xU ghykhfΫ mJ mikªjJ. ÏU¥ÃD«, m¡guJ òÂa
rka« njhšéna f©lJ. mtuJ kiwΡF¥ÃwF mJ ÁijªJnghæ‰W. m¡guJ
thœehëny Tl Õ®ghš cŸë£l gÂidªJ ng®fns m¡nfh£gh£il¥ Ëg‰¿d®.
m¡g® jdJ òÂa nfh£gh£il V‰F«go vtiuÍ« tèÍW¤jéšiy.
ãy tUthŒ ã®thf«
uh#h njhl®khš, m¡guJ M£Á¡fhy¤Âš ãytUthŒ ã®thf¤Âš Áy
MŒÎfis nk‰bfh©lh®. m¡guJ ãytUthŒ Kiw #¥Â mšyJ gªnjhg°J Kiw
vd miH¡f¥g£lJ.
uh#h njhl®khš mjid nkY« Óuik¤jh®. mj‰F jhAhrhyh Kiw vd¥bga®.
1580Ïš mJ ãiwnt‰w¥g£lJ. m«Kiw¥go njhl®khš xnu khÂçahd ãy msitia
m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh®. flªj g¤jh©L fhy¤Âš éis¢rè‹ ruhrçia mo¥gilahf¡
bfh©L ãytUthŒ ã®zæ¡f¥g£lJ. ãy§fŸ eh‹F tiffshf¥ Ãç¡f¥g£ld.
nghy{ (M©LnjhW« gæçl¥gL« ãy«), gbus (Ïu©L M©LfS¡F xU Kiw
gæçl¥gLtJ), r¢rh® (_‹W mšyJ eh‹F M©LfS¡F xU Kiw gæçl¥gLtJ)
k‰W« gŠrh® (IªJ mšyJ mj‰F« mÂfkhd M©LfS¡F xU Kiw gæçl¥gLtJ).
ãytç bghJthf gzkhfnt brY¤j¥g£lJ.
k‹r¥jhç Kiw
j¡fhz¡ bfhŸif
mÎu§fÓ¥
Kfyhaç‹ j¡fhz¡ bfhŸif m¡gç‹ M£Á¡
fhy¤ÂèUªnj bjhl§F»wJ. fhªnjZ, Õuh® M»at‰iw m¡g® if¥g‰¿dh®. mfkJ
efçš khè¡ M«gUl‹ #Ah§Ñ® nghç£lh®. õh#fh‹ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš j¡fhz
MSeuhf ÏUªj mÎu§fÓ¥ Ôéukhd j¡fhz¡ bfhŸifia Ëg‰¿dh®. Kfyha¥
nguuruhf bghW¥ng‰wÎl‹ mÎu§fÓ¥ jkJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš Kjš ÏUg¤ÂiaªJ
M©LfŸ tlnk‰F všiy¥gFÂæš ftd« brY¤Âdh®. m¤jUz¤Âšjh‹
kuh£oa mur® Áthí tl¡F k‰W« bj‰F bfh§fz¥gFÂæš jd¡bfd xU jå
muir V‰gL¤Â¡ bfh©lh®.
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rka¡bfhŸif
171
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bjhl¡f¤Âš mÎu§fÓ¥ òÂjhf ϪJ¡ nfhæšfŸ f£LtijÍ« giHa
nfhæšfŸ òJ¥Ã¡f¥gLtijÍ« jilbrŒjh®. Ëd® ϪJ¡ nfhæšfis mê¡fΫ
K‰g£lh®. kJuh, bgdhu° ngh‹w Ïl§fëèUªj òfœbg‰w nfhæšfŸ Áij¡f¥g£ld.
1679Ïš mt® íÁah k‰W« òåj¥gaz tçfis é¤jh®. Ï°yhäa rka¤Âš Ãw
ÃçédiuÍ«Tl mt® r»¤J¡bfhŸséšiy.
172
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mj‹ Åœ¢Á¡F é¤Â£ld. guªj nguuir f£o¡fh¥gJ« fodkhf ÏUªjJ. bjhl®ªJ
eilbg‰w ngh®fëdhš ãÂãiyikÍ« nkhrkh»aJ. ϪÂahéš Inuh¥Ãa®fŸ
Fona‰w§fis mik¡f¤ bjhl§»anghJjh‹, Kfyhaçl« tèikahd fl‰gil
Ïšyhikia czu¤bjhl§»d®. eh®õh, mfkJ õh m¥jhè ngh‹nwhç‹
gilbaL¥òfS« nguuÁ‹ tèikia¡ Fiw¤jd. vdnt, Kfyha¥ nguuÁ‹ Åœ¢Á¡F
muÁaš, r_f, bghUshjhu TWfë‹ x£L bkh¤j brašghLfns fhuz§fshf
mikªjd.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf
m) ghuÓf« M) ϪÂ
2. õh#fhå‹ Ïa‰bga®
m) rÄ« M) F®u«
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III. bghU¤Jf
x‹W.
mtiu Mjç¤jd®.
1. JR» ghòç
2. N® Ïilbtë
3. uh#h njhl®khš
4. Ô‹ Ïyhï
5. ü®#Ah‹
174
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VIII. éçthd éil jUf (200 th®¤ijfŸ)
175
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ghl« - 21
Kfyhaç‹ Ñœ ϪÂah
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
Kfyha ca®Foæd®
178
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kidéaU¡fhf mik¤ÂU¡f¡ TL«. m§FŸs #&«kh
kN äfΫ Ãu«kh©lkhd f£olkhF«.
blšèæYŸs cŸs
ghŠ¢ kfhš ckhô‹ fšyiw
m¡guJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš
f£l¥g£lJ. mj‹ Féif khl« g맻dhš MdJ.
jh{kfhY¡F K‹ndhoahf mjid¡ fUjyh«.
M¡uhΡF mU»YŸs Á¡fªjuhéš m¡gç‹
fšyiwia #Ah§Ñ® f£o Ko¤jh®. M¡uhéš jdJ òyª j®thrh
jªij ÏÂk¤ bjsyhé‹ fšyiwia ü®#Ahd
f£oÍŸsh®. btŸis¥ gë§F¡ f‰fshš mJ mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ. mj‹ Rt®fëš
éiy cahªj f‰fŸ g¡f¥g£l óntiy¥ ghLfŸ brŒa¥g£LŸsd. Ï›tif my§fhu
ntiyfS¡F Ãa£uh oôuh v‹W bga®. õh#fh‹ f£oa jh{kAhèš Ï›tif
my§fhu¥ ó ntiy¥ghLfis Vuhskhf¡ fhzyh«. jh{ kAhš f£ol¡ fiyæ‹
kâkFlkhf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ. Kfyha®fŸ ts®¤bjL¤j mid¤J tifahd
f£ol¡fiy¥ghâfS« mš fhz¥gL»‹wd.
jh{kfhè‹ K¡»a Áw¥ng mj‹ bgça FékhlK«
eh‹F bkšèa ca® nfhòu§fshF«. my§fhu
ntiy¥ghL fŸ Fiwthfnt fhz¥gL»‹wd.
Xéa§fS« ÏirÍ«
Xéa¡fiy¡F Kfyha®fŸ M‰¿ÍŸs bjh©L kf¤jhdjhF«. ckhô‹
ghuÓf¤Âš j§»æUªj nghJjh‹ Kfyha® fhy Xéa¡ fiy¡F ešybjhU bjhl¡f«
V‰g£lJ. mt® ϪÂahé‰F ÂU«Ãa nghJ Û® iraJ mè, m¥Jš rkJ v‹w Ïu©L
Xéa®fisÍ« miH¤J tªjh®. m¡guJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Âš Ï›éU Xéa®fS«
òfœbg‰W¤ Âfœªjd®. gšntW Ïy¡»a k‰W« rka üšfS¡F cUt§fŸ _y«
179
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és¡fkë¡F« gâia m¡g® bjhl§» it¤jh®. eh£o‹
gšntW gFÂfëèUªJ« Vuhskhd Xéa®fŸ mtuJ
mit¡F tutiH¡f¥g£ld®. ϪJ¡fS«, K°è«fS«
Ï¥gâæš <Lg£ld®. g°th‹, ä°»dh, j°tª¤ M»nah®
m¡guJ murit¡ fiyP®fshfΫ V‰w« bg‰wd®.
bkhê, Ïy¡»a«
m¡guJ M£Á¡ fhy¤Â‹nghJ Kfyha¥ nguuR KGtÂY« ghuÓf bkhê
gutyhf tH¡»èUªjJ. m¡fhy¤Âš Áwªj m¿PuhfΫ, tuh‰whÁçauhfΫ
mòšghrš és§»dh®. mt® V‰gL¤Âa ciueil¥ghâ gy jiyKiw¡fhy«
bjhl®ªJ Ëg‰w¥g£L tªjJ.
180
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gft¤Ñij, cgãlj§fŸ M»at‰iw ghuÓf bkhêah¡f« brŒjh®. mÎu§fÓ¥ M£Á¡
fhy¤ÂY« gy tuyh‰w¥ gil¥òfŸ cUth¡f¥g£ld. ghuÓf bkhêæ‹ òfœthŒªj
mfuhÂfŸ Kfyha® fhy¤Âšjh‹ bjhF¡f¥g£ld.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
khÂç édh¡fŸ
m) blšè M) M¡uh
m) ghuÓf« M) F#uh¤
181
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III. bghU¤Jf.
m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£ld.
1. Kfyha ca®Foæd®
2. gnjó® Á¡ç
3. mòš ghrš
4. gæ£uh oôuh
182
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ghl« - 22
kuh£oa®fŸ
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
1. kuh£oaç‹ vG¢Á.
4. ngZth¡fë‹ vG¢Á.
kuh£oaç‹ vG¢Á
Áthí 1627 M« M©L î›nd® v‹w Ïl¤Âš Ãwªjh®. mtuJ jªij õhí
ngh‹°ny. jhŒ ÉíghŒ. 1637š jdJ jªijæ‹ #hÑuhd
ódhit Áthí bg‰wh®. 1647š Áthíæ‹ ghJfhtyuhd
jhjhí bfh©lnj› kiwªj ÃwF Áthí jdJ #hÑç‹
KG M£Áahsuhdh®. mj‰F K‹ng, uhŒfh®, nfh©ldh,
njh®dh M»a Ïl§fis Õ#¥ó® M£ÁahsçläUªJ Áthí
if¥g‰¿æUªjh®.
183
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Áthíæ‹ Ïªj ngh® bt‰¿S¡FÃwF kuh£oa¥ gF k¡fŸ mtiu xU
khÅudhf ngh‰w¤ bjhl§»d®. mtuJ gilæš nr®ªJ gâah‰wΫ gy® K‹tªjd®.
Áthí jiyikæš kuh£oa® vG¢Á bg‰WtUtij Kfyha¥ nguur® mÎu§fÓ¥
m¢r¤Jlndna ftå¤J tªjh®. mt® j¡fhz MSeuhf ÏUªj bõæZlhfh‹
v‹gtiu Áthí¡bfÂuhf mD¥Ãit¤jh®. Kfyha¥ gilfshš njh‰fo¡f¥g£l
Áthí Û©L« xU Kiw Jâ¢ryhf brašg£L bõæZlfhå‹ ódh uhQt Kfh«ÛJ
mÂuo¤jh¡Fjiy el¤Â mtuJ kfid¡ bfh‹wJl‹ mtiuÍ« fha¥gL¤Âdh®.
Áthíæ‹ Ïªj Jâ¢rš elto¡ifahš bõæZlfhå‹ òfG¡F ÏG¡F
V‰g£lJ. mÎu§fÓ¥ mtiu ÂU«g miH¤J¡ bfh©lh®. 1664š Áthí, Kfyhaç‹
K¡»a JiwKfkhd Nu¤ JiwKf¤ij¤ jh¡» mij¢ Niwahodh®.
Ï«Kiw mÎu§fÓ¥ Áthí¡F vÂuhf M«g® eh£L uh#h b#ŒÁ§if
mD¥Ãit¤jh®. b#ŒÁ§ gilfis e‹F jah® brŒJ bfh©L Áthíæ‹ FL«gK«,
fUñyK« ÏUªj òuªj® nfh£ilia K‰Wifæ£lh®. ntW têæšyhj ãiyæš,
Áthí, b#ŒÁ§Fl‹ ng¢Rth®¤ij¡F cl‹g£lh®. 1665 M« M©L ÏUtU¡F«
Ïilna òuªj® cl‹go¡if ifbaG¤jh»aJ. m›Îl‹ go¡if¥go, Áthí
j«äläUªj 35 nfh£ilfëš 23 nfh£ilfis Kfyhaçl« x¥gil¤jh®. Kfyha¥
nguuR¡F éRthrkhf ÏU¡fΫ, nritah‰wΫ nt©L« v‹w ãgªjidæ‹ ngçš
vŠÁæUªj 12 nfh£ilfŸ Áthíælnk él¥g£ld. Õ#¥ó® muR¡F¢ brhªjkhd
xU Áy gFÂfis it¤ÂU¡F« cçik Áthí¡F më¡f¥g£lJ. KfyhaU¡F
jhnk neuoahf nrit brŒa nt©L« v‹w ãgªjidia éy¡FkhW Áthí nf£L¡
bfh©ljhš, mtuJ ÁWtaJ kfdhd õh«ghí¡F k‹r¥ 5000 v‹w jFÂãiy
tH§f¥g£lJ.
184
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3. mk¤Âa® - fz¡F nkyhs®
6. mkªjh - rl§FfŸ
7. ãahaÔZ - Ú¤Jiw
185
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Áthíæ‹ tê¤ njh‹wšfŸ
186
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1752š ngZth Kfyha¥ nguuRl‹ xU x¥gªj« brŒJ bfh©lh®. mj‹go
cŸeh£L, mašeh£L vÂçfëläUªJ Kfyha¥ nguuriu ghJfh¥gjhf ngZth
cWÂaë¤jh®. mj‰F¥gÂyhf, tlnk‰F khfhz§fëš brs¤, r®njZK»
tçfisÍ«, M¡uh k‰W« M{Û® gFÂfëš bkh¤j tUthiaÍ« ngZth tNè¤J¡
bfhŸs nguur® mDk¤jh®.
f‰wš milÎfŸ
187
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
1. Áthí ÃwªjJ
m) rjhuh M) ódh
m) 1660 M) 1665
III. bghU¤Jf
1. ngZth m) Fthèa®
2. ÁªÂah M) ódh
3. nAhšf® Ï) Ϫö®
188
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VI. ÁWF¿¥ò tiuf (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. òuªj® cl‹go¡if
2. mZl Ãujh‹
189
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ghl« - 23
Inuh¥Ãaç‹ tUif
f‰wš neh¡f§fŸ
190
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mL¤J MSeuhf tªjt®fŸ nk‰F¡ fl‰fiuæš lhk‹, rhšr£, g«ghŒ M»a
Ïl§fëY« »H¡F¡ fl‰fiuæš br‹id¡fU»š rhªnjh«, t§fhs¤Âš A&¡ë
M»a Ïl§fëY« ngh®¢RÑÁa FoæU¥òfis V‰gL¤Âd®.
l¢R¡fhu®fŸ
M§»nya®fŸ
1600 M« M©L M§»nya¡ »H¡»ªÂa tâf¡FG V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.
mj‰fhd g£la¤Âš ϧ»yhªJ muÁ vèrbg¤ ifbaG¤Â£lh®. Nu¤Âš xU
M§»nya tâf ika« mik¥gj‰F mDk nfhç 1609 M« M©L nf¥l‹
Ah¡»‹° #Ah§Ñç‹ mit¡F tªjh®.
191
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ÃuŠR¡fhu®fŸ
nlåa®fŸ
ϪÂahéš bl‹kh®¡ ehL« tâf ãiya§fis ãWéaJ. 1620š
ju§f«ghoæš nlåZ tâf ãiya« V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ. k‰bwhU K¡»a nlåZ
FoæU¥ò t§fhs¤ÂèUªj Óuh«ó®. Óuh«ó® ϪÂahéš mt®fsJ jiyikælkhF«.
ϪÂahéš mt®fŸ j§fsJ ãiyia tY¥gL¤jéšiy. 1845š j§fsJ ϪÂa¡
Fona‰w§fis Ãç£oõhU¡F é‰Wé£ld®.
193
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t§fhs¤Âš M§»nya M¡f« ãWt¥gLjš
f‰wš milÎfŸ
194
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khÂç édh¡fŸ
I. rçahd éilia¤ nj®Î brŒf.
m) th°nfhlfhkh M) mšbkŒlh
m) 1767 M) 1757
III. bghU¤Jf
2. nlåa®fŸ M) fšf¤jh
3. Ãuh‹Á° nl Ï) gh©o¢nrç
195
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VI. ÁWF¿¥ò tiuf (VnjD« _‹W F¿¥òfŸ)
1. th°nfhlfhkh
2. mšòf®¡
4. ÃshÁ¥ ngh®
196
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1500
1520
1526 -
1530 -
197
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1550
1560
1570
198
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1575 -
1580
1582 -
1590
1600
199
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1
1600 –
1605 -
1610
1620
1627 -
1630
200
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1650
1660
1665 -
1670
201
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1674 -
1680
1690
1700
202