Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Codes and Standards (Relevant To INTECH)
Codes and Standards (Relevant To INTECH)
REVISION HISTORY
1. NFPA 72...............................................................................................3
2. NFPA 70...............................................................................................6
3. NFPA 85...............................................................................................8
4. CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS...................9
4.1. NEC DIVISION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.............................................9
4.1.1. Class I Locations......................................................................................9
4.1.2. Class II Locations..................................................................................10
4.1.3. Class III Locations.................................................................................10
4.2. SUMMARY OF CLASS I, II, III HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS..................11
5. NEMA ENCLOSURE TYPES.........................................................12
6. IP CODE............................................................................................14
6.1. SOLIDS, FIRST DIGIT.................................................................................14
6.2. LIQUIDS, SECOND DIGIT.........................................................................15
6.3. ADDITIONAL LETTERS............................................................................17
7. IEC 61508..........................................................................................18
7.1. HAZARD AND RISK ANALYSIS...............................................................18
7.2. SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL.....................................................................20
8. IEC 61511...........................................................................................21
9. AICHE - CCPS..................................................................................22
10. API RP 556.........................................................................................23
11. API RP 14C........................................................................................23
12. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119...................................................................24
13. ISA 18.2..............................................................................................25
14. EEMUA 191.......................................................................................26
15. IEEE 603............................................................................................27
16. Comparisons of standards (Hoffman).................................................28
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1. NFPA 72
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4.4.1.5.3 Capacity
4.4.1.5.3.1 Unless otherwise permitted or required by 4.4.1.5.3.1(A) or 4.4.1.5.3.1(B), the
secondary power supply shall have sufficient capacity to operate the fire alarm system
under quiescent load (system operating in a nonalarm condition) for a minimum of 24
hours and, at the end of that period, shall be capable of operating all alarm notification
appliances used for evacuation or to direct aid to the location of an emergency for 5
minutes.
4.4.1.5.3.2 The secondary power supply capacity required shall include all power supply
loads that are not automatically disconnected upon the transfer to secondary power
supply.
4.4.1.5.4 Secondary Power Operation. Operation on secondary power shall not affect the
required performance of a fire alarm system or supervising station facility. The system
shall produce the same alarm, supervisory, and trouble signals and indications, excluding
the alternating current (ac) power indicator, when operating from the secondary power
source as are produced when the unit is operating from the primary
power source.
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4.4.1.6 Continuity of Power Supplies
4.4.1.6.1 The secondary power supply shall automatically provide power to the protected
premises fire alarm system within 10 seconds, whenever the primary power supply fails
to provide the minimum voltage required for proper operation.
4.4.1.6.3 Required signals shall not be lost, interrupted, or delayed by more than 10
seconds as a result of the primary power failure.
Note: More codes relevant to INTECH’s scope of work can be found in Chapter 4 of
NFPA 72.
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2. NFPA 70
The NEC is composed of an introduction, nine chapters, annexes A through I, and the
index. The introduction sets forth the purpose, scope, enforcement and rules or
information that are general in nature. The first four chapters cover definitions and rules
for installations (voltages, connections, markings, etc.), circuits and circuit protection,
methods and materials for wiring (wiring devices, conductors, cables, etc.), and general-
purpose equipment (cords, receptacles, switches, heaters, etc.). The next three chapters
deal with special occupancies (high risk to multiple persons), special equipment (signs,
machinery, etc.) and special conditions (emergency systems, alarms, etc.). Chapter 8 is
specific to additional requirements for communications systems (telephone, radio/TV,
etc.) and chapter 9 is composed of tables regarding conductor, cable and conduit
properties, among other things. Annexes A-I relate to referenced standards, calculations,
examples, additional tables for proper implementation of various code articles (for
example, how many wires fit in a conduit) and a model adoption ordinance.
110.26 Spaces About Electrical Equipment. Sufficient access and working space shall
be provided and maintained about all electric equipment to permit ready and safe
operation and maintenance of such equipment. Enclosures housing electrical apparatus
that are controlled by a lock(s) shall be considered accessible to qualified persons.
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(1) Depth of Working Space. The depth of the working space in the direction of live
parts shall not be less than that specified in Table 110.26(A)(1)(1) unless the
requirements of 110.26(A)(1)(a), (A)(1)(b), or (A)(1)(c) are met. Distances shall
be measured from the exposed live parts or from the enclosure or opening if the
live parts are enclosed.
Table 110.26(A)(1)(1)
Nominal Minimum Clear Distance
Voltage to
Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
Ground
0–150 900 mm (3 ft) 900 mm (3 ft) 900 mm (3 ft)
151–600 900 mm (3 ft) 1.1 m (31⁄2 ft) 1.2 m (4 ft)
Condition 1 — Exposed live parts on one side of the working space and no live or grounded
parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides of the working
space that are effectively guarded by insulating materials.
Condition 2 — Exposed live parts on one side of the working space and grounded parts on the
other side of the working space. Concrete, brick, or tile walls shall be considered as grounded.
Condition 3 — Exposed live parts on both sides of the working space.
(2) Width of Working Space. The width of the working space in front of the
electric equipment shall be the width of the equipment or 750 mm (30 in.),
whichever is greater. In all cases, the work space shall permit at least a 90 degree
opening of equipment doors or hinged panels.
312.11 Spacing. The spacing within cabinets and cutout boxes shall comply with
312.11(A) through (D).
(A) General. Spacing within cabinets and cutout boxes shall be sufficient to provide
ample room for the distribution of wires and cables placed in them and for a separation
between metal parts of devices and apparatus mounted within them as follows.
(3) Live Parts. There shall be an airspace of at least 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) between the
walls, back, gutter partition, if of metal, or door of any cabinet or cutout box and the
nearest exposed current-carrying part of devices mounted within the cabinet where the
voltage does not exceed 250. This spacing shall be increased to at least 25.4 mm (1.00
in.) for voltages of 251 to 600, nominal.
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3. NFPA 85
The purpose of NFPA 85 is to provide safe operation and prevent uncontrolled fires,
explosions and implosions. Some of the key requirements of this standard relate to the
burner management system logic. Many countries and companies require compliance
with NFPA 85 for burner management systems.
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4. Classification of Hazardous Locations
Article 500 of the NEC classifies hazardous locations according to the properties of the
flammable vapors, liquids or gases or according to the combustible dusts or fibers which
may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or
quantity is present.
Class I, Division 1
• NEMA Type 7 enclosures (Hoffman does not manufacture any of these enclosures)
• Purged general-purpose enclosures (subject to approval by the inspection authority
having jurisdiction)
Class I, Division 2
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4.1.2. Class II Locations
Class II locations are defined by the NEC as those locations that are hazardous due to the
presence of combustible dusts. Class II locations are grouped according to the specific
dust involved: Group E combustible metal dusts or other combustible dusts having
resistivity of less than 105 ohm-centimeters; Group F combustible dusts such as carbon
black, charcoal, and coal or coke dusts having resistivity greater than 102 ohm-
centimeters or less than 108 ohm-centimeters; and Group G containing grain dusts or
other combustible dusts having resistivity of 105 ohm-centimeters or greater. Class II
locations are further classified as to whether combustible dusts may be present in the air
under normal operating conditions (Division 1) or whether combustible dusts are not
normally in the air but which may accumulate on or near electrical equipment (Division
2).
Class III locations are defined by the NEC in Article 503 as those locations that are
hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flying, but not in quantities
sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures. Class III locations are locations in which
ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flying are handled, manufactured, or
used (Division 1) or locations in which ignitable fibers are stored or handled but where
no manufacturing processes are performed (Division 2).
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4.2. Summary of Class I, II, III Hazardous Locations
D: Hydrocarbons, fuels,
solvents, etc.
II Dusts E: Metal dusts Ignitable quantities of Dust not normally
(conductive,*and explosive) dust normally are or suspended in an
may be in suspension, ignitable concentration
F: Carbon dusts (some are or conductive dust (but may accidentally
conductive,* and all are may be present exist). Dust layers are
explosive) present.
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5. NEMA enclosure types
Type 1
General-purpose. Protects against dust, light, and indirect splashing but is not dust-tight;
primarily prevents contact with live parts; used indoors and under normal atmospheric
conditions.
Type 2
Drip-tight. Similar to Type 1 but with addition of drip shields; used where condensation
may be severe (as in cooling and laundry rooms).
Type 3 and 3S
Weather-resistant. Protects against weather hazards such as rain and sleet; used outdoors
on ship docks, in construction work, and in tunnels and subways.
Type 3R
Intended for outdoor use. Provides a degree of protection against falling rain and ice
formation. Meets rod entry, rain, external icing, and rust-resistance design tests.
Type 4 and 4X
Watertight (weatherproof). Must exclude at least 65 GPM of water from 1-in. nozzle
delivered from a distance not less than 10 ft for 5 min. Used outdoors on ship docks, in
dairies, and in breweries.
Type 5
Dust-tight. Provided with gaskets or equivalent to exclude dust; used in steel mills and
cement plants.
Type 6 and 6P
Submersible. Design depends on specified conditions of pressure and time; submersible
in water or oil; used in quarries, mines, and manholes.
Type 7
Hazardous. For indoor use in Class I, Groups A, B, C, and D environments as defined in
the NEC.
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Type 8
Hazardous. For indoor and outdoor use in locations classified as Class I, Groups A, B, C,
and D as defined in the NEC.
Type 9
Hazardous. For indoor and outdoor use in locations classified as Class II, Groups E, F, or
G as defined in the NEC.
Type 10
MSHA. Meets the requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration, 30 CFR
Part 18 (1978).
Type 11
General-purpose. Protects against the corrosive effects of liquids and gases. Meets drip
and corrosion-resistance tests.
Type 13
General-purpose. Primarily used to provide protection against dust, spraying of water and
non-corrosive coolants. Meets oil exclusion and rust resistance design tests.
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6. IP Code
The IP Code (or Ingress Protection Rating, sometimes also interpreted as International
Protection Rating) consists of the letters IP followed by two digits or one digit and one
letter and an optional letter. As defined in international standard IEC 60529, IP Code
classifies and rates the degrees of protection provided against the intrusion of solid
objects (including body parts like hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water
in mechanical casings and with electrical enclosures. The digits (characteristic numerals)
indicate conformity with the conditions summarized below. Where there is no protection
rating with regard to one of the criteria, the digit is replaced with the letter X.
1 >50 mm Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand,
but no protection against deliberate contact with a body
part
5 Dust protected Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not
enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory
operation of the equipment; complete protection against
contact
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6.2. Liquids, second digit
Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of water
0 Not — —
protected
Water
equivalent to
1mm rainfall
per minute
Water volume:
10 litres per
minute
Pressure: 80–
16
100 kN/m²
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6.3. Additional letters
The standard defines additional letters that can be appended to classify only the level of
protection against access to hazardous parts by persons:
A Back of hand
B Finger
C Tool
D Wire
Further letters can be appended to provide additional information related to the protection
of the device:
Letter Meaning
W Weather conditions
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7. IEC 61508
IEC 61508 is an international standard of rules applied in industry. IEC 61508 is intended
to be a basic functional safety standard applicable to all kinds of industry. It defines
functional safety as: “part of the overall safety relating to the EUC (Equipment Under
Control) and the EUC control system which depends on the correct functioning of the
E/E/PE safety-related systems, other technology safety-related systems and external risk
reduction facilities.”
The standard covers the complete safety life cycle, and may need interpretation to
develop sector specific standards. It has its origins in the process control industry sector.
Central to the standard are the concepts of risk and safety function. The risk is a function
of frequency (or likelihood) of the hazardous event and the event consequence severity.
The risk is reduced to a tolerable level by applying safety functions which may consist of
E/E/PES and/or other technologies. While other technologies may be employed in
reducing the risk, only those safety functions relying on E/E/PES are covered by the
detailed requirements of IEC 61508.
IEC 61508 has the following views on risks:
zero risk can never be reached
The standard requires that hazard and risk assessment should be carried out: 'The EUC
(equipment under control) risk shall be evaluated, or estimated, for each determined
hazardous event'.
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The standard advises that 'Either qualitative or quantitative hazard and risk analysis
techniques may be used' and offers guidance on a number of approaches. One of these,
for the qualitative analysis of hazards, is a framework based on 6 categories of likelihood
of occurrence and 4 of consequence.
Consequence categories
Category Definition
Catastrophic Multiple loss of life
Critical Loss of a single life
Marginal Major injuries to one or more persons
Negligible Minor injuries at worst
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7.2. Safety Integrity Level
The Safety Integrity Level is determined primarily from the assessment of three factors.
Higher level Safety Integrity Levels require greater compliance in all three areas.
1) Improved reliability.
2) Failure to safety.
3) Management, Systematic Techniques, Verification and Validation.
SIL refers to a single method of reducing injury (as determined through risk analysis), not
an entire system, nor an individual component.
1) Improved Reliability
For systems that operate continuously (continuous mode) the allowable frequency of
failure must be determined. For systems that operate more than once a year (high
demand) the allowable frequency of failure must be determined. For systems that operate
intermittently (less than once a year / low demand) the probability of failure is specified
as the probability that the system will fail to respond on demand.
SI Low demand mode: High demand or continuous mode:
L average probability of failure on demand probability of dangerous failure per hour
1 ≥ 10-2 to < 10-1 ≥ 10-6 to < 10-5
2 ≥ 10-3 to < 10-2 ≥ 10-7 to < 10-6
3 ≥ 10-4 to < 10-3 ≥ 10-8 to < 10-7
4 ≥ 10-5 to < 10-4 ≥ 10-9 to < 10-8
2) Failure to Safety
Calculation of safe failure fraction (SFF) determines how Fail-safe the system is. This
compares the likelihood of safe failures with dangerous failures. Reliability by itself is
not sufficient to claim a SIL level. There are charts in IEC61508 that specify the level of
SFF required for each SIL.
Specific techniques ensure that mistakes and errors are avoided across the entire life-
cycle. Errors introduced anywhere from the initial concept, risk analysis, specification,
design, installation, maintenance and through to disposal could undermine even the most
reliable protection. IEC61508 specifies techniques that should be used for each phase of
the life-cycle.
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8. IEC 61511
The process industry sector includes many types of manufacturing processes, such as
refineries, petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and power. The
process sector standard does not cover nuclear power facilities or nuclear reactors. IEC
61511 covers the application of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
equipment. While IEC 61511 does apply to equipment using pneumatic or hydraulic
systems to manipulate final elements, the standard does not cover the design and
implementation of pneumatic or hydraulic logic solvers.
This standard defines the functional safety requirements established by IEC 61508 in
process industry sector terminology. IEC 61511 focuses attention on one type of
instrumented safety system used within the process sector, the Safety Instrumented
System (SIS). The standard does not provide requirements for other instrumented safety
systems, such as fire and gas systems, safety alarms, or safety controls.
In the United States ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004 was issued in September 2004. It primarily
mirrors IEC 61511 in content with the exception that it contains a grandfathering clause:
For existing safety instrumented systems (SIS) designed and constructed in accordance
with codes, standards, or practices prior to the issuance of this standard (e.g. ANSI/ISA
84.01-1996), the owner/operator shall determine and document that the equipment is
designed, maintained, inspected, tested, and operated in a safe manner.
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9. AIChE - CCPS
Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems (ISBN: 978-0-
471-97940-1)
Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations (ISBN: 0-8169-0800-1)
Guidelines for Design Solutions for Process Equipment Failures (ISBN: 0-8169-
0684-X)
Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety (ISBN: 0-8169-0565-7)
Guidelines for Preventing Human Error in Process Safety (ISBN: 0-8169-0461-8)
Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical Processes (ISBN: 0-8169-0554-1)
These publications cover the design of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Safety
Interlock Systems (SIS) and contain other very useful background information.
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10.API RP 556
API RP 556 is the Recommended Practice for Instrumentation and Control systems for
Fired heaters and Steam generators. This recommended practice provides guidelines that
specifically apply to instrument, control and protective system installations for gas fired
heaters in petroleum production, refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants.
A gas fired general service heater defined in this practice liberates heat by the combustion
of fuel gas and this heat is transferred to liquids and/or gases in tubular coils all contained
within an internally insulated enclosure.
11.API RP 14C
This recommended practice illustrates how system analysis methods can be used to
determine safety requirements to protect any process component. The analysis procedures
include a method to document and verify system integrity. In addition to the basic surface
safety system, this recommended practice covers ancillary systems such as pneumatic
supply and liquid containment. It is intended for design engineers and operating
personnel.
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12.OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119
OSHA issued 29 CFR 1910.119 in 1992 that facilities with a dangerous amount of highly
hazardous chemicals maintain procedures to ensure safety in their operations. The
regulation outlines 14 key elements that aid employers in their efforts to prevent or
mitigate episodic chemical releases that could lead to a catastrophe in the workplace and
possibly to the surrounding community.
Some extracts from Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals are
given below:
Section d3: Process Safety information:“For existing equipment .. the employer shall
determine and document that the equipment is designed, maintained, inspected, tested,
and operating in a safe manner”
Section j5: Equipment deficiencies: “The employer shall correct deficiencies in the
equipment that are outside acceptable limits before further use in a safe and timely
manner when necessary means are taken to assure safe operation”
Section j6: Quality assurance: “In the construction of new plants and equipment, the
employer shall assure that equipment as it is fabricated is suitable for the process
application for which they will be used”
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13.ISA 18.2
This standard addresses alarm systems for facilities in the process industries to improve
safety, quality, and productivity. The general principles and processes in this standard are
intended for use in the lifecycle management of an alarm system based on programmable
electronic controller and computer-based Human-Machine Interface (HMI) technology.
Implementation of this standard should consider alarms from all systems presented to the
operator, which may include basic process control systems, annunciator panels, safety
instrumented systems, fire and gas systems, and emergency response systems. The
practices in this standard are applicable to continuous, batch, and discrete processes.
There may be differences in implementation to meet the specific needs based on process
type.
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14.EEMUA 191
Guide to Design, Management and Procurement Alarm systems form an essential part
of the operator interfaces to large modern industrial facilities. They provide vital support
to the operators by warning them of situations that need their attention and have an
important role in preventing, controlling and mitigating the effects of abnormal situations.
Since it was first published in 1999, EEMUA 191 has become the globally accepted and
leading guide to good practice for alarm management. The guide, developed by the
users of alarm systems in industry, is published in conjunction with Britain's Health &
Safety Executive and ASM, the Abnormal Situation Management Consortium (Arizona,
USA). It gives comprehensive guidance on designing, managing and procuring an
effective alarm system. Following the guidance in EEMUA 191 should result in better
alarm systems that are more usable and that result in safer and more cost-efficient
industrial operations.
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15.IEEE 603
In IEEE 603 Standard Criteria for Safety Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations,
minimum functional and design criteria for the power, instrumentation, and control
portions of nuclear power generating station safety systems are established. The criteria
are to be applied to those systems required to protect the public health and safety by
functioning to mitigate the consequences of design basis events. The intent is to promote
safe practices for design and evaluation of safety system performance and reliability.
Although the standard is limited to safety systems, many of the principles may have
applicability to equipment provided for safe shutdown, post-accident monitoring display
instrumentation, preventative interlock features, or any other systems, structures, or
equipment related to safety.
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16.Comparisons of standards (Hoffman)
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