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ABSTRACT: Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the use of natural aggregates is increased
highly and at the same time, the production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Due to the
increasing demand of construction material and degradation of environment, there is need to explore alternative construction material
from industrial as well as household waste and recyclable materials such as ceramic tiles and tyre rubbers which are often dumped as
waste material after it becomes useless. But it can be recycled and can be reused as a construction material in present world which is
demanding for alternative construction materials which are economical, environment friendly as well as provides same quality in
nature as that of a normal aggregate made of stones. The main objective is to encourage the use of these waste products as
construction materials.
Because of these reasons the necessity of reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile from demolition of
construction material and tyre rubber from transportation industry waste came into the picture, to reduce the solid waste and to reduce
the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete. The crushed waste ceramic tile chips and tire rubber are used as a replacement
to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The waste of ceramic crushed tiles and rubber were partially replaced in place of coarse
aggregates and fine aggregate respectively by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. M30 grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix
design for different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages of
crushed tiles and tyre rubber crumb . Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test is used, for different
concrete mixes with different percentages of waste after curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. After the test performed it was observed
that, The properties of concrete increased linearly with the increase in ceramic aggregate up to 20% replacement and The strength of
modified concrete is reduced with an increase in the rubber content, however lower unit weight meets the criteria of light weight
concrete.
1. INTRODUCTION
Rapid industrial development causes serious problems all It has been reported that more than 3 million used tyres are
over the world such as depletion of natural aggregates and stockpiled in USA and the rate is continuously increasing
creates enormous amount of waste material from construction throughout the world. These stockpiled tyres thus forming the
and demolition activities. One of the ways to reduce this breeding ground for mosquitoes, rats and vermin. The used tyres
problem is to utilize the waste. Throughout the world, concrete are being deposited in road construction in many countries but
is being widely used for the construction of most of the the efforts are being made to use it in cement concrete. Many
structures. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone researches has been conducted on replacement of tyre rubber
to the infrastructure development of a country. A huge quantity with fine aggregate and they suggest the increase in sound
of concrete is required for it that consumes most of natural insulation, toughness and bond property stress-strain shows that
resources. Unfortunately, India is not self-sufficient in the concrete with a higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high
production of cement. Fine and coarse aggregate though toughness, since the generated energy is mainly plastic. There is
available, it is available in minimum amount. Also depletion of a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion
natural resources for aggregate causes more impact to the of rubber aggregate would be feasible, it can be used in many
environment. This makes the construction activities very other construction elements like partition walls, road barriers,
costlier. Currently the entire construction industry is in search of pavement, sidewalks etc.
suitable and effective waste product that would considerably A large quantity of wastages produced annually in all
minimize the use of ingredients of conventional concrete and countries, in particular construction and demolition waste
thereby reducing the construction cost. Few of such products contributes the highest percentage of wastes worldwide about
have already been identified such as ceramic waste, tyre rubber 75%. Furthermore, ceramic materials contribute the highest
crumb, rice husk, fly ash, silica fumes, egg shell, etc. Among percentage of wastes within the construction and demolition
these tyre rubber crumb is found to have good prospects in wastes about 54%. Ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly
minimizing the usage of sand. Also ceramic waste can be resistant to Biological, Chemical and Physical degradation
replaced for coarse aggregate. So, the concept of our project is to forces. Ceramic tile aggregate are hard having considered value
partially replace the fine aggregate by tyre rubber crumb and of specific gravity, rough surface on one side and smooth on
coarse aggregate by ceramic waste. other side, they are lighter in weight than normal stone
The rubber tyres are globally used for transportation, aggregates.
the life span of tyres are 3-5 years, then are being replaced with Using ceramic tiles as aggregate in concrete not only
new ones. The used tyres thus are stockpiled, sent to landfills or will be cost effective but also will be good from environmental
burnt which is hazards to environment. point of view. The following section gives a brief Ceramic waste
The specimens of cubes were casted and tested after 7 days and
28 days of curing. The ceramic waste was mixed with proportion
of 5%, 10% and 15% and 20% by weight of coarse aggregate.
The mixing was done manually with all materials which were
mixed according to the proportion. The mixing was done till a
homogenous mixture was obtained. The compaction of cubes
was done manually by temping rod. The sizes of cubes were 150
mm X 150 mm X 150 mm used. The specimen were demoulded
after 24 hours of casting and placed for curing in curing tank.
The testing for compressive strength was done on compression
test machine of capacity of 1000 KN.
Figure 8: Demoulded Cubes S.no Mix Cement Sand Coarse Aggregate (%)
Code (%)
Natural Crushed
Coarse Tiles
Aggregate
1 M0 100 100 100 0
2 M1 100 100 95 5
3 M2 100 100 90 10
4 M3 100 100 85 15
5 M4 100 100 80 20
Workability in mm
%) )
1 M0 100 0 60 80
2 M1 95 5 54
3 M2 90 10 46 60
4 M3 85 15 30
5 M4 80 20 26 40
70 0
0 5 10 15 20
Workability in mm
60 Workabilty 70 78 84 90 96
50
% of Ceramic Tile
40
Graph no 5.2- Workability of Ceramic Tile
30
The workability from the slump cone test is in increasing
20 manner as the mix Proportion replacement increasing. The
10 workability range of concrete increasing as mentioned while
being in medium range overall.
0
0 5 10 15 20
Comparison of Workability between Rubber Crumb &
workability 60 54 46 30 26 Ceramic Tile Concrete
% of Rubber Crumb
40 25
Compessive Strength N/MM2
35
20
30
25 15
20 10
15
5
10
5 0
0 5 10 15 20
0
0 5 10 15 20 7 Day 15.6 17.6 16.87 17.15 18.03
7 Day 20.76 22.52 19.96 17.65 16.32 14 Day 17.94 19.84 19.59 19.89 20.85
14 Day 24.69 27.11 24.17 21.64 18.27 28 Day 22.62 24.31 25.05 25.36 26.7
28 Day 32.56 36.3 32.6 29.63 22.17
% of Ceramic Tile
% of Rubber Crumb Graph no 5.5 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade of
concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days.
Graph no 5.4 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade of The results obtained from compression testing gives
concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days. comprehensive outcome of the project as the replacement of tile
aggregates produces a concrete with suitable properties as
The results obtained from compression testing gives conventional.
comprehensive outcome of the project as the replacement of
Rubber Crumb produces a concrete with suitable properties as
conventional
25
20
20
15
15
10 10
5
5
0
0 0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
% Rubber 32.56 36.3 32.6 29.63 22.17
% Rubber 20.76 22.52 19.96 17.65 16.32
% Ceramic 22.62 24.31 25.05 25.36 26.5
% Ceramic 15.6 17.6 16.87 17.15 18.03
% of Both Material
% of Both Materials
Graph no 5.8 - Compressive Strength Results at 28 Days
Graph no 5.6 - Compressive Strength Results at 7 Days
Cost Comparison of Plane concrete, Rubber crumb concrete
Compressive Strength Results at 14 Days: and Ceramic waste concrete for 1 Cu.m.
Cost Comparision in Rs
1850
1800
1750
Rupees
1700
1650
1600
1550
1500
Plane Rubber Ceramic
Concrete Concrete Concrete
Cost Comparision
1800 1800 1600
in Rs