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2010 521579 PDF
2010 521579 PDF
To cite this article: Pui-Lam Wong , Anis Chaouachi , Carlo Castagna , Patrick W. C. Lau , Karim Chamari & Ulrik Wislff (2011)
Validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test in young soccer players, European Journal of Sport Science, 11:5, 309-315,
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.521579
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European Journal of Sport Science, September 2011; 11(5): 309315
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Abstract
The Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test is frequently used to assess aerobic endurance performance in young soccer players
but only the logical validity of the test has been shown to date. The main ai m of this study was to assess the criterion
(i.e. association with maximal aerobic capacity, V̇O2max) and construct validities of the test in young soccer players.
A secondary aim was to examine possible shared variance of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test with other physical
capacities. Sixty-two soccer players (age 13.790.5 years) from an Under-14 team participated. All players performed a
battery of fitness tests to assess V̇O2max, aerobic endurance performance (Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test), soccer
dribbling endurance performance (Hoff dribbling test), and power performance (maximal vertical jump, 30-m sprint with
10-m split time). Results showed that the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test was strongly correlated with V̇O2max (r0.63,
P B0.001), thereby showing the test’s criterion validity. Players with the best performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent
endurance test had significantly higher V̇O2max (P B0.001, large effect), and significantly better soccer dribbling endurance
(P B0.001, large effect) and 30-m sprint times (P B0.05, medium effect). Logistic regression (r 0.79, P 0.0001) showed
that Hoff dribbling test performance (explained variance 50.4%), V̇O2max (explained variance 39.7%), and 30-m sprint
time (explained variance 14.4%) were significant independent parameters contributing to performance on the Yo-Yo
intermittent endurance test. Therefore, the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test is a valid on-field aerobic endurance
performance test for young soccer players, which can also be used to differentiate the maximal aerobic capacity, soccer
dribbling endurance, and 30-m sprint performance of these players.
Keywords: Football, soccer, aerobic, youth, fitness, Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test
Correspondence: U. Wisløff, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489
Trondheim, Norway. E-mail: ulrik.wisloff@ntnu.no
ISSN 1746-1391 print/ISSN 1536-7290 online # 2011 European College of Sport Science
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.521579
310 P.-L. Wong et al.
recent research has reported success in youth soccer among players of varying ability) of the Yo-Yo
may be associated with good aerobic endurance intermittent endurance test in a cohort of young
performance (Vaeyens et al., 2006). Consequently, soccer players to gain useful information for players’
assessment of aerobic endurance performance in training and development. A secondary aim was to
youth soccer players on a regular basis is important determine whether performance on the Yo-Yo inter-
to monitor their fitness, the effectiveness of physical mittent endurance test has shared variance with the
conditioning programmes, and prepare for further aforementioned physical capacities.
training content.
Intermittent aerobic endurance field tests that
simulate the exercise pattern of soccer have been Methods
developed with the aim of assessing players’ aerobic
Design
endurance performance (Castagna et al., 2006a;
Reilly, Bangsbo, & Franks, 2000a). The Yo-Yo To determine the criterion validity of the Yo-Yo
intermittent endurance test (Level 1) consists of intermittent endurance test (YYIET), we assessed
low running speeds (814.5 km × h 1) and a total the relationship between the test and V̇O2max. In
distance of 4320 m, whereas the Yo-Yo intermittent addition, players were divided into two groups based
recovery test (Level 1) involves higher running speeds on performance in the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance
(1019 km × h 1) but with a total distance of 3640 m test: higher (YYIETHigh) or lower (YYIETLow) than
(Castagna et al., 2006a; Castagna, Impellizzeri, the median YYIET performance score (i.e. 2160 m).
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Chamari, Carlomagno, & Rampinini, 2006b). These The construct validity of the test was examined by
aerobic endurance performance tests are commonly comparing the performance of the two groups
used by soccer coaches and strength and condi- (YYIETHigh and YYIETLow). In addition, logistic
tioning specialists with senior (Castagna, Abt, & regression and correlations between the Yo-Yo inter-
D’Ottavio, 2005; Stolen et al., 2005), Under-17, mittent endurance test and other physical capacities
and Under-18 soccer players (Castagna et al., 2006a; were calculated to determine the shared variance
Metaxas, Koutlianos, Kouidi, & Deligiannis, 2005) between them.
because it allows squad-based testing whereby all In the present study, aerobic endurance perfor-
players can be assessed simultaneously. The validity mance was assessed by the Yo-Yo intermittent
of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test has been widely endurance test, soccer dribbling endurance perfor-
studied (Castagna et al., 2006a; Krustrup et al., mance by the Hoff dribbling test (Hoff, 2005), while
2003), whereas the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance power performance was assessed using a maximal
test has received little attention. Previous studies vertical jump and 30-m sprint (with 10-m split time).
reported moderate to high correlations (r 0.47 The Hoff dribbling test was selected because it is a
0.65) between peak V̇O2 values obtained during soccer-specific aerobic endurance performance test
treadmill running and the Yo-Yo intermittent endur- that has been reported to correlate strongly (r 0.68,
ance test in adolescent soccer players aged approxi- P B0.01) with V̇O2max in young soccer players
mately 1618 years (Castagna et al., 2006a; Metaxas aged 14 years (Chamari et al., 2005). Further-
et al., 2005). Despite the fact that the validity of the more, the test items in the present study have been
Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test in young soccer reported to demonstrate high discriminating power
players has yet to be shown, it has been used in several in young soccer players. For example, V̇O2max has
studies to assess aerobic endurance performance been reported to differentiate between elite and sub-
in soccer players aged 1115 years (Figueiredo, elite soccer players aged 1216 years (Reilly,
Goncalves, Coelho e Silva, & Malina, 2009; Malina, Williams, Nevill, & Franks, 2000b). Maximal ver-
Ribeiro, Aroso, & Cumming, 2007). tical jump performance was shown to be the most
Castagna et al. (2006a) suggested that perfor- discriminating variable for young soccer players (Gil,
mance on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test, Gil, Ruiz, Irazusta, & Irazusta, 2007). In addition,
which as an aerobic endurance performance test, is Reilly et al. (2000b) compared elite and sub-elite
not solely determined by maximal aerobic capacity soccer players aged 1516 years and found sprint
(i.e. V̇O2max) in adolescent soccer players, but there time to be the most discriminating variable. Speci-
is no information available in the literature on the fically, a 30-m sprint (with 10-m split time) has been
association between the Yo-Yo intermittent endur- suggested as the ‘‘standard’’ sprint test for soccer
ance test and other physical capacities, such as players (Stolen et al., 2005).
soccer dribbling endurance performance and power Each player performed the V̇O2max test and had
performance in young soccer players. Therefore, the anthropometric measurements (body mass, height,
main aim of the present study was to assess the and body mass index) during the first visit to the
criterion validity (i.e. association with V̇O2max) and laboratory. After at least 5 days but no more than
the construct validity (i.e. ability to differentiate 7 days, further testing was conducted on a soccer
Validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test 311
pitch with soccer sportswear in the following order: Hoff dribbling test
maximal vertical jump, 30-m sprint, Hoff dribbling
The Hoff dribbling test is a soccer-specific aerobic
test, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test. Players
endurance test during which players have to dribble
performed a 20-min warm-up consisting of slow jog,
the ball through a route of obstacles (Hoff, 2005).
static and dynamic stretching before testing. The
Before the test, players were instructed to jog slowly
players rested for 20 min between tests for recovery
for one lap to familiarize themselves with the route;
(Wong, Chamari, Dellal, & Wisloff, 2009) and
this was followed by a self-paced dribble for another
additional time was allowed if requested by the
lap. The distance for one lap has been established at
players.
290 m by Chamari et al. (2005) to create an endur-
ance dribbling test, and the maximal distance
covered in 10 min was recorded for analysis.
Participants
Altogether, 62 Under-14 male soccer players (ex-
cluding goalkeepers) participated in the study during Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) test
the regular season. Players (age 13.790.5 years, Players ran on a motorized treadmill (cos10198, h/p/
soccer experience 3.791.4 years, body mass cosmos, Germany) at a slope of 5.5% for 4 min at
51.198.5 kg, height 1.6690.09 m, body mass 7 km × h 1, followed by an increment of 1 km × h 1
index 18.891.8 kg × m 2) were members of regional each minute until exhaustion (Chamari et al., 2005).
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Under-14 representative teams competing at the Cardiorespiratory variables were determined using a
highest regional level for their age category. All calibrated breath-by-breath analysis system (Meta-
players participated in soccer training twice a week Max 3B, Cortex, Germany). Heart rate was deter-
with each session lasting 2 h, and played in one mined from a portable monitor every 5 s (Polar,
formal eleven-a-side match at weekends. Finland). Samples of capillary blood (25 ml) were
All players were instructed not to perform vigor- drawn from a fingertip 3.5 min after the V̇O2max test
ous exercise in the 48 h before the day of testing. for subsequent determination of blood lactate con-
During the course of the study, all players were centration using an enzymatic method (YSI 1500,
instructed to maintain their normal daily food and Yellow Springs, OH, USA). All players met the
water intake and no dietary interventions were made. following criteria when V̇O2max was tested: (a) an
All players were instructed to give their maximal increase in V̇O2 of no more than 2.5 ml × min 1 ×
efforts during all tests, and verbal encouragement kg 1 despite the increase in running speed (Midgley,
was provided by the first author. Carroll, Marchant, McNaughton, & Siegler, 2009);
The study was conducted according to the (b) a respiratory gas exchange ratio 1.1; and (c) a
Declaration of Helsinki and the protocol received blood lactate concentration 6 mmol × l 1. Max-
approval from the local clinical research ethics imum oxygen uptake was considered as the average
committee before testing commenced. Written in- of the last 30 s of the test (Chamari et al., 2004).
formed consent was received from all players and
parents after receiving a detailed explanation of the
aims, benefits, and risks involved with the study. Maximal vertical jump
In bare feet, the players commenced from an upright
standing position and performed a vertical counter-
Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test movement jump with arm-swing on a portable plat-
The Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (level 1) was form (Just Jump System, Probotics Inc., Huntsville,
performed in line with the guidelines presented pre- AL, USA) (Wong & Wong, 2009). Jump height was
viously (Castagna et al., 2006a). Following the determined based on flight time (Kean, Behm, &
pre-recorded acoustic signals of the Yo-Yo intermit- Young, 2006). Each player performed three jumps
tent endurance test (Castagna et al., 2006a), players interspersed with 1 min of rest, and the highest
run for 20 m, turn around, and then run to the jump was recorded for analysis (Wisloff, Castagna,
starting line. Then, the players jog and turn back in a Helgerud, Jones, & Hoff, 2004). All players were
2.5-m shuttle during the 5 s of active recovery. The familiar with the vertical countermovement jump
test was terminated when a player was unable to because they performed this action on a regular basis
maintain the required speed. The distance covered in in training.
the shuttles was recorded for analysis, but the
distance covered during rest was excluded (Castagna
30-m sprint
et al., 2006a). Fifty-one players performed the Yo-Yo
intermittent endurance test a second time 3 days The players started from a standing position with
after the initial test to verify the reliability of the test. their forward foot placed just behind the starting line
312 P.-L. Wong et al.
and their rear foot on the device pedal. They per- and large differences, respectively (Cohen, 1988).
formed a 30-m sprint from a stationary start Statistical significance level was set at P B0.05.
(Chamari et al., 2004), and timing began as soon The reliability of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance
as the rear foot left the pedal using an infrared test was assessed by the intra-class correlation
photoelectronic cell device (Speedtrap II Wireless coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV).
Timing System, Brower Timing System, Australia) The present study found the Yo-Yo intermittent en-
positioned at 10 m and 30 m from the starting line at durance test to be highly repeatable (ICC 0.99;
a height of 1 m. Players performed three trials in CV5.7%, N51). Previous studies have shown
total with 3 min of recovery between efforts. The that other tests in the present study are also highly
fastest 30-m sprint and the associated 10-m sprinting repeatable: Hoff dribbling test (CV 4.8%) (Kemi,
time were selected for analysis (Wong et al., 2009). Hoff, Engen, Helgerud, & Wisloff, 2003); incre-
mental treadmill test for determination of V̇O2max
(CV B5.0%) (Pivarnik, Dwyer, & Lauderdale,
Statistical analysis 1996); maximal vertical jump (ICC 0.97;
CV4.0%) (Wong et al., 2009); and 30-m sprint
Data are expressed as means9standard deviations. (ICC 0.96; CV2.3%) (Wong et al., 2009).
Before using parametric tests, the assumption
of normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk
W-test. Pearson’s productmoment correlation coef- Results
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YYIET Hoff dribbling test V̇O2max Vertical jump 10-m sprint time
YYIET
Hoff dribbling test 0.71***
V̇O2max 0.63*** 0.57***
Vertical jump 0.14 0.18 0.11
10-m sprint time 0.20 0.16 0.21 0.27*
30-m sprint time 0.38** 0.30* 0.23 0.33** 0.71***
Note: YYIET Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test; V̇O2max maximal oxygen uptake. Significant correlation: *P B0.05, **P B0.01,
***PB0.001.
Validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test 313
Note: YYIET Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test; V̇O2max maximal oxygen uptake. Significant difference between YYIETLow and
YYIETHigh: *PB0.05, **P B0.01, ***PB0.001.
significant independent parameters contributing to Previous researchers have reported high correla-
performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance tions between continuous shuttle running tests and
test, while vertical jump and 1-0m sprint time V̇O2max (r 0.870.92) (Leger, Mercier, Gadoury, &
were not: Lambert, 1988; Ramsbottom, Brewer, & Williams,
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intermittent endurance test were not measured in the assessment of aerobic endurance performance in
way Castagna et al. (2006a) and Metaxas et al. youth soccer players to monitor fitness, the effec-
(2005) did, the aerobic nature of the test is clearly tiveness of physical conditioning programmes, and
evinced by the high association with criterion prepare for further training content.
V̇O2max and the very high association with the Hoff
dribbling test. Moreover, the Yo-Yo intermittent
endurance test is better than V̇O2max when assessing Acknowledgments
soccer dribbling endurance performance.
Castagna et al. (2006a) suggested that variables The authors thank Mr. Christopher Carling for his
other than aerobic capacity may affect performance review of and comments on the original draft of the
on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test, but no manuscript.
significant correlation or trend between counter-
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