Effect of Existence of Epoxy Spacer on Transmission Rate of

Electromagnetic Wave Propagating through T-Branch of

66 kV GIS Model Tank
Umar Khayam
Institut Teknologi Bandung
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

Masahiro Kozako, Masayuki Hikita

Kyushu Institute of Technology,
Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering,
1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, 804-8550 Japan

Tosihiro Hoshino, Shiro Maruyama

Toshiba Corporation
2-1, Ukishima-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0862 Japan

Junichi Wada, Shigemitsu Okabe

Tokyo Electric Power Company
High Voltage and Insulation Group at R&D Center
4-1, Egasaki-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8510, Japan

ABSTRACT
This paper deal with influence of the existence of the epoxy spacer on the transmission
rate of partial discharge (PD) induced electromagnetic (EM) wave propagating through
T-Branch of 66 kV GIS model tank. The partial discharge sources are a particle on the
conductor and a free particle on the tank. PD induced EM wave was measured by ultra
high frequency (UHF) sensors and observed by the oscilloscope and the spectrum
analyzer. A low pass filtering (LPF) process for the cut off frequency of TE11 mode was
used to eliminate the higher order mode above TE11 of the detected signal. In addition,
a high pass filtering (HPF) process for the cut-off frequency of TE11 mode was used to
eliminate the lower frequency component below TE11 of the detected signal. We
discussed the effects of the T-branch and the effect of the existence of the epoxy spacer
on the peak to peak amplitude Vpp of the propagating EM wave before and after the
LPF and HPF processing. We compared the transmission rate (TR) of the propagating
EM wave before and after LPF and HPF processing through T-branch in straight
direction (TRS) with TR of EM wave before and after the LPF and HPF processing
turning at a right angle at the T-branch (TRT) in the presence and in the absence of the
epoxy spacer. The results showed that the transmission rate (TR) of EM wave in the
presence of the spacer was generally lower than one without spacer. TR of a particle on
the conductor was higher than TR of a particle on the tank. TRT was larger than TRS.
It was found that TR of low frequency component (TRLF) of EM wave signal was
higher than TR of high frequency component (TRHF) with and without epoxy spacer.
Index Terms — GIS, T-branch, spacer, electromagnetic wave, transmission rate

1 INTRODUCTION conducted recently [1-12] with the electromagnetic (EM)

RESEARCH on insulation diagnosis of electric power
apparatus such as gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) and
transformers by detecting partial discharge (PD) signals,
especially the ultra high frequency (UHF) signal has been
Manuscript received
wave propagation mode characteristics considered. In the
application of UHF method for GIS insulation diagnostics, it
is necessary to investigate the effects of the structure and
components of GIS such as turnoff part and a spacer on the
EM wave propagation in GIS. The EM wave propagating in
GIS is affected by a discontinuity part of impedance such as
L-shaped structure, T-branch, spacers and so on. Therefore, it
is important for reliable diagnosis technique to clarify TE and
TEM mode propagation characteristics at the impedance
discontinuity part in GIS.
So far, investigation of EM wave propagation
characteristics on several GIS structures has been made [9-12].
However, the EM wave propagation characteristic through the
spacer is not clarified. Because the spacer exists in all joint
parts in actual GIS, the investigation of EM wave properties
through the spacer is very important. The results are useful for
improvement PD diagnosis technology such as decrease the
number of sensor and increase the accuracy of determining of
PD location.
In this paper, the influence of the existence of spacer on
propagation properties of PD-induced EM wave measured
with UHF sensors in 66 kV T-branch model GIS is discussed.
The partial discharge sources are a particle on the conductor
Figure 1. Photographs of 66 kV model GIS with T-branch.
and a free particle on the tank. PD induced electromagnetic
wave was measured by UHF sensors and observed by SP1 SP2
oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. A low pass filtering UHF-B UHF-A
(LPF) process for the cut off frequency of TE11 mode was
used to eliminate the higher order mode above TE11 of
detected signal. In addition, a high pass filtering (HPF) SP3
process for the cut-off frequency of TE11 mode was used to UHF-C PD-
Spectrum Digital
eliminate the lower frequency component below TE11 of the Source
analyzer OSC
detected signal. ADVANTEST R3267 TEKTRONIX
～8 GHz TDS7404B
4GHz 20GS/s

Figure 2. Photographs of 66 kV model GIS with T-branch.

2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND
PROCEDURE
Figures 1 and 2 show the appearance and the configuration
of the experimental setup to investigate propagation properties
of PD-induced EM wave in 66 kV model GIS having a T-
branch. In Figures 1 and 2, the spacers are metal flange-type
(MT) spacers. The photograph of MT spacer is shown in
Figure 3. MT spacer was made of an epoxy resin material
filled with alumina. The experiment was conducted with
spacer (WS) and without spacer (WOS). Note that in the
absence of the spacer (WOS), three spacers SP1, SP2, and SP3 Figure 3. Photographs of metal flange type spacer.
were removed from the GIS model. The disc-type UHF
sensors A to C were attached to three gas partitions at the sensors B and C in rotation with reference to sensor A. The
center. The discharge source was a particle on the high voltage PD-induced EM waveform was taken 40 times and the
conductor (HVP) or a free particle on the tank (FPT). The average of these waveforms was analyzed.
particle attached on the high voltage conductor is a 15 mm
long needle-shaped foreign particle with diameter of 0.25 mm
located in the gas partition at the edge in Figure 2. This gas 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
partition was filled with SF6 at 0.25. 3.1 PROPAGATION PROPERTIES OF PD-INDUCED
The applied voltage Va was close to the PD inception EM WAVE
voltage (PDIV), and the PD-induced EM waveform was Figures 4a and 5a shows typical result of propagating PD-
acquired and recorded by a digital oscilloscope (Tektronix, induced EM waves measured with each UHF sensor before
TDS7404B, 4 GHz, 20 GS/s) and a spectrum analyzer and after passing through the T-branch of 66 kV model GIS
(Advantest, R3267, 8 GHz) using an UHF sensor located in with and without the spacer for a particle on the conductor.
each gas partition. From the practical viewpoint in readiness of the detection of
The sensor and oscilloscope were connected with a low-loss insulation diagnosis based on PD signal, the peak to peak
coaxial cable (Gigatec, 12DSFA-10M-NPNP) whose value of EM waveform amplitude is often used. Vpp is defined
attenuation rate was 1.5 dB/10m. Basically, measurement was as the voltage between the minimum and maximum value of
performed by two sensors at the same time, replacing the other EM wave pulse train (see Fig. 4).
 45
(V) (V)
2
Vpp UHFA
EM wave strength

B A PD without spacer
40

Transmission Rate (%)

0
C Source with spacer
(V) intensity

-2 35
Particle on the 30
Time (10ns/div)
Time (10ns/div)
conductor
wave

2
UHFB 25
EM wave strength

20
Electromagnetic

0
50

Transmission Rate
-2 15
40
Time (10ns/div) 10
Time (10ns/div) 30

(%)
15.82％ 17.83％ 5
UHFC
EM wave strength (V)

2 20
0
0 10 UHF B UHF C UHF B UHF C
-2 0
Particle on the Conductor Free Particle on the Tank
Time (10ns/div) UHFB UHFC
Time (10ns/div)
a b Figure 6. Resume of propagation properties of EM wave measured with each
UHF sensor (66 kV T-branch model GIS WOS and WS, PD source: HVP and
FPT).
Figure 4. Propagation properties of EM wave measured with each UHF
sensor (66 kV model GIS WS, PD source: HVP).
spacer WS reduces TR to less than 20% for HVP and to about
4 10% for FPT. It means that the presence of spacer WS reduces
wave strength (V)

2 UHFA magnitude of EM wave significantly, that is, 50% for HVP

0
B A PD and 70% for FPT. TR of EM wave of HVP is larger than TR
Source
wave(V)intensityEM(V)

-2
C of FPT. TR of propagating EM wave through T-branch in
-4

Time
Time (10ns/div)
(10ns/div) Particle on the straight direction (TRS) is smaller with that TR of EM wave
4 conductor turning at a right angle at the T-branch (TRT).
UHFB
EM wave strength

2
While the details are explained later, these waveforms
0
50
largely depend on how TEM mode and TE mode are
Electromagnetic

39.51％ 42.83％
Transmission Rate

-2
40 superimposed, and how EM wave are reflected at the terminal
-4

Time (10ns/div)
Time (10ns/div) 30 of GIS tank [9-12]. For this reason the amplitude varies
(%)

4
20 depending on the size and configuration of GIS, even for the
EM wave strength (V)

UHFC
2
10 same discharge. Therefore, it is unreasonable to simply
0

0
discuss the attenuation of only the amplitude value of the EM
-2

-4 UHFB UHFC waveform. Therefore, an attempt was made to separate the

Time (10ns/div)
Time (10ns/div) TEM mode and TE mode by extracting the TEM mode
a b component from the originally obtained waveform using a
Figure 5. Propagation properties of EM wave measured with each UHF filtering technique.
sensor (66 kV model GIS WOS, PD source: HVP).

3.2 LOW PASS FILTERING (LPF) PROCESS

We compared EM wave propagating through T-branch in a
straight direction with that turning at a right angle at the T- The cutoff frequency fc (TE11) of TE11 mode of the model
branch, with (WS) and without the spacer (WOS), and a GIS tank used in the experiment was 698 MHz. For this
particle on the conductor (HVP) and a free particle on the tank reason, a low pass filtering process (LPF) was undertaken for
(FPT). The transmission rate (TR) of EM wave propagation is the measured EM waveform to pick up only TEM mode
defined as percentage of Vpp measured by UHF sensor B or C component, with setting the cutoff frequency fc (LPF) of LPF
to Vpp measured by UHF sensor A. Figures 4b and 5b shows to 500 MHz.
the TR of PD-induced EM waves measured with each UHF Figures 7 and 8 show propagating TEM mode component
sensor before and after passing through the T-branch of 66 kV of PD-induced EM wave shown in Figures 4 and 5 extracted
model GIS. Note that simultaneous measurement was made by LPF process for HVP in GIS model WS and WOS. The
using UHF-A and one of the other UHF sensors. processed waveform for fc (LPF) = 500 MHz or less can be
As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the magnitude and waveform simply compared each other because all the high-frequency
of the EM wave change in the existence of the spacer. They components consisting of the high-order propagation modes
also change before and after turning at a right angle at the T- above TE11 are removed. It is obvious that the existence of
branch (namely, between UHF-A and UHF-C). It is also noted the spacer change the waveform and magnitude of propagating
that the signal intensity with UHF-C is a little bit larger than TEM mode component measured not only by the sensors
that of UHF-B. behind the spacer (UHF B and UHF C) but also the sensor in
front of the spacer (UHF A).
Figure 6 shows the resume of the experimental results for
HVP and FPT. TR was shown. It is shown that even WOS, TR Based on the results given in Figures 7 and 8, Figure 9
is about 40% for HVP and 30% for FPT. The presence of the shows the TR characteristics of the TEM mode component
 obtained with each UHF sensor in GIS with and without

EM wave strength (V)

EM wave strength (V)
0.2
UHFA spacer. It can be seen that Vpp for both sensors UHF-B and
0.0 UHF-C decreases to 70% of that for UHF-A in WOS and to
-0.2
45-50% in WS. It is clear that the existence of the spacer
decreases the intensity of TEM mode component of EM wave.
Time (10ns/div)
We discussed the effects of the T-branch on the peak to
EM wave strength (V)
EM wave strength (V)

0.2
UHFB peak of the first wave Vpp of propagating EM wave after the
0.0 LPF processing. As for the low frequency component, the
transmission rate of TEM waves detected with UHF-B and
-0.2
UHF-C is almost same value in the absence of the spacer. In
Time (10ns/div) the presence of the spacer, the transmission rate of low
frequency component detected with UHF C was higher than
EM wave strength (V)
EM wave strength (V)

0.2
UHFC that with UHF B.
0.0
3.3 HIGH PASS FILTERING (HPF) PROCESS
-0.2
To discuss TE mode component of EM waves, the HPF
Time (10ns/div) process was undertaken for measured EM waveform, with
setting the cutoff frequency fc (LPF) of LPF at 700 MHz.
Figure 7. Propagating TEM mode component of PD-induced EM wave
extracted by LPF process (500 MHz, 66 kV model GIS WS, PD source: HVP). Figures 10 shows the waveforms undergoing the HPF process
with fc (HPF) = 700 MHz for the results given in Figure 4. In
this case, it is found that the signal intensity of UHF-C is
(V)

0.20
larger than that of UHF-B.
strength (V)

UHFA
wavestrength

0.10

0.00
Figure 11 shows the TR characteristics of the TE mode
component of EM wave obtained with each UHF sensor in
EMwave

-0.10
GIS WS and WOS. It can be seen that TR of TE mode
EM

-0.20
Time (10ns/div)
decreases significantly in WS. It was found that TRT was
larger than TRS after the HPF processing in WS and WOS.
(V)

0.2
strength (V)
wavestrength

0.1 UHFB (V)

0.20
strength (V)

0.0
UHFA
wavestrength

0.10
EMwave

-0.1 0.00
EMwave
EM

-0.2 -0.10
EM

Time (10ns/div) -0.20

Time (10ns/div)
0.2
(V)

(V)

0.2
strength (V)

strength (V)
wavestrength

UHFC UHFB
wavestrength

0.1 0.1

0.0
0.0
EMwave

-0.1
wave

-0.1
EM

-0.2
EMEM

Time (10ns/div)
-0.2
0.2
(V)
strength (V)

Time (10ns/div)
UHFC
wavestrength

0.1

0.0
wave

-0.1
Figure 8. Propagating TEM mode component of PD-induced EM wave
EMEM

-0.2
extracted by LPF process (500 MHz, 66 kV model GIS WOS, PD source: Time (10ns/div)
HVP). Figure 10. Propagating TE mode component of PD-induced EM wave
extracted by HPF process (700 MHz, 66 kV model GIS WS, PD source: HVP).

without spacer
80 45
with spacer without spacer
70 40
Transmission Rate (%)

with spacer
Transmission Rate (%)

35
60
30
50
25
40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0 0
UHF B UHF C UHF B UHF C UHF B UHF C
Particle on the Conductor Free Particle on the
Particle on the Conductor Tank
Figure 9. Transmission rate of TEM mode component of PD-induced EM Figure 11. Transmission rate of TE mode component of PD-induced EM
wave extracted by LPF process (500 MHz) for each UHF sensor against UHF- wave extracted by HPF process (700 MHz,) for each UHF sensor against
A (66 kV model GIS). UHF-A as function of Vpp value (66 kV model GIS).
 3.4 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF PD INDUCED EM
WAVE
Figure 12 shows frequency spectrum of PD induced EM
wave for HVP in GIS WS and WOS measured at UHF A, B,
and C for the comparison. When it is divided in the EM wave
mode, it becomes the TEM mode, the TE11 mode, the TE21
mode, the TE31 mode, and TE41 mode from the left. The
effect of the spacer is observed. It is shown that the high
frequency component of EM wave in WS is lower than that in
WOS. The intensity of the high frequency component in UHF
A is growing due to reflection of EM wave by the spacer.
Moreover, the PD induced EM wave attenuates by the
difference of the transmission rate of the spacer in UHF B and
UHF C.
HVP and 70% for FPT. It is thus considered that large part of
TEM mode component of EM wave propagates through the
spacer, while TE mode component of EM wave is dominantly
reflected by the spacer.
The experimental results of the frequency spectrum of EM
wave in Figure 12 supports these results on the variation of the
transmission rates. It is found from Figure 11 that the intensity
of high frequency component above the cut-off frequency (TE
mode) in WS was lower than that in WOS. The EM wave
from FPT was attenuated by the spacer more than the EM
wave from HVC because the high frequency component
occupies more in the tank side than in the center side of GIS
tank. Since the high frequency component was reflected by the
spacer it results in higher attenuation for EM wave originated
from FPT.

4.2 PROPAGATION PROPERTIES OF EMW

0
TEM TEM+TE（TM）mode WithTHROUGH T-BRANCH
strength(dBm)

UHFA
UHFA
-20 UHF
BGN A
BGN spacer
The experimental results indicate that TR of propagating
(dBm)

-40
No spacer EM wave after HPF processing through T-branch in straight
EM wave

-60
BGN direction (TRS) was lower than one through T-branch in
wave intensity

-80
0 1 2 3 turning at a right angle direction (TRT) in both WS and WOS.
Frequency(GHz)
0 Frequency (GHz) With Analysis by LPF of EM wave revealed that TR of TEM
strength(dBm)
wave strength(dBm)

UHFB
UHFB
-20 UHFBGN B
BGN spacer mode of EM wave measured in straight direction (UHF B) and
-40 No spacer that in turning at right angle direction (UHF C) are almost
Electromagnetic

same. Therefore the difference of TR in straight and turn right

EM wave

-60 BGN
direction at T-branch is caused by the difference in
EM

-80
0 1 2 3
Frequency(GHz) propagation of the high frequency component of EM wave.
0 Frequency (GHz)
EM wave strength(dBm)

UHFC
UHFC
UHF With The results are explained as follows. TEM mode propagates
-20 BGN C
BGN
spacer according to the travelling theory based on the distributed
-40
No spacer constant circuit with considering the characteristic impedance
-60
BGN of T-branch [12]. It means that the TEM mode propagates
-80
0 1 2 3 with the same intensity in the straight and turn right direction
689MHz Frequency(GHz)
Frequency (GHz) of T-branch. In other words, as shown in the Figure 13, TR is
Figure 12. Frequency spectrum of PD induced EM wave for HVP in GIS expressed as equation (1) where Z1 is the surge impedance of
WS and WOS measured at UHF A, B, and C. the 66 kV model GIS tank. The experimental result shown in
Figure 9 for T-branch type GIS shows that the average TR of
TEM mode of EM wave was 50% and 70% for both UHF-B
4 DISCUSSION and UHF-C with (WS) and without (WOS) the spacers,
respectively. Note that the relatively good agreement is
4.1 PROPAGATION PROPERTIES OF EMW obtained between the experimentally and theoretically derived
THROUGH SPACER TR for the TEM mode components. The discrepancy may be
Based on the experimental results, the propagation caused by the existence of the capacitance formed between the
properties of EM wave through spacer in T-branch 66 kV UHF coupler (disk shaped metal) and the flange of the GIS
model GIS is explained as follows. The existence of the spacer tank [9].
decreases the magnitude of EM wave and changes EM Z
waveform. As explained in chapter 3.1 the existence of the 2Z 2 2 1
t  2  2 ≒ 66.7 ・・・・ (1)
spacer reduces magnitude of original EM wave significantly,
Z1  Z 2 Z 3
that is, by 50% for HVP and 70% for FPT. Z1  1
2 ,
As shown in Figure 9, LPF process of EM wave gives
information that the existence of the spacer further reduces the
magnitude of TEM mode of EM wave with additional
reduction by 35% for HVP and 30% for FPT. It means that the
attenuation by spacer is caused more by the attenuation of
high frequency component of EM wave. As shown in Figure
11, HPF of EM wave confirms that the existence of the spacer
reduces magnitude of TE mode component about 60% for Figure 13. Equivalent circuit of T-branch for TEM mode component using
distributed constant network.
 On the other hand, analysis by HPF of EM wave results in
that TR of EM wave in straight direction (UHF B) is lower
than one in turning at right angle direction (UHF C). It is
already reported that TE mode components of EM waves can
be reflected at the L-shaped branch [11]. Similarly, it is
thought that the existence of T-branch would make it difficult
for high frequency components above TE mode of EM waves
to propagate.
5 CONCLUSION
We investigated the influence of the existence of the epoxy
spacer on propagation properties of PD-induced EM wave
measured with UHF sensors in 66 kV model GIS. The results
showed that the transmission rate (TR) of EM wave in the
presence of the spacer was generally lower than that without
the spacer. TR for a particle on the conductor (HVP) was
higher than TR for a particle on the tank (FPT). Transmission
rate at turn right of T branch (TRT) was larger than one at
straight direction (TRS). It was found that TR of low
frequency component (TRLF) of EMW signal was higher than
TR of high frequency component (TRHF). It is considered that
large part of TEM mode component of EM wave propagates
through the spacer, while TE mode component of EM wave is
dominantly reflected by the spacer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express special thanks to Mr.
Hajime Takada, Mr. Masayuki Hayashi, and Mr. Satoshi
Yoshida of Kyushu Institute of Technology for their helping
conduct experiments.
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Umar Khayam (Non Member) was born in 1975. He
received B.Eng. (cum laude), M.Eng. degrees in
electrical engineering from Bandung Institute of
Technology (ITB), Indonesia, in 1998 and 2000,
respectively. He received Doctor Degree in electrical
engineering from Kyushu Institute of Technology
(KIT), Japan in 2008. He was a researcher at Hikita
Laboratory, KIT during 2008-2009 and 2010-2011.
Since 2008 he is a Lecturer at School of Electrical
Engineering and Informatics ITB. His research interest
is partial discharge measurement and phenomena in electric power apparatus.
Masahiro Kozako is an Assistant Professor at
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Kyusyu Institute of Technology. He was born on 13
August, 1974 in Tokyo. He received the B. Eng., M. Eng.,
and Dr. Eng. degrees in electrical engineering from
Kyushu Institute of Technology in 1997, 1999, and 2002,
respectively. He worked at Waseda University for 3 years
and at Kagoshima National College of Technology for 3
years. His research interests concern the development of new insulating
polymer nano-composite materials and the development of diagnostic
technique of electric power apparatus. He is a member of the IEEJ and the
IEEE.
Masayuki Hikita (M’97-SM’98) was born in 1953. He
received the B.S., M.S. and Dr. degrees in electrical
engineering from Nagoya University, Japan, in 1977,
1979, and 1982, respectively. He was assistant Professor,
Lecture, and Associate Professor at Nagoya University in
1982, 1989, and 1992, respectively. Since 1996, he has
been a professor of Department of Electrical Engineering,
Kyushu Institute of Technology. He was Visiting Scientist
at the High Voltage Laboratory in MIT, USA, from 1985 to 1987. Dr. Hikita
has been interested in the development of diagnostic technique of electric
power apparatus and insulation system of power electronics device and
apparatus. He is a member of the Japan Society of Applied Physics and the
IEEJ.
Toshihiro Hoshino (M’02) was born in Aichi, Japan, on October 30, 1971.
He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Nagoya
University in 1995, 1997, and 1999, respectively. He joined Toshiba
Corporation in 1999. After temporarily being a member of TMT&D
Corporation, he is now with the high-voltage technology group of Toshiba
Corporation. He has been engaged in research on insulation diagnosis of GIS
and high-voltage insulation technology. Dr. Hoshino is a member of IEEE and
IEE of Japan.
Shiro Maruyama received his B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical and
electronics engineering from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan in 1980 and
1982 respectively. He joined Toshiba Corporation in 1982. After temporarily
being a member of TMT&D Corporation, he is now with the monitoring
systems design section of Toshiba Corporation. He has been engaged in the
development and design of monitoring and diagnostic system for high-voltage
gas-insulated substations. Mr. Maruyama is a member of CIGRE and IEE of
Japan.
 Junichi Wada received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from
Tokyo Denki University in 2004 and 2006, respectively.
He joined Tokyo Electric Power Company in 2006.
Currently, he is a researcher at the High Voltage &
Insulation Group of R&D Center and mainly engaged in
research on insulation characteristics of GIS.

Shigemitsu Okabe (M’98) received B. Eng., M.Eng.

and Dr. degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Tokyo in 1981, 1983 and 1986,
respectively. He has been with Tokyo Electric Power
Company since 1986, and presently is a group manager
of the High Voltage & Insulation Group at the R & D
center. He was a visiting scientist at the Technical
University of Munich in 1992. He has been a guest
professor at the Doshisha University since 2005, at the Nagoya University
since 2006, and a visiting lecturer at the Tokyo University. He works as a
secretary/member at several WG/MT in CIGRE and IEC. He is an Associate
Editor of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.