12019 Seismic noise- Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA Seismic noise In geology and other related disciplines, seismic noise is a generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground, due to a multitude of causes, that is a non-interpretable or unwanted component of signals recorded by seismometers. Physically, seismic noise consists mostly of surface waves. Low frequency waves (below 1 Hz) are generally called microseisms; high frequency waves (above 1 Hz) are called microtremors. Its causes include nearby human activities (such as traffic or heavy machinery), winds and other atmospheric phenomena, and ocean waves Seismic noise is relevant to any discipline that depends on seismology, such as geology, oil exploration, hydrology, and earthquake engineering, and structural health monitoring. It is often called ambient wavefield or ambient vibrations in those disciplines. (However, the latter term may also refer to vibrations transmitted through by air, building, or supporting structures.) Seismic noise is a nuisance for activities that are sensitive to vibrations, such as accurate measurements, precision milling, telescopes, and crystal growing. On the other hand, seismic noise does have some practical uses, for example to determine the low-strain dynamic properties of civil-engineering structures, such as bridges, buildings, and dams; or to determine the elastic properties of the soil and subsoil in order to draw seismic microzonation maps showing the predicted ground response to earthquakes. Contents Causes Physical characteristics History Applications to civil engineering Scientific study and applications in geology Current use of ambient vibrations Characterization of the ground properties Characterization of the vibration properties of civil engineering structures Inversion/Model updating/multi-model approach Material needed Advantages and limitations References External links Causes hipsvlenwikiped orghikiSeismic_ rose wwsir019 Seismic noise Wiipecia Research on the origin of seismic noise!"! indicates that the low frequency part of the spectrum (below 1 Hz) is due to natural causes, chiefly ocean waves. In particular the peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is clearly associated with the interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions.{2)[3 14151 At high frequency (above 1 Hz), seismic noise is mainly produced by human. activities such as road traffic and industri work; but there are also natural sources, like rivers. Around 1 Hz, wind and other atmospheric phenomena are also a major source of ground vibrations.(°) Physical characteristics ‘The amplitude of seismic noise vibrations is typically in the order of 0.1 to 10 um/s. High and low noise models as a function of frequency have been proposed.!71 The seismic noise includes a small number of body waves (P- and S-waves), but surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves) predominate. These waves are dispersive, meaning that their phase velocity varies with frequency (generally, it decreases with iner or slowness as a function of frequency) is tightly related to the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers, it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground 1g frequency). Since the dispersion curve (phase velocity structure. History Seismic noise has very low amplitude and cannot be felt by humans. Their amplitude was also too low to be recorded by the first seismometers at the end of 19th century. However, at that time, the famous Japanese seismologist Fusakichi Omori could already record ambient vibrations in buildings, where the amplitudes are magnified. He found their resonance frequencies and studied their evolution as a function of damage.!8 Applications to civil en: ering After the 1933 Long Beach earthquake in California, a large experiment campaign led by D. S. Carder !9} in 1935 allowed to record and analyze ambient vibrations in more than 200 buildings. These data were used in the design codes to estimate resonance frequencies of buildings but the interest of the method went down until the 1950s. Interest on ambient vibrations in structures grew further, especially in California and Japan, thanks to the work of earthquake engineers, including G. Housner, D. Hudson, K. Kanai, T. ‘Tanaka, and others.[1 Ambient vibrations were however supplanted - at least for some time - by forced vibration techniques that allow to increase the amplitudes and control the shaking source and their system identification methods. Even though M. Trifunae showed in 1972 that ambient and forced vibrations led to the same results,(11! the interest in ambient vibration techniques only rose in the late 1990s. They have now become quite attractive, due to their relatively low cost and convenience, and to the recent improvements in recording equipment and computation methods. The results of their low-strain dynamic probing were shown to be close enough to the dynamic characteri least as long as the buildings are not severely damaged.!?) ies measured under strong shaking, at Scientific study and applications in geology hipsvlenwikiped orghikiSeismic_ rose ars2v2019 Seimie ise Witpeta ‘The recording of seismic noise directly from the ground started in the 1950s with the enhancement of seismometers to monitor nuclear tests and the development of seismic arrays. The main contributions at that time for the analysis of these recordings came from the Japanese seismologist K. Aki!"31 in 1957. He proposed several methods used today for local seismic evaluation, such as Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAQ), Frequency -wavenumber (FK), and correlation. However, the practical implementation of these methods was not possible at that time because of the low precision of clocks in seismic stations. Again, improvements in instrumentation and algorithms led to renewed interest on those methods in the 1990s. Y.Nakamura rediscovered in 1989 the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (H/V) method to derive the resonance frequency of sites.!'4] Assuming that shear waves dominate the microtremor, Nakamura observed that the H/V spectral ratio of ambient vibrations was roughly equal to the S-wave transfer funetion between the ground surface and the bedrock at a site. (However, this assumption has been questioned by the SESAME project.) In the late 19908, array methods applied to seismic noi of shear waves velocity profiles.{*5 1176111718] The European Research project SESAME !"9! (2004— 2006) worked to standardize the use of seismic noise to est data started to yield ground properties in terms ate the amplification of earthquakes by local ground characteristics. Current use of ambient vibrations Characterization of the ground properties The analysis of the ambient vibrations leads to different products used to characterize the ground properties. From the easiest to the most complicated, these products are: power spectra, H/V peak, dispersion curves and autocorrelation functions. Single-station methods: = Computation of power spectra, e.g. Passive seismic. + HVSR (HIV spectral ratio): The HIV technique is especially related to ambient vibration recordings. Bonnefoy-Claudet et al.!2°] showed that peaks in the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios can be linked to the Rayleigh ellipticity peak, the Airy phase of the Love waves and/or the SH resonance frequencies depending Con the proportion of these different types of waves in the ambient noise, By chance, all these values give however approximately the same value for a given ground so that HIV peak is a reliable method to estimate the resonance frequency of the sites. For 1 sediment layer on the bedrock, this value fy is related to the Ve velocity of Swaves V, and the depth of the sediments H following: fo = 77. It can therefore be used to map the bedrock depth knowing the S-wave velocity. This frequency peak allows to constrain the possible models obtain using other seismic methods but is not enough to derive a complete ground model. Moreover, it has been shown 21] that the amplitude of the HIV peak was not related to the magnitude of the amplification Array methods: Using an array of seismic sensors recording simultaneously the ambient vibrations allow to understand more deeply the wavefield and therefore to derive more properties of the ground. Due to the limitation of the available number of sensors, several arrays of different sizes may be realized and the results merged. The information of the Vertical components is only linked to the Rayleigh waves, and therefore easier to interpret, but method using the 3 space components are also developed, providing information about Rayleigh and Love wavefield. + FK, HRFK using the Beamforming technique hipsvlenwikiped orghikiSeismic_ rose a