VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI

A SEMINAR REPORT ON
“AQUA SILENCER”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by,
Mr. MOHD REHAN DESAI
(USN: 2JI13ME024)

Under the Guidance of

Asst.Prof. NARAYAN M
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Jain College of Engineering
Belgaum.

JGI’s, JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
599/2, T. S. Nagar, Hunchanhatti cross, Machhe, Belgaum – 590014
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the Management of JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BELGAUM for

providing necessary infrastructure & good environment to study and enable my skills. I am
grateful towards management and all the staff members of JCE.

I am grateful to my principal Dr. K. G. Vishwanath for having provided facilities to

carry out the seminar work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to H O D. Prof D. B. Patil, Department of

Mechanical Engineering JCE, for encouragement and useful suggestions while working on this
seminar.

I also thank my guide, Asst.Prof. Narayan.M, Department of Mechanical Engineering

JCE for his useful suggestions which have helped me in implementing, my seminar successfully
and effectively.

MOHD REHAN DESAI

(USN:-2JI13ME024)
 ABSTRACT
Global warming is increasing on our earth due to major increase in the pollution. Air pollution is
very serious problem on our earth. The main component due to which the air pollution is
increasing are (Co) (Nox) and lead which is get exposed from vehicles. The other sources such
as big factories, electric power, generation plants, big industries etc .So it is required to solve
these problems by taking various serious attempts. Aqua silencer is one of the attempt taken in
reduce the air pollution. It is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine or system. These Silences is
used to reduce the noise and control the emission of dangerous gases. In aqua silencer the main
component perforated tube which consists of number of different diameter holes. Generally these
are 4 set of holes on perforated tube. Charcoal layer is pasted over that tube and it is used to
convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles.

The aqua silencer reduces emission noise because, the sound produced in aqua silencer under
water having less amplitude than the sound produced in open atmosphere .These is happen
because of in water molecules there are small sprockets which lowers amplitude of emission
gases and lower the sound level. The charcoal layer which is pasted over perforated tube can
control the emission using the activated charcoal and highly porous extra free valences so these
layer having high absorption cap
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2: AQUA SILENCER 2

CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS AND EXPLANATION 3

3.1 Perforated Tube 3
3.2 Charcoal Layer 3
3.3 Activated Charcoal 4
3.4 Outer Shell 4
3.5 U Bend 4
3.6 Flange 4

CHAPTER 4: CONSTUCTIONAL FEATURES 5

CHAPTER 5: WORKING PRINCIPLE 6

CHAPTER 6: OPERATIONAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETER 8

6.1 Perforated Tube 8
6.2 Effect And Performance Hole On Backpressure 8
6.3 Activated Carbon 9

CHAPTER 7: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULT 10

CHAPTER 8: EFECT OF DISSOLVED GASES ON WATER 11

CHAPTER 9: METHOD TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION 12

9.1 Lime Water Wash Method 12
9.2 Absorption Process 13

CHAPTER 10: MERITS AND DEMERITS 14

CHAPTER 11: SCOPE 15

CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION 16

CHAPTER 13: REFERENCES 17

 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE NO.
Fig.1 Aqua silencer 3

Fig.2 perforated Tube 4

Fig.3 Charcoal Layer 4

Fig.4 Outer Shell 5

Fig.5 Flange 5

Fig.6 Constructional Feature 6

Fig.7 Working Principle 7

Fig.8 Effect Of Change In Porosity 9

Fig.9 Back Pressure Vs Hole Diameter 10

Fig.10 Activated Carbon Pallets 10

 AQUA SILENCER

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport, Agriculture, mining and many
other industries. Considering the available fuel resources and the present technological
development, Diesel fuel is evidently indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an
index for finding out the economic strength of any country. Inspire, we cannot ignore the
harmful effects of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment
every day. It is especially so, in most developed countries like USA and EUROPE. While,
constant research is going on to reduce the toxic content of diesel exhaust, the diesel
power packs find the ever increasing applications and demand. This project is an attempt to
reduce the toxic content of diesel exhaust, before it is emitted to the atmosphere. This system can
be safely used for diesel power packs which could be used in Inflammable atmospheres, such as
refineries, chemical processing industries, open cast mines and other confined areas, which
demands the need for diesel power packs. For achieving this toxic gases are to be reduced to
acceptable limits before they are emitted out of this atmosphere, which otherwise will be
hazardous and prone to accidents. The principle involved is by bubbling the exhaust gas through
the scrubber tank containing an alkaline solution, here the temperature of the gases is reduced,
while most of the oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust are rendered nontoxic.

The highly dangerous carbon monoxide is not such a menace in diesel exhaust, as it does not
exceed 0.2 percent by volume, whereas in petrol engines the CO content may be as high as 10
percent. A lime stone container in the scrubber tank reduces the considerable percentage of
sulphurdioxide presents in the exhaust. The provision of suitable baffles in the scrubber tank aids
the turbulence so that, thorough scrubbing take place. The bell-mouth solution,while reducing
the back pressure. For measuring the contents of the exhaust gas, provisions are made to take
samples between engine outlet and scrubber inlet and after the scrubber outlet before the gases
are let out to the atmosphere. These sampling points enable us to measure the exhaust gas
content before and after scrubbing. The difference is evaluated and effective control is initiated

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CHAPTER 2
AQUA SILENCER
1. Basically an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube which is installed at the end of
the exhaust pipe.

2. The perforated tube -different diameters. purpose of providing different diameter hole
is to break up gas mass to form smaller gas bubbles.

3. Generally 4 sets of holes are drilled on the perforated tube. The other end of the
perforated tube is closed by plug

4. Around the circumference of the perforated tube a layer of activated charcoal is

provided and further a metallic mesh covers it.

Fig No 1: Aqua silence

5. The whole unit is then placed in a water container.
6. A small opening is at the top of the container to remove the exhaust gases & a drain
plug is provided at the bottom of the container for periodically cleaning of container.
7. Also a filler plug is mounted at the top of the container. At the inlet of the exhaust
pipe a non-return valve is provided which prevents the back flow of gases and water
as well.

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CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS AND EXPLANATION

3.1 Perforated tube

The perforated tube consists of number of holes of different diameters. It is used to
convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. The charcoal layer is pasted over the
perforated tube.

Fig.2

3.2 Charcoal layer

The charcoal layer has more absorbing capacity because it has more surface area. This
charcoal is called as

Fig.3

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3.3 Activated Charcoal

It is produced by heating the charcoal above 1500C for several hours in a burner. Its
surface area gets increased.

3.4 Outer Shell

The whole setup was kept inside the outer shell. It is made up of iron or steel. The water
inlet, outlet and exhaust tube was provided in the shell itself.

Fig.4

3.5 U Bend
The U Bend is provided instead of a non-return valve which is a mechanical device,
which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. The
Aqua silencer was filled with water and it is directly connected to the exhaust pipe of the
engine. There is a chance for the water to get enter into the engine cylinder. To avoid this,
U bend is used.
3.6 Flange
A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by
which the parts are bolted together. Here flange is used to connect the silencer to the
engine.

Fig.5

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CHAPTER 4

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Fig.6 Constructional Feature

Basically an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube which is installed at the end of the
exhaust pipe. The perforated tube may have holes of different diameters. The very purpose of
providing different diameter hole is to break up gas mass to form smaller gas bubbles the
perforated tube of different diameter .Generally 4 sets of holes are drilled on the perforated tube.
The other end of the perforated tube is closed by plug.

Around the circumference of the perforated tube a layer of activated charcoal is provided and
further a metallic mesh covers it. The whole unit is then placed in a water container. A small
opening is provided at the Top of the container to remove the exhaust gases and a drain plug is
provided at the bottom of the container for periodically cleaning of the container. Also a
filler plug is mounted at the top of the container. At the inlet of the exhaust pipe a non-return
valve is provided which prevents the back flow of gases and water as well.

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CHAPTER 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Fig.7 working principle

The high temperature high pollutant exhaust gas is allowed to pass through the belt – mouth
assembly of the scrubber in the first phase. The bell – mouth at the inlet/outlet is approximately 2
½ times more in an area is that of the inlet. This allows the exhaust gas to expand considerably.
This expansion allows the gas to cool, because the temperature is a function of pressure. This
considerable reduction of backpressure allows for the additional involved due to the introduction
of water and lime stone container. The venture effect of the bell – mouth is minimized because
the exhaust gas escapes out of the bell – mouth randomly along the periphery.

After expansion, the emission comes in contact with oil; (which could be otherwise being any
alkaline solution) where the obnoxious products of combustion are scrubbed when bubbled
through it. The bell – mouth also allows for more contact area with water, so that effective
cooling takes place within the short span of time available for the gas to pass through the oil. The
length of bubbling can be increased by the oil level in the scrubber tank. But this will be
increased result in an abnormal backpressure, which inadvertently affect the performance of the

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engine. And for this reason the bell – mouth is a multipurpose component, to allow for reduction
in back pressure, and provides for an increased contact area with the scrubbing agent.
After bubbling through the oil, it comes in contact with bubbles, which encourage turbulence of
the exhaust gas within and below the oil surface without unduly increasing the back pressure of
the exhaust. This allows for the thorough scrubbing of the emission, so that more obnoxious
product is absorbed in the allowed time. The baffles are of invaluable help to reduce the carry-
over of oil particles which are converted into steam, which otherwise will escape out of the
system. The filter is used to filter the carbon particles in the exhaust gas.

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CHAPTER 6

OPERATIONAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETER

6.1 Perforated Tube

Perforated tube diameter is 1.5 inch because engine exhaust manifold dia. is same and 12 inch
long as per design data and made from the stainless steel because it has a high melting point
1510o C.

6.2 Effect of Change in Porosity and Change in Diameter of Perforation Hole

on Backpressure
From fig- it is observed that for the smallest hole diameter of 5 mm the back Pressure is as high
as 13,837 Pa. If we increase the diameter of the hole back pressure rapidly falls down and it is
lowest i.e. 788 Pa for the hole diameter 12.5 mm.

Fig.8: Effect of Change in Porosity

The pressure drop is very large which is 75% of highest backpressure for first two hole diameters
viz. 5 mm and 7.5 mm. For other hole diameters the pressure drop is small but significant.

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Fig.9: Back Pressure vs. Hole Diameter

When the porosity is doubled than the conventional, backpressure drops by 75% for first two
hole diameters. While for other hole diameters it is fairly the same value with a difference of 20
Pa to 75 Pa. Thus it can be seen that the backpressure value is high for small diameters as
compare to bigger diameter holes even if the porosity is doubled. But for higher diameters the
Backpressure value remains the same even when the porosity is doubled.

6.3 Activated Carbon

Size - 0.35 to 0.80 mm
Shape - Cylindrical palates

Fig.10 Activated Carbon Pallets

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CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULT OF AQUA
SILENCER
Basically a perforated tube which is installed at the end of the exhaust pipe. The perforated tube
consists of number of holes of different diameters 8mm, 4mm, 2mm. It is used to convert high
mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. It is made from the stainless steel. The charcoal layer is
pasted over the perforated tube. Bead Activated carbon is used as a charcoal layer. It is a process
by which the carbonized product develops porous structure of molecular dimensions and
extended surface area on heat treatment in the temperature range of 800–1000C in presence of
suitable oxidizing gases such as steam, CO2.Bead activated carbon is made from petroleum pitch
and supplied in diameters from approximately 0.35 to 0.80mm. It is also noted for its low
pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content, but with a smaller grain size. Its
spherical shape makes it preferred for fluidized applications. Around the circumference of the
perforated tube a layer of activated charcoal is provided and further a metallic mesh covers it.The
whole unit is then placed in a water container. A small opening is provided at the Top of the
container to remove the exhaust gases and a drain plug is provided at the bottom of the container
for periodically cleaning of the container .It is made up of iron or steel. The water inlet, outlet
and exhaust tube was provided in the shell.

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CHAPTER 8
EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED GASES ON WATER

The water is a good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer the gases are made to be
dissolved in water. When these gases dissolved in water they form acids, carbonates,
bicarbonates etc.,

1. Action of dissolved SO2

2. Action of dissolved CO2

3. Effect of dissolved NOx

10.1 Action of dissolved Sox

When Sox is treated with water, it form So2, So3, So4, H2So4, i.e. sulphur acid (H2So3), it
produces Hydrogen Sulphide which causes egg smell and causes corrosion of metals.

10.2 Action of dissolved CO2

The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at less PH and Carbonates at greater level PH.
This levels 40 to 400 mg/liter. Form a scale in pipes and boilers. The carbon dioxide mixes with
water to form Carbonic acid. It causes green house effect.

10.3 Action of dissolved Nox

The Nitrogen in water under goes Oxidation to form ammonia, Nitrate, Nitric acid. This
synthesis of protein and amino acids is get effect by Nitrogen. Nitrate usually occurs in trace
quantities in surface water. A limit of 10 mg per liters Nitrate is affordable.

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CHAPTER 9

METHOD TO CONTROL THE WATER POLLUTION

 Lime water wash method.
 Absorption process.
9.1 LIME WATER WASH METHOD
1. The water is treated with the calculated quantities of slaked lime. After mixing the heavy
precipitates settle down as sludge at the bottom of the tank are removed from time to
time.
2. Lime can neutralize any acid present in the water. SO2, gases are removed from the flue
gases forming calcium sulphate.
3. The precipitates dissolved carbon dioxide as calcium carbonate and converts bicarbonate
ions into carbonates.
9.1.1 The equations of lime water wash method are given below
1. Ca (OH)2 + SO2. .. .. .. . CaSO3 + H2o
2. Neutralizes any acid present in water
3. 2HCL + Ca(OH)2..........Cacl2 + 2H2
4. H2SO4 + Ca (OH) 2........... CaSo4 + 2H20
5. Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate
6. CO2 + Ca(OH)2........CaCO3+2H2O
7. Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate
8. Ca (HCO3)2 + 2Ca (OH)2......... 2CaCO3 + 2H20
9. Converts bicarbonate ions (Like NaHCO3, KHCO3 etc.) into carbonates
10. NaHCO3 + Ca (OH)2............ CaCO3 + H20 + Na2 CO3

9.1.2 LIMITATIONS OF LIME WATER WASH METHOD

1. Amount of neutralization capacity is limited.
2. It is very difficult to handle.
3. Bridging and form are formed.
4. It is expansive.
5. Regeneration is possible.
6. Lime in any form it is difficult to handle.

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9.2 ABSORPTION PROCESS

1. Activated charcoal is available in granular or powdered form. As it is highly porous and
possess free valencies. So it posses high absorption capacity.
2. Activated carbon is more widely used for the removal of taste and odorous from the
public water supplies.
3. Because it has excellent properties of attracting gases, finely divided solid particles and
phenol type impurities. The activated carbon, usually in the powdered form is added to
the water either before or after the coagulation with sedimentation.

9.2.1ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION PROCESS

1. It increases the coagulation power of the process.

2. Its use reduces the chlorine demand.
3. The excessive dose of activated carbon is not harmful.
4. The treatment process is very simple and it requires nearly no skill.
5. The efficiency of removing color, odour and taste is quite high.
6. It can be easily regenerated.
7. It has excellent properties of attracting gases.

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CHAPTER 10

MERITS AND DEMERITS

10.1 MERITS
1. Vibration less running of engine.
2. Easily engine gets start.
3. Emission and Noise is controlled at greater level.

10.2 DEMERITS
1. Once in year there is requirement of filling of lime water.

2. More requirement of space.

3. The weight of silencer get increases.

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CHAPTER 11
FUTURE SCOPE

There has been an increasing concern in recent years over the increasing of transportation and
discharge of industrial waste waters into environment. The automobile emission contains air
pollutants and other species. Almost all pollutants are toxic in nature. Some of the examples are
CO, CO2, NOX, and Hydrocarbon. Among the air pollutants, all are most effective pollutants.
Hence, the removal of pollutants was selected for the present study.

Several expensive techniques are available in developed countries. But in developing countries
like India is not applicable since adsorption technique is less expensive and economically
feasible, it has been selected for the present study using some cheap cost chemicals as an
effective adsorbent. Therefore the objective of the present work was to test the ability of some
chemicals in removing air pollutants from automobile emission.

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CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION

1. The aqua silencer is more effective in the reduction of emission gases from the engine.
2. exhaust using perforated tube and charcoal.
3. By using perforated tube the backpressure will remain constant and the sound level is
reduced.
4. By using perforated tube the fuel consumption remains same as conventional system.
5. By using water as a medium the sound can be lowered and also by using activated charcoal
in water we can control the exhaust emission to a greater level.
6. The water contamination is found to be negligible in aqua silencer.
7. It is smokeless and pollution free emission and also it is very cheap. This aqua silencer’s
performance is almost equivalent to the conventional silencer. It can be also used both for
two wheelers and four wheelers and also can be used in industries.

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REFERENCES
1. “Design and Development of Aqua Silencer” International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 5, Issue 11, May 2016.
2. “Design and development of aqua silencer for two stroke petrol engine” IJIRST-
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, vol.1, issue 1,
June 2014.
3. ”International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology” (IRJET) Volume: 02,
Issue: 05 Aug-2015,e-ISSN:2392-0050,p-ISSN:2395-0072.
4. Internal Combustion of Engines - M. L. Mathur R. P. Sharma.
5. Environmental Pollution Analysis, Khopkar.
6. Engineering Chemistry Jain & Jain.

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