USMLE Step 1 Flashcards - Pharmacology-Small

Flashcard Set Title: "USMLE Step 1 Flashcards - Pharmacology"
Study this set online at: http://www.flashcardexchange.com/cards/usmle-step-1-flashcards-

pharmacology-2187425
Celecoxib, furosemide, sulfadiazine,

sulfonylureas, probenecid, thiazides,
Sulfa drugs?
TMP-SMX, acetazolamide,
sulfonamide antibiotics
Drug that causes acute cholestatic

Macrolides
hepatitis?
Halothane, valproic acid,

Drugs that cause focal to massive
acetaminophen, Amanita
hepatic necrosis?
phalloides
Drugs that cause hot flashes? Tamoxifen, clomiphene
Drugs that cause hypothyroidism? Lithium, amiodarone
Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine,

chronic Alcohol use, estrogens,
Drugs that cause gynecomastia? Ketoconazole
("Some Drugs Create Awesome
Drug that causes direct Coombs-

positive hemolytic anemia? Methyldopa
INH, Sulfonamides, Primaquine,

Hemolysis in G6PD? Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin
(hemolysis "IS PAIN")
page 1 / 25
Phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfa drugs.

Drugs that can cause
megaloblastic anemia? Phenytoin inhibits intestinal conjugase
(decreases absorption of folic acid).
TCAs have what kind of general

Atropine-like side effects
side effects?
Drugs that can cause Torsades de Class III (sotalol), class IA

pointes? (quinidine) antiarrhythmics
Drugs that cause dilated Doxorubicin (adriamycin),

cardiomyopathy? daunorubicin
Drugs that cause cutaneous Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin,

flushing? Ca channel blockers
Drugs that cause coronary

Cocaine, sumatriptan
vasospasm?
Clozapine, carbamazepine,
Drugs that cause agranulocytosis? colchicine, propylthiouracil,
methimazole, dapsone
Chloramphenicol, benzene,
Drugs that cause aplastic anemia? NSAIDs, propylthiouracil,
methimazole
page 2 / 25
Bupropion, imipenem/cilastatin,
Drugs that cause seizures?
INH
Drugs that cause Parkinson-like Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, reserpine

syndrome? (blocks VMAT), metoclopramide
Drug that causes

polymyxins
nephro/neurotoxicity?
Drugs that cause Aminoglycosides, vancomycin,

nephro/ototoxicity? loop diuretics, cisplatin
Drug that causes Fanconi's

Expired tetracycline
syndrome?
Drugs that cause interstitial

NSAIDs, methicillin, furosemide
nephritis?
Drug that causes gingival

Phenytoin
hyperplasia?
Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide,

Drugs that cause Lupus-like
Phenytoin (not "HIPP" to have
syndrome?
lupus)
page 3 / 25
Sulfonamides, Amiodarone,
Drugs that cause photosensitivity?
Tetracycline ("SAT" for a photo)
Drugs that cause osteoporosis? Heparin, corticosteroids
Ethosuximide, lamotrigine,
carbamazepine, phenobarbital,
Drugs that cause rash (SJS)?
phenytoin, sulfa drugs, penicillin,
allopurinol
Quinidine, Barbiturates, St. John's
wort, Phenytoin, Rifampin,
CYP-450 inducers?
Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine, chronic
alcohol use
HIV protease inhibitors, ketoconazole,
erythromycin, grapefruit juice, acute
CYP-450 inhibitors?
alcohol use, sulfonamides, INH,
cimetidine
Beta-blocker (can also give

Antidote to theophylline?
activated charcoal and cathartics)
Antidote to tPA/streptokinase? Aminocaproic acid
Antidote to TCAs? NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)
page 4 / 25
Ethanol, dialysis, fomepizole

Antidote to methanol or ethylene
glycol (antifreeze)? Fomepizole inhibits alcohol
dehydrogenase.
nitrite, hydroxocobalamin,
Antidote to cyanide?
thiosulfate
Antidote to copper, arsenic, or

Penicillamine (chelating agent)
gold?
Antidote to mercury, arsenic, or

Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer
gold?
CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer,

Antidote to lead?
penicillamine
Antidote to iron? deferoxamine
Antidote to beta blockers? glucagon
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine to trap

Antidote to salicylates? deprotonated acid) (also for
methotrexate, phenobarbital)
page 5 / 25
Antidote to amphetamines NH4Cl (acidify urine to trap them

(basic)? in protonated form)
Antidote to acetylcholinesterase Atropine, pralidoxime (removes

inhibitors, organophosphates? organophosphate from AChE)
Antidote to antimuscarinic,
Physostigmine salicylate
anticholinergic agents?
Stop dig, normalize K+, lidocaine,

Antidote to digitalis?
anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg
Effect on efficacy and potency of

Competitive: decrease potency
competitive vs non-competitive
Noncompetitive: decrease efficacy
inhibitors?
Rate of elimination of drug/plasma
drug concentration
Clearance equations? OR
Vd (volume of distribution) x Ke
Which phase of metabolism is lost Phase I (ox/redox, hydrolysis) is

first with aging? lost first in geriatric patients.
Drugs with zero order elimination? Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin
page 6 / 25
Cp x CL/F
Maintenance dose equation? CL = rate of elim/Cp
--> maintenance dose = rate of elim
Loading dose equation? Cp x Vd/F
Effect of alkylating agents on Absence of digits, multiple other

fetus? anomalies
glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy,

Contraindications of atropine?
heart disease
5-HT1A partial AGONIST.

Mechanism and uses of Used for functional dyspepsia with impaired
buspirone? accommodation AND as an anxiolytic for treatment
of anxiety disorders.
Macrolide antibiotic (inhibit 50S) AND

Mechanism and uses of motilin agonist.
erythromycin?
Used to treat infections AND
SSRI antidepressant (blocks SERT in
CNS and PNS) --> GI discomfort,
Fluoxetine mechanism and AEs?
nausea, diarrhea, anxiety, insomnia,
etc
5-HT3 ANTAGONIST and 5-HT4 agonist (prokinetic effect). Indirectly
Mechanism and uses of increases ACh release in gut. D2 antagonist in CNS and PNS.
metoclopramide? Used for reflux esophagitis, pre-op gastric emptying, reduce chemo nausea
(antiemetic).
page 7 / 25
PGE1 analog.
Misoprostol mechanism and use?
Used for prevention of gastric ulcers
secondary to NSAIDs.
Carbamate-type peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor.
Mechanism and uses of Used for dx/tx of MG, paralytic ileus, lack of bladder
neostigmine? tone, reverse of NM blockade after anesthesia.
Uses of somatostatin analog Diarrhea (reduce motility), VIP tumor, metastatic

carcinoid tumor, acromegaly, variceal bleeding
(octreotide)? (reduce liver blood flow), orthostatic hypotension
GERD, duodenal ulcer,

Uses of omeprazole, lansoprazole,
hypersecretory states (Zollinger-
rabeprazole, pantoprazole?
Ellison)
5-HT3 antagonist. Acts both in

Mechanism and use of
periphery and at CTZ to treat nausea
ondansetron? and vomiting after chemo.
5-HT1B/1D/1P agonist.
Action and side effects of Causes vasoconstriction, fundal relaxation, and antral motility.
sumatriptan? AEs: flushing, dizzy, weak, nausea, drowsy, stiff, tingling
Side effect of sucralfate, antacids,

Constipation
and PPIs?
Often included in antacic preparations. Acts as an

What is simethicone usually added antiflatulent agent/surfactant that decreases
to and why? foaming (change surface tension of gas bubbles
that otherwise quickly coalesce)
page 8 / 25
Oxybutynin and Tolterodine.

Bladder muscle relaxants
(anticholinergic/antimuscarinic)? Inhibit detrussor contractions caused by instability
(non-neurogenic) or muscle hyperreflexia.
Amitriptyline.
TCA that functions as a bladder
relaxant? NE/5-HT reuptake blocker. Decreases
bladder contractility and increases
Besides ED, what do sildenafil,

Pulmonary arterial hypertension.
vardenafil, and tadalafil all treat?
Side effects of 5-alpha-reductase Sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia,

inhibitors (Finasteride, Dutasteride)? hirsutism
"Second" action and most Acts as muscarinic antagonist in addition to inhibiting xanthine oxidase.
common/severe AE of allopurinol? AE: dermatologic (skin rash/hypersensitivity) --> can be severe and even fatal
What part of the kidney does Proximal convoluted tubule: competitively inhibits reabsorption of uric acid.
probenecid work in? AE?

AE: NOT effective for acute gout attack. Can actually increase attack in first
few months of therapy. (same for sulfinpyrazone)
Uricosuric (inhibit reabsorption of uric acid) - used for chronic or intermittent

Mechanism and AEs of gout.
sulfinypyrazone? AE: GI (avoid in patients with peptic ulcer disease). Can also precipitate uric
acid kidney stone formation.
Nonselective alpha and beta

Carvedilol, Labetalol
antagonists?
page 9 / 25
Pindolol, Acebutolol
Partial beta agonists?
("P, A" - "Partial Agonist")
Acebutolol (partial), Betaxolol, Esmolol

Beta1 selective antagonists? (short acting), Atenolol, Metoprolol
("A BEAM" of beta-1)
HTN, angina pectoris, MI, SVT

(propranolol, esmolol) (class II anti-
Applications of beta blockers?
arrhythmic), CHF, glaucoma (timolol)
Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol,

Nonselective beta antagonists?
Pindolol
For treatment for HTN, there's no

Benefit of alpha2 agonists (clonidine,
decrease in blood flow to the
alpha-methyldopa) in renal disease?
kidney.
What type of interaction is

diazepam + flumazenil on GABA Competitive antagonism
receptors?
What type of interaction is NE + Noncompetitive antagonist

phenoxybenzamine on alpha (phenoxybenzamine is
receptors? irreversible)
What type of interaction is

morphine + buprenorphine at Partial agonism
opioid mu-receptor?
page 10 / 25
LD50/ED50
(median lethal dose divided by median
Definition of therapeutic index?
effective dose)
(Higher TI --> safer drug)
Equation for half life of drug with

0.7 x Vd / CL
first order metabolism?
Nicotinic: ligand-gated (Na/K). NN found in

autonomic ganglia, NM found in NMJ.
Nicotinic vs muscarinic receptors?
Muscarinic: G-protein coupled. M1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Substance that produces the opposite physiologic effect of an agonist but

does not act at the same receptor.
What is physiologic antagonism? Ex: Pt w/ asthma due to muscarinic overactivity --> epinephrine can help by
vasodilating at beta-2 receptors
Negative: alpha 2 (NE), M2 (ACh)

Negative and positive feedback at
Positive: AII (angiotensin II)
noradrenergic nerve terminal?
Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Physostigmine crosses BBB and is used for glaucoma and atropine overdose.
("PHYS" for "eyes")
Physostigmine: which ones cross the Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine: do not penetrate CNS, both used for MG
BBB?
Used for glaucoma

Use of echothiophate?
-AChE inhibitor
What should be watched for in Peptic ulcer disease, COPD

patients receiving AChEIs? exacerbation, and asthma
page 11 / 25
Used as a challenge test for asthma

Use and mechanism of diagnosis.
methacholine?
Stimulates muscarinic receptors in
Which cholinomimetic agents are

Pilocarpine and Bethanechol
resistant to AChE?
Postoperative and neurogenic ileus

and urinary retention
Use of Bethanechol?
- cholinomimetic agent
("B" for "bowel" and "bladder")
Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of intraocular
Common uses of pilocarpine and pressure
carbachol? - contract ciliary muscle of eye (open angle) and
pupillary sphincter (narrow angle)
Nicotinic antagonist
Use and mechanism of - Used to prevent vagal reflex
hexamethonium? responses to change in blood pressure
(ie: prevent reflex bradycardia caused
Antimuscarinic used for motion

Scopolamine
sickness that works in the CNS?
Antimuscarinic that can be used

Benztropine (acts in CNS)
as adjunct med for Parkinson's?
Oxybutynin and glycopyrrolate are anti- Genitourinary

muscarinics used in what organ - used to reduce urgency in mild
system? cystitis and reduce bladder spasms
page 12 / 25
3 antimuscarinics that produce

Atropine, homatropine,
mydriasis and cycloplegia in the
tropicamide
eye?
What are antimuscarinics in the GI Methscopolamine, pirenzepine,

system used for and what are their propantheline
names? - used for peptic ulcer treatment
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma in the elderly

- Urinary retention in men with BPH
Toxicities of atropine? - Hyperthermia in infants (decreases sweating, inc
body temp)
Phenoxybenzamine (irreversible nonselective)

Alpha blocker used for - Especially use before removing tumor, since high
pheochromocytoma? levels of released catecholamines will not be able to
overcome blockage
Beta-2 agonists used to reduce

Ritodrine and Terbutaline
premature uterine contractions?
Acute: Metaproterenol and Albuterol

Beta-2 agonists used for acute
and long term asthma? Long-term: Salmeterol
NE: alpha 1, then alpha 2 > beta 1

Receptor selectivities of Epi vs
NE? Epi: Low dose = beta 1, 2
High dose = alpha 1, 2
Beta 1 > Beta 2
Dobutamine receptor selectivity - inotropic but not chronotropic
and action? - used for heart failure and cardiac
stress testing
page 13 / 25
D1 = D2 > beta > alpha

Dopamine receptor selectivity and - inotropic and chronotropic
action? - used for shock (increases renal
perfusion) and heart failure
AV block (rare)
Use of isoproterenol? - has equal affinity for beta 1 and
beta 2 receptors
Nasal decongestion, urinary
incontinence, hypotension
Uses of ephedrine?
- Indirect general sympathomimetic,
releases stored catecholamines
100% O2, hyperbaric O2

Antidote to CO poisoning?
- CO competitively binds Hb
Antidote to Methemoglobin? Methylene blue, vitamin C
How can hemorrhagic cystitis be

Co-administer the drug with
prevented with cyclophosphamide or
ifosfamide? mesna
Cinchonism refers to the side

Quinidine, quinine
effects of what?
Metronidazole
Which meds cause disulfiram-like certain Cephalosporins
reactions? Procarbazine
1st-generation sulfonylureas
page 14 / 25
What can bleomycin, amiodarone,

Pulmonary fibrosis
and busulfan cause?
Acetaldehyde dhase
Enzyme that disulfiram inhibits? - buildup of acetaldehyde -->
unpleasant side effects
Ethylene glycol is metabolized by
How does ethylene glycol cause alcohol dehydrogenase to oxalic acid,
oxalate kidney stones? which can cause acidosis and
nephrotoxicity
Side effects of mirtazapine (used Sedation, increased serum

for depression)? cholesterol, increased appetite
Receptors that work through Gi M2, alpha2, D2

second messenger system? "MAD 2's"
V1: Gq
- increases vascular smooth muscle contraction
V1 vs V2 receptor mechanism? V2: Gs
- increases H2O permeability and reabsorption in collecting tubules
H1: Gq
- contraction of bronchioles, nasal/bronchial mucus
production, pruritis, pain
H1 vs H2 mechanism?
H2: Gs
Receptors that work through Gs

Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2, V2
second messenger system?
page 15 / 25
Receptors that work through Gq H1, Alpha1, V1, M1, M3

second messenger system? ("HAVe 1 M & M")
Relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle

D1 receptor action? - works through Gs pathway
Beta 1 and 2 receptors both work

Gs pathway
through what pathway?
Decreases heart rate and

M2 receptor action? contractility of atria
- works through Gi pathway
Increases exocrine gland secretions (sweat, gastric acid), increase gut

peristalsis, increase bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, increase
M3 receptor action? pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction
(accommodation)
- works through Gq pathway
Vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase heart rate

and contractility, lipolysis, increase insulin release,
Beta 2 actions and mechanism? decrease uterine tone
- works through Gs pathway
Reduces ACh uptake into vesicles and

Vesamicol action? reduces its release
- experimental drug (?)
Blocks reuptake of choline at

cholinergic nerve terminals
Hemicholinium action?
- choline reuptake = rate limiting step
in ACh synthesis
page 16 / 25
Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase -->

depletes levels of dopamine, NE, and
Metyrosine action?
Epi
- used for treatment of pheo
Taken up in noradrenergic terminals by NET and
replaces NE in transmitter vesicles --> reduces
Guanethidine action? release of NE
- used as an anti-hypertensive
Ergot vs non-ergot dopamine Ergot: bromocriptine and pergolide

agonists? Non-ergot: ropinirole and pramipexole
Endothelin antagonist used for

Bosentan mechanism and use? treatment of primary pulmonary
HTN
Meds that can cause Niacin, Pyrazinamide, Thiazide

hyperuricemia and gout flares? diuretics, Cyclosporine
MAO-B inhib: prevents dopamine breakdown in

How do MAO-B, COMT, and dopa brain
decarboxylase inhibitors affect COMT and dopa decarboxylase inhib: prevent
peripheral conversion of levodopa (more levodopa
dopamine levels in Parkinson's?
available to enter brain)
Dimercaprol
Best antidote for arsenic
- displaces arsenic from sulfhydryl
poisoning? groups of enzymes
Triazolam, Oxazepam,
Shortest acting benzos?
Midazolam, Alprazolam
page 17 / 25
Diazepam, Flurazepam,
Long acting benzos?
Chlordiazepoxide
BBs mask adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia

Beta blocker effects in AND inhibit gluconeogenesis (--> worsen
hypoglycemia? hypoglycemia as well)
- Avoid non-selective BBs in diabetic patients
B6 enhances peripheral conversion of

levodopa and decreases amount
Effect of Vitamin B6 + levodopa? reaching CNS
- Don't take B6/multivitamin with
Selective D1 agonist (increases cAMP)
What does Fenoldopam do and - causes arterial vasodilation and improved renal
flow
who is it good for? - good for hypertensive emergencies and patients
with renal insufficiency
How can nitro make a patient with Causes "coronary steal syndrome"
- Dilated arteries steal blood from the
coronary artery thrombosis feel
thrombotic one (that can't dilate) -->
worse? can make angina worse
DHPs: Nifedipine and Amlodipine
DHP Ca channel blockers and - more selective for vasculature
effect? - can cause reflex tachycardia
- DON'T use in pts with ACS
Verapamil (most selective for the

Non-DHP Ca channel blockers?
heart) and Diltiazem
Verapamil AEs? Constipation, heart block
page 18 / 25
DDAVP can be used to stimulate release of vWF from endothelial cells and
Relationship of vWF and DDAVP? stop bleeding during surgical procedures

- can be helpful in hemophilia A
- does NOT affect V1 receptors like vasopressin does
Niacin: Prostaglandins (Aspirin can

What mediates the flushing with help prevent it)
niacin use? Vancomycin? Vancomycin: Histamine ("red man
syndrome")
What are trihexyphenidyl and Mainly drug-induced Parkinsonism

benztropine used for? - both are muscarinic antagonists
Both are COMT (methylation) inhibitors

- Entacapone only inhibits peripheral
Tolcapone vs entacapone? COMT
- Tolcapone inhibits both central and
How does N-acetylcysteine work Cleaves disulfide bonds of mucus

as a mucolytic agent? glycoproteins
Hyperphagia and hypersomnia are

Signs of atypical depression and characteristic.
treatment? Treat with MAO inhibitors (phenelzine,
tranylcypromine)
Thiopental is very lipid soluble, distributes in brain
Why do serum thiopental levels rapidly but then accumulates in skeletal muscle and
adipose
fall rapidly after administration? - falling levels result of redistribution NOT
metabolism
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor:
1. Increases cAMP in platelets and decreases platelet aggregation
2 effects of Cilostazol? 2. Direct arterial vasodilator
Good to use for intermittent claudication
page 19 / 25
Inhibit synthesis of fungal cell WALL (1,3-beta-D-

Effect of caspofungin and other glucan) NOT cell membrane (ergosterol)
echinocandins? - effective against Candida and Aspergillus
Drugs that cause fatty change in Tetracycline, Amiodarone,

the liver? Methotrexate
Chloramphenicol
Drugs that block protein synthesis Macrolides
at the 50S ribosomal subunit? Clindamycin
Streptogramins (quinupristin,
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Bacteriostatic drugs? Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Vancomycin
Fluoroquinolones
Bactericidal drugs? Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
What is similar to but has greater

AmOxicillin
oral bioavailability than ampicillin?
Penicillinase-resistant (Methicillin,
Which class of penicillins are
Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin)
resistant to penicillinase? - resistant because of bulkier R group
Ticarcillin
Anti-pseudomonal penicillins? Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
page 20 / 25
Nephrotoxicity
Vancomycin toxicity with high Ototoxicity
infusion rate? Thrombophlebitis
Diffuse flushing ("red man syndrome")
Transferase enzymes inactivate drug by acetylation,
How do bacteria develop phosphorylation, or adenylation.
resistance to aminoglycosides? - Also decreased influx of drug
- Mutation of 30S ribosome
Hypersensitivity
Vitamin K deficiency
Toxicity of cephalosporins? Nephrotoxicity (w/ AGs)
Disulfiram-like rxn with ethanol (some
1st gen: Cefazolin, Cephalexin

Names and coverage of 1st vs - Gm(+) cocci + PEcK (proteus, e coli, klebsiella)
2nd generation cephalosporins? 2nd gen: Cefoxitin, Cefaclor, Cefuroxime

- gm (+) cocci + HEN PEcKS (haemophilus, enterobacter, neisseria)
Cilastatin: inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I -->

What is Imipenem co-administered decreases inactivation of drug in renal tubules
with and why? - Meropenem: stable to dihydropeptidase I
Altered bacterial dihydropteroate

Mechanism of resistance to synthetase
sulfonamides? Decreased uptake
Increased PABA synthesis
Pteridine + PABA -->

Bacterial THF synthesis pathway? dihydropteroic acid --> DHF -->
THF
Reduction
Phase I metabolism actions? Oxidation
Hydrolysis
page 21 / 25
Acetylation
Phase II metabolism actions? Glucuronidation
Sulfation
Cholinergic.
Vesamicol and hemicholinium
work at what type of synapse? Both result in decreased ACh release.
"MAST"
Metaproterenol
Selective beta2 agonists? Albuterol
Salmeterol
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Bactericidal antibiotics? Vancomycin
AGs
Certain gram positive bacteria and gram negative
What are ampicillin and amoxicillin rods
(aminopenicillins) affective - Haemophilus, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus,
against? Salmonella, enterococci
1st generation cephalosporins? Cefazolin, Cephalexin
What does chloramphenicol

Peptidyl transfer
inhibit?
Erythromycin
Which antibiotics inhibit
Clindamycin
translocation on the ribosomes?
Lincomycin
page 22 / 25
What does tetracycline inhibit? A-site tRNA binding
Enzymes that inactive the drug by

Mechanism of aminoglycoside
acetylation, phosphorylation, or
resistance? adenylation
Which tetracycline can be used in Doxycycline.

patients with renal failure and
why? Fecally eliminated.
Aminoglycoside used in bowel

Neomycin
surgery?
They bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S

How do macrolides block subunit.
translocation of protein synthesis?
Bacteriostatic.
Cardiac AE of erythromycin? Prolonged QT interval.
What drugs do macrolides

Theophyllines
increase the serum concentration
Oral anticoagulants
of?
Mechanism of resistance to Methylation of 23S rRNA binding

macrolides? site
page 23 / 25
Mechanism of resistance to Plasmid-endoed acetyltransferase

chloramphenicol? that inactivates the drug.
Altered bacterial dihydropteroate

Mechanism of resistance to synthetase
sulfonamides? Decreased uptake
Increased PABA synthesis
Cationic/basic proteins that act like detergents and
bind to cell membranes of bacteria and disrupt their
Polymyxin mechanism and use? osmotic properties.
Used for resistant gram negative infections.
Dapsone
3 treatments for M. leprae? Rifampin
Clofazimine
Forms free radical toxic

Mechanism of metronidazole? metabolites in the bacterial cell
that damage DNA.
Linezolid
Treatment for VRE? Streptogramins
(quinupristin/dalfopristin)
TMP-SMX
Prophylaxis for PCP?
or Aerosolized pentamidine.
2 prophylaxis options for Rifampin

meningococcal infection? Minocycline
page 24 / 25
Increased activity of Ethambutol

arabinosyltransferase would mean
resistance to what drug? - TB treatment
Hydration reduces nephrotoxicity.

2 things that can reduce
amphotericin toxicity? Liposomal formulation reduces toxicity.
"Swish and swallow" for oral

candidiasis.
Administration of nystatin?
Topical for diaper rash or vaginal
Dermatophytes.
What are Terbinafine and Terbinaphine: especially onychomycosis
Griseofulvin both used to treat?
Griseofulvin: oral treatment of superficial infections
Teratogenic
Carcinogenic
AEs of griseofulvin? Confusion, headaches
Induce P-450 (and warfarin
Invasive aspergillus --> use? Caspofungin
Flucytosine
Invasive candida or cryptococcus - often incombination with amphotericin
--> use? B
- could also use azoles
Topical fungal infections --> use? Clotrimazole or Miconazole
page 25 / 25
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Celecoxib, furosemide, sulfadiazine,

Drug that causes acute cholestatic

Halothane, valproic acid,

Drugs that cause hot flashes? Tamoxifen, clomiphene

Drugs that cause hypothyroidism? Lithium, amiodarone

Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine,

Drug that causes direct Coombs-

INH, Sulfonamides, Primaquine,

Phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfa drugs.

TCAs have what kind of general

Drugs that can cause Torsades de Class III (sotalol), class IA

Drugs that cause dilated Doxorubicin (adriamycin),

Drugs that cause cutaneous Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin,

Drugs that cause coronary

Drugs that cause Parkinson-like Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, reserpine

Drug that causes

Drugs that cause Aminoglycosides, vancomycin,

Drug that causes Fanconi's

Drugs that cause interstitial

Drug that causes gingival

Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide,

Drugs that cause osteoporosis? Heparin, corticosteroids

Beta-blocker (can also give

Antidote to tPA/streptokinase? Aminocaproic acid

Antidote to TCAs? NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)

Ethanol, dialysis, fomepizole

Antidote to copper, arsenic, or

Antidote to mercury, arsenic, or

CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer,

Antidote to iron? deferoxamine

Antidote to beta blockers? glucagon

NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine to trap

Antidote to amphetamines NH4Cl (acidify urine to trap them

Antidote to acetylcholinesterase Atropine, pralidoxime (removes

Stop dig, normalize K+, lidocaine,

Effect on efficacy and potency of

Which phase of metabolism is lost Phase I (ox/redox, hydrolysis) is

Drugs with zero order elimination? Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin

Loading dose equation? Cp x Vd/F

Effect of alkylating agents on Absence of digits, multiple other

glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy,

5-HT1A partial AGONIST.

Macrolide antibiotic (inhibit 50S) AND

Uses of somatostatin analog Diarrhea (reduce motility), VIP tumor, metastatic

GERD, duodenal ulcer,

5-HT3 antagonist. Acts both in

Side effect of sucralfate, antacids,

Often included in antacic preparations. Acts as an

Oxybutynin and Tolterodine.

Besides ED, what do sildenafil,

Side effects of 5-alpha-reductase Sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia,

probenecid work in? AE?

Uricosuric (inhibit reabsorption of uric acid) - used for chronic or intermittent

Nonselective alpha and beta

Acebutolol (partial), Betaxolol, Esmolol