Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 3

Activation of trigeminovascular system

The major structures involved in activation of the trigeminovascular


system are shown in Figure 2. Sensory neurons from the trigeminal
ganglion and upper cervical dorsal roots innervate dural-vascular
structures (eg, pial vessels, dura mater, large cerebral vessels). Input
from dural-vascular structures and from cervical structures through the
upper cervical dorsal root ganglia project to second order neurons in
the trigeminocervical complex (TCC).
Struktur utama yang terlibat dalam aktivasi sistem trigeminovaskular ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2.
Neuron sensoris dari ganglion trigeminal dan akar dorsal serviks atas menginervasi struktur dural-
vaskular (mis. Pembuluh pial, dura mater, pembuluh otak besar). Masukan dari struktur dural-
vaskular dan dari struktur serviks melalui proyek ganglia akar dorsal serviks atas ke neuron orde
kedua di trigeminocervical complex (TCC).

Nerve fibers involved in the localization of pain ascend from the


trigeminal nucleus caudalis to the thalamus and then to the sensory
cortex. Distribution of headache pain to regions of the upper neck and
head can be attributed to the convergence of projections from the
trigeminal nerve at the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and upper cervical
nerve roots.
Serabut saraf yang terlibat dalam lokalisasi nyeri naik dari nukleus trigeminal caudalis ke thalamus
dan kemudian ke korteks sensorik. Distribusi nyeri kepala ke daerah leher bagian atas dan kepala
dapat dikaitkan dengan konvergensi proyeksi dari saraf trigeminal pada nukleus trigeminal caudalis
dan akar saraf serviks atas.

Sensory modulation can occur, via both direct and indirect projection,
by descending influences such as those from the hypothalamus,
midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), pontine locus coeruleus (LC), and
nucleus raphe magnus onto the TCC. Sensory modulation also occurs
from the hypothalamus, LC, and PAG by ascending influences.5
Modulasi sensorik dapat terjadi, baik melalui proyeksi langsung maupun tidak langsung, dengan
menurunnya pengaruh seperti yang berasal dari hipotalamus, otak tengah abu-abu periaqueductal
(PAG), pontine locus coeruleus (LC), dan nucleus raphe magnus ke TCC. Modulasi sensoris juga
terjadi dari hipotalamus, LC, dan PAG dengan pengaruh yang meningkat.

Cortical spreading depression


Cortical spreading depression, a self-propagating wave of cellular
depolarization that slowly spreads across the cerebral cortex and is
associated with depressed neuronal bioelectrical activity and altered
brain function, has been linked to migraine aura and
headache.6 Cortical spreading depression is thought to activate
neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, leading to inflammatory
changes in pain-sensitive meningeal vascular structures, which
produces headache via central and peripheral reflex mechanisms.
Cortical spreading depression is also thought to alter the permeability
of the blood-brain barrier by activating and upregulating brain matrix
metalloproteinase.7
Depresi penyebaran kortikal, gelombang depolarisasi seluler yang menyebar sendiri yang perlahan-
lahan menyebar ke seluruh korteks serebral dan dikaitkan dengan aktivitas bioelektrik neuron yang
tertekan dan fungsi otak yang berubah, telah dikaitkan dengan aura migrain dan sakit kepala. Depresi
penyebaran kortikal diduga mengaktifkan neuron. pada nukleus nukleus caudalis, yang menyebabkan
perubahan inflamasi pada struktur pembuluh darah meningeal yang peka terhadap rasa sakit, yang
menghasilkan sakit kepala melalui mekanisme refleks sentral dan perifer. Depresi penyebaran kortikal
juga dianggap mengubah permeabilitas sawar darah-otak dengan mengaktifkan dan meningkatkan
matriks otak metalloproteinase.

Neuronal sensitization
Neuronal sensitization, the process by which neurons become
increasingly responsive to nociceptive and non-nociceptive
stimulation, is thought to play a role in migraine attacks. Sensitization
results in decreased response thresholds, increased response
magnitude, expansion of receptive fields, and development of
spontaneous neuronal activity. Peripheral sensitization in the primary
afferent neuron and central sensitization of higher-order neurons of
the spinal cord and brain have been shown to play an important role in
somatic pain. It is likely that many of the symptoms of migraine,
including throbbing headache pain, exacerbation of headache by
physical activity, and allodynia are linked to sensitization.
Sensitisasi neuron, proses di mana neuron menjadi semakin responsif terhadap stimulasi nosiseptif
dan non-nosiseptif, dianggap berperan dalam serangan migrain. Sensitisasi menghasilkan penurunan
ambang respons, peningkatan besarnya respons, perluasan bidang reseptif, dan pengembangan
aktivitas neuron spontan. Sensitisasi perifer pada neuron aferen primer dan sensitisasi sentral neuron
tingkat tinggi dari sumsum tulang belakang dan otak telah terbukti memainkan peran penting dalam
nyeri somatik. Sangat mungkin bahwa banyak gejala migrain, termasuk nyeri kepala yang berdenyut,
eksaserbasi sakit kepala dengan aktivitas fisik, dan allodynia terkait dengan kepekaan.

Figure 2. Pathophysiology of migraine. Trigeminocervical complex=TCC; periaqueductal


gray=PAG; pontine locus coeruleus=LC; nucleus raphe magnus=NRM. Reproduced from
Goadsby PJ. Neurol Clin. 2009;27:335-60.

You might also like