DESIGN OF CANTILEVERED RETAINING WALL

I. Retaining Wall and Footing Dimensions: Material Properties:

Wall Height, H 6.80 m fc' 21 mPa
Wall thicknesss, t w 0.50 m fy 414 mPa
[Recommended stem wall thickness = 0.48m to 0.82m] γconcrete 23.5 kN/m 3
Footing width, B 3.60 m Soil Properties:
3
Footing thickness, t f 0.50 m γs 15.7 kN/m
[Recommended footing width = 2.72m to 4.76m] Ф 33.66 °
Tip of toe distance from qa 160 kPa
face of stem, x 1 1.20 m μ 0.65
[Recommended toe dist. From stem = 1.2m
Tip of toe distance from Factor of Safety
face of stem, x 2 1.90 m Against Overturning 2.00
Other Parameters: Against Sliding 1.50
Lateral Earth load factor, LF 1.70
Surcharge Pressure 14.13 kPA
qs =14.13 kPa

t = 0.5m

H = 6.8m

x1 = 1.2 m x2 = 1.9m

tf = 0.5m

B = 3.6m

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II. Check For Stability

Equivalent height of surcharge, h e 0.90 m

Coefficient of active pressure,c a 0.287
Active unit Pressure, P a 30.62 kPa
Surcharge unit Pressure, P s 4.05 kPa

Forces
Resultant force due to active pressure, H 1 104.1 kN
Resultant force due to passive pressure, H 2 27.6 kN
Weight of Footing, W 1 42.3 kN
Weight of Stem, W 2 74.0 kN
Weight of Backfill soil, W 3 214.8 kN

he

W3
W2

H2

H1

W1

pa ps
qtoe

qheel
R

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Check for Overturning (pivot point at tip of toe)

Forces,F Moment Force x distance (kNm)

(kN) arm, d (m) RM OM
H1 104.1 2.27 236.0
H2 27.6 3.40 93.7
W1 42.3 1.80 76.1
W2 74.0 1.45 107.3
W3 214.8 2.65 569.2
Σ = 752.6 329.6

Factor of Safety against Overturning, FS OM = RM/OM 2.28 OK! > 2

Check for Sliding

Reaction at base, W1 + W2 + W3 = 42.3 + 74 + 214.8 331.1 kN
Sliding Force, Fh = H1 + H2 = 104.1 + 27.6 131.7 kN

Factor of Safety against Sliding, FS S = μR/F h 1.6 OK! > 1.5

Soil Pressure at Base

Distance of footing width center from toe, B/2 1.8 m

Forces,F distance from eccentricty, M @ center of

(kN) toe, d toe (m) e i (m) footing [+↺]
W1 42.3 1.80 0.00 0.00
W2 74.0 1.45 0.35 25.91
W3 214.8 2.65 -0.85 -182.56
H1 104.1 2.27 235.95
H2 27.6 3.40 93.69
Σ = 172.99

Resultant, R = W 1 + W 2 + W 3 331.1 kN
Resultant eccentricty, e = [ΣM]/R 0.52 m
Upward Soil Pressure at the base of footing, q = [R/B][1 ± (6e/B)]
q toe 172.1 kPa
q heel 11.9 kPa

Notes:
* +e means Resultant is located to the left of footing center
* -e means Resultant is located to the right of footing center
*Counter-clockwise moment is positive
*+q means upward pressure on footing base

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II. Design of Stem and Footing base

h3 STEM = 2.1m

h2 STEM = 4.2m

Critical Section
for Design of
h1 STEM = 6.3m Flexure and Shear
for Stem Pa +Ps = 32.4 kPa

Active unit pressure at Critical Section, P a(stem) 28.4 kPA

Surcharge unit pressure at Critical Section, P s(stem) 4.1 kPA

Check Stem thickness for shear

Shear at Critical Section, V 114.9 kN

Ultimate Shear at Critical Section, V U 195.3 kN

where: Earth Pressure Load Factor, LF 1.7

Shear Capacity at Critical Section, ФVc 259.7 kN OK! D/C= 0.75

where: Strength Reduction Factor, Ф 0.85
Concrete Cover, cc 100 mm
Stem effective depth, d 400 mm

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Design Stem for Flexure

Stem Height, h STEM 6.30 m

p a (h) = c a γ s h 4.50 h
2
H 1 = (1/2)p a h 2.25 h
H2 =psh 4.05 h

Ultimate Moment variation throughout the height, Mu

3 2
Mu = [H 1 (h STEm /3)+H 2 (h STEM /2)]LF 1.276 h + 3.44 h

where: LF 1.7

Tabulated Computations:
2
Main Bar diameter, db(mm) 20 ; A 1-bar 314.2 mm
at height, h (m) 6.30 4.20 2.10
Ultimate Moment, Mu(kNm) 455.7 155.3 27.0
2
Ru = Mu/Фbd 3.16 1.08 0.19
ρ req'd ={(0.85f c '/f y )[1-√(1-(2(R u )/(0.85f c '))]} 0.00848 0.00269 0.00046
ρ minimum ={max[1.4/fy,(√f c ')/(4f y )]} 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338
[4/3]ρ req'd 0.01130 0.00358 0.00061
recommended ρ 0.00848 0.00338 0.00061
governing ρ ρreqd ρmin (4/3)ρrqd
As(mm 2 /m) 3390.9 1352.7 242.9
Recommended spacing, s(mm) 93 232 1294
Use Spacing, s (mm) 100 200 300

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