energies

Article
Mitigation Conducted Emission Strategy Based on
Transfer Function from a DC-Fed Wireless Charging
System for Electric Vehicles
Li Zhai 1,2, * ID
, Yu Cao 1,2 ID
, Liwen Lin 1,2 , Tao Zhang 1,2 and Steven Kavuma 1,2
1 National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
caoyu5501@163.com (Y.C.); 15201430735@163.com (L.L.); zhangtaohorizon@163.com (T.Z.);
stevenkavuma@hotmail.com (S.K.)
2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081, China
* Correspondence: zhaili26@bit.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-10-6891-5202

Received: 5 February 2018; Accepted: 20 February 2018; Published: 25 February 2018

Abstract: The large dv/dt and di/dt outputs of power devices in wireless charging system (WCS)
in electric vehicles (EVs) always introduce conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions.
This paper proposes a mitigation conducted emission strategy based on transfer function from a
direct current fed (DC-fed) WCS for EVs. A complete test for the DC-fed WCS is set up to measure the
conducted emission of DC power cables in a frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz. An equivalent
circuit with high-frequency parasitic parameters for WCS for EV is built based on measurement results
to obtain the characteristics of conducted emission from WCS. The transfer functions of differential
mode (DM) interference and common mode (CM) interference were established. A judgment method
of using transfer functions to determine the dominated interference mode responsible for EMI is
proposed. From the comparison of simulation results between CM or DM and CM+DM interference,
it can be seen that the CM interference is the dominated interference mode which causes the conducted
EMI in WCS in EVs. A strategy of giving priority to the dominated interference mode is proposed for
designing the CM interference filter. Finally, the conducted voltage experiment is performed to verify
the mitigation conducted emission strategy. The conducted voltage of simulation and experiment
is decreased respectively by 21.17 and 21.4 dBµV at resonance frequency 30 MHz. The conduced
voltage at frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz can be mitigated to below the limit level-3 of CISPR25
standard (GB/T 18655-2010) by adding the CM interference filters.

Keywords: electric vehicle; wireless charging system; conducted emission; mitigation strategy

1. Introduction
Wireless charging technologies, as an attractive alternative to cabled charging, are attracting
widespread interest in the field of consumer electronics, medical implants and electric vehicles [1–4],
due to their convenient and safe characteristics [5–7]. There are two kinds of power supply system
in wireless charging system (WCS): alternating current fed (AC-fed) and direct current fed (DC-fed)
system. DC-fed WCS is used in fast charging with high current and voltage and widely applied in
electric vehicles (EVs) in future.
As for wireless charging for EVs, many researchers pay attention to improving the charging
efficiency and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Some researchers adopt the method of optimizing
the structure of the coupled coil pair, the compensation circuit and pulse width modulation (PWM)
control strategy to improve the efficiency of wireless charging [8–13]. As for EMC, the two
key considerations consist of electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS).

Energies 2018, 11, 477; doi:10.3390/en11030477 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 477 2 of 17

The electromagnetic emission of WCS mainly includes the emission of the electromagnetic field
(EMF) generated by the coupling coils, the conducted emission and the radiated emission from the
power cables.
As for electromagnetic emission for WCS, there are lots of research mainly focused on reducing the
EMF which will exposure to humans. Different power levels of WCS have been researched to analyze
the distribution characteristics of EMF. Some kinds of method were proposed to reduce magnetic
field exposure, including adding a shield plate, optimizing coils shape and ferrite arrangement,
matching impedance and adding a reverse magnetic field [14–17]. The fast switching of these power
semiconductor devices such as MOSFET used in invertor of WCS is controlled by PWM, as result
in generation of conducted EMI and low power quality. In addition some radiated EMI due to
conducted-EMI may be generated to influence or even damage some onboard components such as
sensors, analog devices, wireless devices of EVs, etc. Therefore, it is very significant to predict and
suppress the conducted-EMI for WCS.
However, few research on conducted-EMI for WCS was presented previously. Although some
studies on the conducted-EMI from high-voltage systems in EVs such as motor drive system, DC–DC
converter and onboard charger have been carried out [18–23], the model and characteristics of the
conducted-EMI for WCS are not yet proposed. In addition, filtering is usually used to mitigate
the conducted-EMI. The analysis and design method of EMI filtering are always proposed based
on constant source impedance and load impedance which are varied in practice. It may lead to
inadequate mitigation and generation of new resonance due to impedance mismatch. In addition,
the common mode (CM) and DM filters are designed separately by CM and DM interference
propagation respectively. Then a combination of the CM and DM filters can result in bulky volume
and high cost, and induce an unwanted resonance due to parameters of filter and high frequency
parasitic parameters. On the other hand, the DM interference can lead to the CM interference, and the
CM interference also can lead to the DM interference. The DM filter or CM filter can mitigate both of
the CM and DM interference simultaneously. Therefore, a combination of the CM and DM filters cause
filtering repeatedly, it means over design.
From the above proposed problems, firstly, it is necessary to build an equivalent circuit with
high-frequency parasitic parameters for WCS for EV to predict the conducted-EMI for WCS. From
which the practical EMI source impedance and load impedance can be taken into consideration.
Secondly, the transfer functions of DM interference and CM interference were established to predict
and determine the dominated interference mode responsible for EMI from WCS in EVs. Meanwhile,
comparison of simulation results between CM or DM and CM+DM interference is performed to prove
dominated interference mode. Then, a strategy of giving priority to the dominated interference mode
is proposed for designing filter.
The organization of this paper is as follows. Session 2 shows a complete test for the DC-fed WCS,
in order to measure the conducted-EMI of DC power cables in a frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz.
In Section 3, modeling and simulation of the WCS for the conducted-EMI are presented. In Section 4,
analysis and estimation for the conducted-EMI is performed based on the transfer function, and
a judgment method of using transfer functions to determine the dominated interference mode
responsible for EMI is proposed. Section 5 gives the method of designing the filters. In Section 6,
the conducted voltage experiment for WCS is performed to verify efficiency and feasibility of the
mitigation conducted-EMI strategy. In Section 7, conclusions and future works are proposed.

2. System Conducted-EMI Emission Measurement

2.1. Conducted-EMI Emission Setup

A complete test setup for conducted-EMI emissions from a DC-fed WCS on an EV in an EMI
laboratory as shown in Figure 1 and mainly consists of a DC voltage source, DC power cables, standard
line impedance stabilization networks (LISNs), a wireless charging controller, a couple of coils and an
 2. System Conducted-EMI Emission Measurement
2.1. Conducted-EMI Emission Setup
2.1.
A Conducted-EMI
complete test setup Emission forSetup
conducted-EMI emissions from a DC-fed WCS on an EV in an EMI
laboratory A complete test setup for1conducted-EMI
as shown in Figure and mainly consistsemissions of afrom
DCavoltage
DC-fed source,
WCS onDC an EVpower
in ancables,
EMI
standard
laboratoryline impedance
as 11,
Energies 2018, shown
477 instabilization
Figure 1 and networks (LISNs),of
mainly consists a wireless
a DC voltage charging controller,
source, DC power a couple
3cables,
of 17
of
coilsstandard
and anline EMI-receiver. Measurements
impedance stabilization are performed
networks (LISNs), ato comply
wireless with the
charging CISPR 25
controller, standard
a couple of
which
coilsprovides
and an conducted
EMI-receiver. EMI emission limits
Measurements are for vehicle components
performed to comply with in a the
frequency
CISPR 25 range of 150
standard
toEMI-receiver.
kHzwhich MHz as Measurements
108provides shown in Table
conducted
are performed to comply with the CISPR 25 standard which provides
1. Two LISNs
EMI emission limitsterminated
for vehicle with 50 Ω resistances
components provide
in a frequency DCof
range power
150
conducted EMI emission limits for vehicle components in a frequency range of 150 kHz to 108 MHz as
fromkHz a DC
to 108voltage
MHz as source
shown tointhe wireless
Table 1. Twocharging controllerwith
LISNs terminated using50 Ωtwo shieldedprovide
resistances cables DC(2 m).
powerThe
shown in Table 1. Two LISNs terminated with 50 Ω resistances provide DC power from a DC voltage
power
from invertor
a DC in a wireless charging controller with 425 V DCusing inputtwois connected to coupling coils
source to voltage
the wireless source to the controller
charging wireless charging
using twocontroller
shielded cables (2 m).shielded
The powercables (2 m).inThe
invertor a
using
powerwireless charging controller with 425 V DC input is connected to coupling coils using two shielded of
two shielded
invertor incables
a (1.5
wireless m). The
charging WCS operates
controller withat a
425frequency
V DC of
input 85
is kHz with
connected a
toworking
coupling gap
coils
150using
mm two(1.5
and
cables shielded
a m).
system Thecables (1.5 m). at
transmission
WCS operates The WCSof
power operates
a frequency 3.7 kW
of 85 atwith
kHz a with
frequency
a acircularof 85
working kHzof with
magnetic
gap a working
coupler.
150 mm and a Withgapthis
system of
150transmission
mm andthe
configuration, a power
system oftransmission
3.7 kW with power
total conducted-EMI anoise of 3.7
voltage
circular kW with
signals
magnetic aincircular
coupler. DC magnetic
cables
With this can becoupler.
picked the
configuration, With
up bythis
totalany
configuration,
one ofconducted-EMI
LISNs impedancesthe total conducted-EMI
connected
noise voltage to an
signals noise voltage
EMIcables
in DC receiver. signals in DC cables can be picked
can be picked up by any one of LISNs impedances up by any
oneconnected
of LISNsto impedances
an EMI receiver.connected to an EMI receiver.
EMI
Receiver
EMI
Receiver
+
LISN Wireless Coupling coils
DC Voltage + Wireless
LISNDC power cable Charging Coupling coils
DC Voltage
Source Charging
DC power cableController Battery
- Battery
Source -
LISN Controller
（Invertor）
LISN （Invertor）
Ground
Ground

Figure 1. Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission system test setup for wireless
Figure 1. Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission system test setup for wireless
Figure
charging 1. Conducted
system (WCS). electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission system test setup for wireless
charging system (WCS).
charging system (WCS).
2.2.2.2.
Conducted EMI
Conducted Experiment
EMI Results
Experiment Results
2.2. Conducted EMI Experiment Results
TheThe
testtest
platform
platform as shown inin Figure 2 2isisset up. Figure 3 shows the experimental resultsandand it
The test platformasasshown
shown inFigure
Figure 2 is set set up.
up. Figure
Figure 33 shows
showsthe theexperimental
experimentalresults
resultsand it it
cancan
be found
be be
foundthatthat
thethe
conducted-EMI noise voltage
voltageof ofthe
thewireless charging controllerisisdominant
dominant in
can found that theconducted-EMI
conducted-EMI noise
noise voltage of the wirelesscharging
wireless charging controller
controller is dominant in a in
a frequency
a frequency range
frequency range
of 150
range ofof 150
kHz–108
kHz–108
150 kHz–108
MHz
MHzand
MHz andisisisnot
and notcompliant
not
with
compliantwith
compliant
CISPR25
withCISPR25
CISPR25 (GB/T
(GB/T
(GB/T
18655),
18655),
18655),
as
asas
shown
shown
shown
in Table 1. From
in Table
in Table1. FromFigure
1. From Figure3, it
Figure3, can
3, it be
it can seen
be
can seen
be that
that
seen the
thatthe conducted
conducted
the conducted voltage
voltageexceeds
voltage exceeds
exceedsthe limit
thelimit requirement
requirement inin
limitrequirement
the the
range of
inrange 500
of 500
the range kHz–2
kHz–2
of 500 MHz
kHz–2 MHz and
MHzand 30
and MHz–108
3030
MHz–108
MHz–108MHz. MHz. Therefore,
MHz.Therefore, it is necessary
Therefore, itit is necessary
necessary to to build
tobuild
build ahigh
a ahighhigh
frequency
frequencycircuit
frequency mode
circuit mode
circuit forfor
mode analyzing
foranalyzing
analyzingthe
the
thesource
sourceand
source andpaths
and paths of
of conducted-EMI
of conducted-EMIsoso
conducted-EMI soasas
astoto
to predict
predict
predict the
thethe
conducted-EMI
conducted-EMI
conducted-EMI emissions.
emissions.
emissions.

Figure 2. The test platform for conducted-EMI emission.

Figure 2. The
Figure testtest
2. The platform for
platform forconducted-EMI emission.
conducted-EMI emission.
 Energies 2018, 11, 477 4 of 17
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Figure 3. The measurement for conducted-EMI emission.

Figure 3. The measurement for conducted-EMI emission.
Figure 3. The measurement for conducted-EMI emission.
Table 1. CISPR25 class3-average limits for conducted voltage.
Table
Table 1. 1. CISPR25
CISPR25 class3-average
class3-average
Frequency/MHz limits
limits forfor
Limit/dB conducted
conducted voltage.
(μV) voltage.
0.15–0.30
Frequency/MHz Limit/dB
70(μV) (µV)
Frequency/MHz Limit/dB
0.53–1.8
0.15–0.30 50
70
0.15–0.30
5.9–6.2 45 70
0.53–1.8 50
0.53–1.8
26–28 36 50
5.9–6.2
5.9–6.2 45 45
30–88
26–28 36
36
26–28 36
88–108
30–88
30–88 30 36
36
88–108
88–108 30 30
3. System Modeling and Analysis
3. 3.
System
System Modeling
Modeling andandAnalysis
Analysis
3.1. The Construction of WCS
3.1. The
3.1. TheConstruction
Construction of of
WCSWCS
Without any physical connection in WCS, the power of 425 V DC voltage at the ground side is
Without
transmitted Without any
to the physical
any physical
vehicle connection
sideconnection in in
and converted WCS,
WCS, thethe
into power
thepowerof 425
power of of Vthe
425DC voltage
V DC
400 at the
voltage
V DC forat ground
the
the groundsideside
battery. is
The
transmitted
is transmitted
designed to the vehicle
to the vehicle
system mainly side and
consistsside converted
andvoltage
of DC into
converted the power
into Vthe
source of
DC, power
the 400 V DC
of the 400C7V
filter capacitor for the battery.
DC bridge
, full The
for the invertor
battery.
(S1designed
–SThe system
designed mainly
system consists
mainly of DC
consists of voltage
DC voltage
4), coupled coils (primary coil L1 and secondary coil L2DC
source VDCV
source , filter capacitor
, filter
), LCC C7,Cfull
capacitor
compensation, bridge
7 , full bridgeinvertor
invertor
rectification and
1–S–S
(S(S 4), coupled
), coupled coils (primary coil L 1Land secondary coil L ),
2L LCC compensation, rectification and
filtering1 and4 electric vehicle battery Vbat1 can be seen in Figure2 4. The circuit parameters of WCSand
coils (primary coil and secondary coil ), LCC compensation, rectification are
filtering
filtering andandelectric vehicle
electric vehicle battery
battery Vbat
V cancan
bat bebeseen in in
seen Figure
Figure 4. 4.
The
Thecircuit parameters
circuit parameters ofof
WCS
WCS are
are
designed and calculated, as shown in Table 2.
designed
designed and
andcalculated,
calculated, asas
shown
shown ininTable
Table2.2.

DC Coupling
DC Filter Inverter Compensation Coupling Compensation Recifter&Filter Battery
source Filter Inverter Compensation coils Compensation Recifter&Filter Battery
source coils

SS1 1CC3 3 SS2 CC44 L

Lf1f1 C11
C CC22 LLf2f2 DD1 D2
Lf3Lf3
2 1 D2

VV CC
DCDC 7 7 C0C0
SS C
Cƒ1 L11 CCƒ2ƒ2
SS44 ƒ1 L LL22 Vbat
Vbat
33 DD D
3 3 D4 4

CC5 5 CC66

Figure
Figure
Figure 4. 4.
4. Construction
Construction
Construction ofof
of the
the
the WCS.
WCS.
WCS.
Energies 2018, 11, 477 5 of 17
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 17
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 17
Table 2. Circuit parameters of wireless charging system (WCS).
Table 2. Circuit parameters of wireless charging system (WCS).
Table 2. Circuit parameters of wireless charging system (WCS).
Symbol
Symbol Meaning
Meaning Value
Value
Symbol
VDC DC Meaning
power supply Value
425VV
V DC DC power supply 425
V1DC DC powercoilsupply 425 V
L1 , L, 2L2
L Inductance of primary and secondary
Inductance of primary coil and secondary coil coil 226.4
226.4 µH μH
LLM1L,M L2 MutualInductance
Mutual ofof
inductance
inductance primary coil
of primary
primary coiland
coil secondary
andand coil
secondary
secondary coilcoil 226.4
79.8µH
79.8 μH
Cƒ1 LC,Mƒ2
C,ƒ1 Cƒ2 Mutual inductance
Primary
Primary and
and of primary
secondary
secondary coil and capacitor
compensated
compensated secondary
capacitorcoil 79.8
55.9nF
55.9 μH
nF
CLƒ1
Lƒ1 ,, C
,ƒ1L ƒ2Lƒ2
ƒ2 Primary
Primary
Primary andand
and secondary
secondary
secondary compensated
compensated
compensated capacitor
inductance
inductance 55.9
62.7µH
62.7 nF
μH
CL1Cƒ1 ,, L2Cƒ22
, 1C Primary
Primary
Primary and
and
andsecondary
secondary
secondary compensated
compensated
compensated inductance
capacitor
capacitor 21.4 62.7
nF/24.1
21.4 μH nF
nF/24.1 nF
CC10C,C 02 Primary and Rectifier
secondaryinductance
Rectifier compensated capacitor
inductance 21.434.3
nF/24.1
34.3 µFμF nF
Lƒ3 C
Lƒ30 Rectifier
Rectifiercapacitor
Rectifierinductance
capacitor 131
131µH
34.3 μF
μH
V bat
L
Vƒ3bat Equivalent resistance
Rectifier capacitor
Equivalent resistance 40
13140ΩμH
Ω
Vbat Equivalent resistance 40 Ω
3.2.
3.2. Simulation
Simulation of of the
the Electrical
Electrical Characteristics
Characteristics of
of WCS
WCS
3.2. Simulation of the Electrical Characteristics of WCS
Based
Based on on the
the construction
construction of of the
the WCS
WCS ininFigure
Figure4,4,aaWCS WCSmodel
modelisissetsetup
upininMatlab/Simulink
Matlab/Simulink
Based
software
softwareto on the
to obtain
obtainthe construction
the electrical of the WCS
electrical characteristicsin
characteristicsofFigure
ofthe 4,
the WCS. a WCS
WCS. The model
The invertor is set
invertor circuit upisin
circuit is Matlab/Simulink
driven
driven by
by two
two pairs
pairs
software
of to obtain
of sinusoidal
sinusoidal pulsethe electrical
width
width characteristics
modulation
modulation (SPWM)
(SPWM) ofinin
the WCS. The invertor
complementary
complementary circuit
phase.
phase. TheTheisvoltage
driven
voltage by
andandtwo pairs
current
current for
of
forsinusoidal
the battery pulse
are width
shown modulation
in Figure 5, (SPWM) in
respectively. complementary
It can be foundphase.
the battery are shown in Figure 5, respectively. It can be found that the current is that The
the voltage
current is and
9.15current
A and for
the
and the
the battery
voltage
voltage isis400areVVshown
400 to meetinthe
tomeet Figure
the3.7
3.7kW
kW5, power
respectively.
powerrequirement.It can be found that the current is 9.15 A and the
requirement.
voltage is 400 V to meet the 3.7 kW power requirement.
Current（A）
Current（A）

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 5.
Figure 5. WCS
WCS functional
functional simulation
simulation results
results (a)
(a) Charging
Charging current;
current; (b)
(b)Charging
Chargingvoltage.
voltage.
Figure 5. WCS functional simulation results (a) Charging current; (b) Charging voltage.
3.3. Parasitic Parameters
3.3. Parasitic
3.3. Parasitic Parameters
Parameters
The parameters of the power component in WCS can be tested directly, such as when the self-
The parameters
The parameters of ofthe
thepower
powercomponent
component in WCS cancan
indistributed
WCS be be tested
tested directly, such
directly, as when the
inductance L1 and L2, mutual inductance LM and capacitance C10 ofsuch as when
the coils the self-
are measured
self-inductance
inductance L
L1 and and L
1L2, mutual
2 , mutual inductance
inductance LM and L M and distributed
distributed capacitancecapacitance
C10 of the C
coilsof the coils
10 are measured are
by using the RC meter as shown in Figure 6a,b. Meanwhile, the parameters can also be obtained
measured
by by RC
using
using modeling
the the RCshown
meter meter as shown in Figure 6a,b. Meanwhile, the parameters canobtained
also be
through and assimulationininFigure
ANSYS 6a,b. Meanwhile,
as shown the parameters
in Figure can alsoresults
6c. The simulation be are in
obtained
through through
modeling modeling and simulation in ANSYS as shown in Figure 6c. The simulation results
agreement with theand simulationresults,
measurement in ANSYS as shown
as shown in Figure
in Tables 2 and6c.3. The simulation results are in
are in agreement
agreement with
with the the measurement
measurement results,
results, as shown
as shown in Tablesin Tables
2 and23.and 3.

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)
Figure 6. Parameters acquisition (a) Self-inductance; (b) Mutual inductance (c) ANSYS simulation.
Figure
Figure 6.
6. Parameters
Parameters acquisition
acquisition (a)
(a) Self-inductance;
Self-inductance; (b)
(b) Mutual
Mutual inductance (c) ANSYS
inductance (c) ANSYS simulation.
simulation.
From Figure 4, there are some parasitic parameters in inverter system in WCS. Among them, LP1,
From Figure 4, there
LP2 are inductances are somecables,
of connecting parasitic
LP,parameters in inverter
RS are the parasitic system in WCS.
inductances Among them,
and parasitic LP1,
resistance
Lof are
P2 C inductances of connecting cables, L , R are the parasitic inductances and parasitic
7, C3–C6 are the inter-electrode inductances of the MOSFET, RL0, RL1, RL2, RLf1, RLf2 are the parasitic
P S resistance
of C7, C3–C6 of
resistances areCthe inter-electrode
0, the coupling coils,inductances
Lf1 and Lf2, of the MOSFET,
respectively. LC0,RLL0Cf1
,R,L , R, L2
L1Cf2 L,C1Rand
Lf1, RLLf2
C2 are
are the
the parasitic
parasitic
resistances of C0, the coupling coils, Lf1 and Lf2, respectively. LC0, LCf1, LCf2, LC1 and LC2 are the parasitic
Energies 2018, 11, 477 6 of 17

From Figure 4, there are some parasitic parameters in inverter system in WCS. Among them, LP1 ,
LP2 are inductances of connecting cables, LP , RS are the parasitic inductances and parasitic resistance of
C7 , C3 –C6 are the inter-electrode inductances of the MOSFET, RL0 , RL1 , RL2 , RLf1 , RLf2 are the parasitic
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 17
resistances of C0 , the coupling coils, Lf1 and Lf2 , respectively. LC0 , LCf1 , LCf2 , LC1 and LC2 are the
parasitic inductances of C0 , Lf1 , Lf2 , C1 and C2 , respectively. Lcable1 , Lcable2 , Lcable3 , Rcable1 , Rcable2 and
inductances of C0, Cf1, Cf2, C1 and C2, respectively. Lcable1, Lcable2, Lcable3, Rcable1, Rcable2 and Rcable3 are the
Rcable3 are the parasitic inductances and parasitic resistances on the connecting cable respectively. C11 ,
parasitic inductances and parasitic resistances on the connecting cable respectively. C11, C12 and C13
C12 and C13 are parasitic capacitances of primary coil, secondary coil and battery relative to the ground;
are parasitic capacitances of primary coil, secondary coil and battery relative to the ground; C10 is
C10 is mutual capacitance of the coupling coils. C14 , C15 are the parasitic capacitances of the two arms
mutual capacitance of the coupling coils. C14, C15 are the parasitic capacitances of the two arms
midpoint of the invertor relative to the ground.
midpoint of the invertor relative to the ground.
It is necessary that the parasitic parameters should be extracted and determined for modeling
It is necessary that the parasitic parameters should be extracted and determined for modeling of
of the WCS for the conducted-EMI. Some measurements for Z parameters and S parameters were
the WCS for the conducted-EMI. Some measurements for Z parameters and S parameters were made
made with time-domain reflectrometry and a vector network analyzer. A modeling method based
with time-domain reflectrometry and a vector network analyzer. A modeling method based on
on measurement-based model of the electromagnetic emissions is used to achieve high-frequency
measurement-based model of the electromagnetic emissions is used to achieve high-frequency circuit
circuit model for element and system. The value of elements such as inductance or capacitance is
model for element and system. The value of elements such as inductance or capacitance is regulated
regulated and determined by comparing between the simulation and measurement of Z parameters
and determined by comparing between the simulation and measurement of Z parameters and S
and S parameters [23], as shown in Table 3.
parameters [23], as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Parasitic parameters of WCS.
Table 3. Parasitic parameters of WCS.

SymbolSymbol Value
Value Symbol Symbol Value Value
LP1, LP2L , L 1010nHnH RLf1 , RLf2Lf1, RLf2
R 0.03 Ω 0.03 Ω
P1 P2
LC0 LC0 5050nFnF RLf3 RLf3 1 µΩ 1 μΩ
LP LP 0.2
0.2μH
µH RL1 /RL2 RL1/RL2 115 µΩ 115 μΩ
LCf1, LCf2 LCf1 , LCf2 1010nHnH Cp1 /Cp2 Cp1/Cp2 380 pF 380 pF
LC1, LC2LC1 , LC2 8 8nH
nH C3 –C6 C3–C6 142 pF 142 pF
Lcable1, LLcable1 Lcable3
cable2,, L cable2 , Lcable3 1.76μH
1.76 µH C10 C10 21.4 nF 21.4 nF
Rcable1,RRcable1 Rcable3
cable2, R cable2 , Rcable3 0.0524ΩΩ
0.0524 C11 /C12C11/C12 80 pF 80 pF
RS RS 0.1ΩΩ
0.1 C13 C13 130 pF 130 pF

Therefore, an
Therefore, anequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuitofofthe
the WCS
WCS with
with high-frequency
high-frequency parasitic
parasitic parameters
parameters is built,
is built, and
and the symbol of parasitic parameters is marked by blue color as shown in
the symbol of parasitic parameters is marked by blue color as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7.

LP1 RLf3 Lf3

IDM
RLf1 LC1 C1 LCable1 RCable2 C2 LC2 Lf2
C7 D1 D2 LCable3
C3 C4
Lf1 RCable1 LCable2 RLf2
UCM Cƒ1 Cƒ2 C0
+A

RCable3
-

+
V
- L1 L2
C10
LP Vbat
VDC C5 C6 LCf1 RL1 RL2 LCf2 D3 D4 LC0
RS CP1
CP2

C11 C12 C13

LP2

Figure 7.
Figure 7. Equivalent
Equivalent circuit
circuit for
for EMI
EMI emission.
emission.

3.4. Noise
3.4. Source
Noise Source
Fast switching
Fast switching ofof the
the MOSFETs
MOSFETsof ofinvertor
invertorcauses
causeslarge
largedv/dt
dv/dt and
and di/dt,
di/dt, as
as aa result
result introduces
introduces
conducted-EMI emissions. Therefore, the interference signal can be extracted from invertor arms.
conducted-EMI emissions. Therefore, the interference signal can be extracted from invertor arms.
According to Figure 7, a circuit model with high-frequency parameters is built in Matlab/Simulink
According to Figure 7, a circuit model with high-frequency parameters is built in Matlab/Simulink to to
obtain the
obtain the noise
noise source
source signals
signals of
of CM
CM interference
interference and
and DM
DM interference.
interference. The
The red
red blocks
blocks present
present the
the
sensor of voltage or current, the green blocks present the collector of voltage or current.
sensor of voltage or current, the green blocks present the collector of voltage or current. The noise The noise
source signals
source signals of
of CM
CM interference
interference andand DM
DM interference
interference are
areshown
shownin inFigure
Figure8,8,respectively.
respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 477 7 of 17
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 17
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 17

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure8.8.Noise
Figure Noisesource
source(a)
(a)common
commonmode
mode(CM)
(CM)source;
source;(b)
(b)differential
differentialmode
mode(DM)
(DM)source.
source.
Figure 8. Noise source (a) common mode (CM) source; (b) differential mode (DM) source.

3.5. Modeling and Simulation of the WCS for the Conducted-EMI

3.5. Modeling
Modeling and
and Simulation
Simulation of the WCS for the Conducted-EMI
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) as an electromagnetic simulation software is used for
Computer
Computer Simulation
Simulation Technology
Technology (CST) (CST) as an electromagnetic
electromagnetic simulation
simulation software
software is is used
used for
modeling and simulation for EMC. The conducted and radiated emissions in the wide range
modeling andandsimulation
simulationforforEMC. EMC. TheThe conducted
conducted and radiated
and radiated emissions
emissions in the
in the wide rangewide range
frequency
frequency and time domains can be obtained by CST. A high-frequency circuit model for the WCS is
frequency and timecan
and time domains domains can bebyobtained
be obtained by CST. A high-frequency
CST. A high-frequency circuit model circuit model
for the WCSfor the WCS is
is established
established by CST to obtain the conducted interference voltage, as shown in Figure 9. The signals of
established by CST
by CST to obtain thetoconducted
obtain theinterference
conducted interference voltage,
voltage, as shown in as shown
Figure in Figure
9. The 9. of
signals Thethesignals
DM andof
the DM and CM interference sources UCM and IDM are obtained from Matlab/Simulink, as mentioned
the
CMDM and CMsources
interference interference sources
UCM and IDM U are and IDM are
CMobtained fromobtained from Matlab/Simulink,
Matlab/Simulink, as mentionedas inmentioned
Section 3.4.
in Section 3.4. Because conducted interference voltage is an important indicator of conducted-EMI,
in Sectionconducted
Because 3.4. Because conductedvoltage
interference interference voltage is an
is an important important
indicator indicator of conducted-EMI,
of conducted-EMI, the model of
the model of LISNs consist of R1, R2, C8 and C9 is built to obtain the conducted interference voltage by
the model
LISNs of LISNs
consist of R1 , consist of RC1,9Ris2, built
R2 , C8 and C8 andto C 9 is built
obtain the to obtain the
conducted conductedvoltage
interference interference voltage
by adding by
probe
adding probe P1 and P2.
adding probe P1 and P2.
P1 and P2.

Figure 9. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) model for EMI emission.

Figure 9. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) model for EMI emission.
Figure 9. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) model for EMI emission.
The conducted voltage simulation results are compared with the experimental results as shown
The conducted voltage simulation results are compared with the experimental results as shown
in Figure 10. It can be found
The conducted that the conducted voltage characteristics of simulation are basically
in Figure 10. It can voltage
be found simulation
that the results
conducted are compared with the experimental
voltage characteristics resultsare
of simulation as shown in
basically
same
Figure as
10. those
It can in
be the experiment.
found that the From Figure
conducted 10,
voltage it can be shown
characteristics that
of the second
simulation are harmonic
basically appears
same as
same as those in the experiment. From Figure 10, it can be shown that the second harmonic appears
at 170inkHz,
those the the the harmonic
experiment. frequency interval is 85shown
kHz in thethe low frequency band,appears
which isatconsistent
at 170 kHz, harmonicFrom Figureinterval
frequency 10, it can is be
85 kHz in that the low second
frequencyharmonic
band, which 170 kHz,
is consistent
with the switching frequency of MOSFET in invertor of WCS, the resonance phenomenon appears at
with the switching frequency of MOSFET in invertor of WCS, the resonance phenomenon appearsthe
the harmonic frequency interval is 85 kHz in the low frequency band, which is consistent with at
30 MHz
switching and the
frequency amplitude
of MOSFETof conducted
in invertorvoltage
of WCS, is similar before
the resonance 30 MHz. Meanwhile,
phenomenon the
appears conducted
at 30 MHz
30 MHz and the amplitude of conducted voltage is similar before 30 MHz. Meanwhile, the conducted
voltage
and the in in both
amplitude cases exceeds
of exceeds
conducted CISPR25 (GB/T18655-2010)
voltage(GB/T18655-2010)
is similar before 30 limits
MHz. in the frequencies range of 500 kHz–
voltage both cases CISPR25 limits in Meanwhile, the range
the frequencies conducted
of 500voltage
kHz–
2 MHz and 25 MHz–30 MHz. So in the frequencies range of 150 kHz–30 MHz, the high-frequency
2inMHz
both and
cases25exceeds
MHz–30 CISPR25
MHz. So (GB/T18655-2010)
in the frequencies limits
range in ofthe150
frequencies
kHz–30 MHz,rangetheof 500 kHz–2 MHz
high-frequency
equivalent
and 25 MHz–30 circuit
MHz.of the
So WCS
in the established
frequencies by
rangeCSTofhas 150 akHz–30
high accuracy
MHz, in high-frequency
the somehow. However, there
equivalent
equivalent circuit of the WCS established by CST has a high accuracy in somehow. However, there
is some
circuit difference between simulation and experiment results in the frequencies range of 30 MHz–
is someofdifference
the WCSbetween established by CSTand
simulation hasexperiment
a high accuracy resultsininsomehow. However,
the frequencies rangethere
of 30isMHz–
some
108 MHz.between
difference Because some high-frequency
simulation and parasitic
experiment parameters
results in the in the frequencies
frequencies range range
of 30 of 30 MHz–108
MHz–108 MHz.
108 MHz. Because some high-frequency parasitic parameters in the frequencies range of 30 MHz–108
MHz
Because were
some not taken into consideration.
MHz were nothigh-frequency parasitic parameters in the frequencies range of 30 MHz–108 MHz were
taken into consideration.
not taken into consideration.
Energies
Energies 11, 477 PEER REVIEW
2018, 10, 88 of 17
Energies2017,
2017, 10,xxFOR
FOR PEER REVIEW 8ofof17
17

Figure
Figure10.
10.Comparison
Comparisonof
ofsimulation
simulationand
andexperiment.
experiment.
Figure 10. Comparison of simulation and experiment.
4.4.Analysis
Analysisand andEstimation
Estimationfor forthe theConducted-EMI
Conducted-EMI
4. Analysis and Estimation for the Conducted-EMI
TheTheDM DMpropagation
propagationpaths pathsand andthe theCM CMpropagation
propagationpaths pathsfor forconducted-EMI
conducted-EMIemission emissionmodelmodel
of The DMare propagation paths andout.theThe CMfollowing
propagation paths forare conducted-EMI emission model
of the WCS are respectively carried out. The following simulations are based on the assumptionthat
the WCS respectively carried simulations based on the assumption that
of
the the1 WCS are respectively carried
2 andout. The following simulations are based on the assumption that
S
the S1 and S4 are conducting, S2 and S3 are non-conducting and the current flows through C4 andCC5.5.
and S 4 are conducting, S S 3 are non-conducting and the current flows through C 4 and
the
The S1 and S4ofare conducting, S2 and Sat are non-conducting and the current flows through C4 and C5 .
Thesources
sources ofthe thenoises
noisesare areinjected
injected3atmidpoint midpointof ofthe
thefirst
firstarm
armdue dueto tothe
thesymmetry
symmetryof ofthe
thecircuit.
circuit.
The sources of the noises are injected at midpoint of the first arm due to the symmetry of the circuit.
4.1.
4.1.Analysis
Analysisfor forDM DMPropagation
PropagationPaths Paths
4.1. Analysis for DM Propagation Paths
There
Thereisisaaparasitic
parasiticcapacitor
capacitorCC1010between betweenprimary primarycoil coiland
andsecondary
secondarycoil, coil,sosothe
theDMDMinterference
interference
There
current is a parasitic capacitor C 10 between primary coil and secondary coil, so the DM interference
current may exist in the secondary circuit. However, it depends on the bandwidth of highfrequency
may exist in the secondary circuit. However, it depends on the bandwidth of high frequency
current
transformer.may exist inpaper the secondary circuit. However, it depends on the bandwidth of high frequency
transformer. This This paper focus focus on on the
the frequency
frequency range range of of 150
150 kHz–108
kHz–108 MHz, MHz, due due to
to the
the larger
larger
transformer.
capacitive This paper focus on the frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz, due to the larger capacitive
capacitivereactance,
reactance,we weassume
assumethat thatthetheDM DMinterference
interferencecurrent currentmainly
mainlyexistsexistsin inthe
theprimary
primarycircuit.
circuit.
reactance,
The we assume that the DMWCS interference current mainly exists in the primary circuit.I Theflows
DM
TheDM DMpropagation
propagationpaths pathsof ofthethe WCSare areshown
shownin inFigure
Figure11. 11.The
Thesequence
sequencein inwhich
whichthethe IDMDM flows
propagation paths of the WCS are shown in Figure 11. The sequence in which the IDM flows through
through
through the
thecomponents
components isisas
asfollows:
follows:
the components is as follows:
• Current
•• Current
CurrentlooploopIII1::1: IIIDM
loop
1 DM DM
→
→→ CC5 →
C 5 5→ → L
LLP 2 →
P
P2 2 →→ ((
 RR22→→CC99→→CC88→→RR1
R →
RS2 →
RRSS→→L LL9P→
C
P
→
→
C89→ R1
CC
→C 9
))1 → L
→→LLP1 →I
P 1 → IDM
P 1 → IDM DM .
P 9
•• Current loop
Currentloop I
loopI2I:2: 2:
• Current
IIDM
IDM
DM
→
→→ L
LL f1 →
f 1
f1
→→ RRR Lf 1 →
L f 1
Lf 1
→
→ R ((
LCC11 →C1 → Lcable1
→
RS →
S L P
→ LP →
S
→ C
→C9 9
P
cable 1 → Rcable
cable11 → L1 → RL))
LLC 1 →→CC1 →→LLcable 1 →→RRcable 1 →→LL1 →→RRL 1 
L11 →→→ P2
P2
((
LLP 2 → →→ S
RRS2→
RS →
P
L →CC7
→LPLP →→C77
))
RR2 →→CC9 →→CC8 →→RR1 
R2 →C99 →C8 → R1 → L → I
→ 1 →
→ LPPP1 IDM
1 → IDM DM .

From
FromFigure
From Figure11,
Figure 11,ititcan
11, canbe
can beseen
be seenthat
seen thatthe
that DM
the
the DMDMinterference current
interference
interference current
current passes through
passes
passes through
through the
theLISNs
the and
LISNs
LISNs and
the
and power
the power cables
the power which
cables
cables connects
whichwhich with
connects
connects the DC
with
with the voltage
DCthe source.
DC voltage
voltage So it is
source.
source. So possible that
So it isthat
it is possible the DM
possible
the DM interference
that the DM
interference
current
currentmay
interference not
notonly
maycurrent flow
may
only on
not
flow on the
theDC
only DCpower
flow on thecables
power but
butcan
DC power
cables also
cables
can affect
alsobut canthe
affect quality
also
the affect of
quality ofthe
the DC
DCvoltage
quality
the of the
voltage
source.
DC voltage source.
source.

LLP1P1 RRLf3 Lf3

Lf3 Lf3
RRLf1 L C1CC11 LLCable1
Lf1 LC1 Cable1
RRCable2 C2 LC2 Lf2
Cable2 C2 LC2 Lf2
S1 SS22 D1 DD2 LLCable3
CC77SC1C3 3 C4
LLf1f1 RRCable1 L
LCable2 RRLf2 D1 2 Cable3
RR1 C4 Cable1 Cable2 Lf2
1 CCƒ1ƒ1 CCƒ2ƒ2 CC00
CC8
IIDMDM II2 2
LL11 L2
RRCable3
Cable3
8 LLPP CC10 L2
SS33 II11 SS44 10 VVbat
VVDCDCCC99 C5 C C6 LLCf1 RRL1L1 RRL2L2 LLCf2Cf2
DD3 DD4 LLC0C0
4
bat

RRSS C5 C C6 C C Cf1 3
P

RR2
P
1
1 P
2 2
P

2
CC1111 CC1212 CC1313
LLP2P2

Figure
Figure 11. Analysis
11.Analysis
Figure11. for
Analysisfor DM
forDM interference:
DMinterference: DM
interference:DM current
DMcurrent path.
currentpath.
path.

The
Theequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuitof
ofthe
theDM
DMinterference
interferencepaths
pathsisisshown
shownin
inFigure
Figure12.
12.From
FromFigure
Figure12,
12,ititcan
can
be seen that Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5 represent part of circuital impedance, respectively. And the function
be seen that Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5 represent part of circuital impedance, respectively. And the function
was
wasgiven
givenby
byEquations
Equations(1)–(5).
(1)–(5).The
Therelationship
relationshipbetween
betweenthetheoutput
outputnoise
noiseenergy
energyand
andthe
theinput
inputnoise
noise
 energy in the system is given by the transfer function in Equation (6). Then, a Bode-diagram for the
transfer function is drawn, as shown in Figure 13. From (6) and Figure 13, some DM interference
elements in the frequencies range of 150 kHz–180 MHz can be illustrated.
Energies 2018, 11, 477 1 1 9 of 17
Z1 = R1 + + + R2 (1)
sC8 sC9

The equivalent circuit of the DM interference paths is shown in Figure 12. From Figure 12, it can
1
2
= of circuital
be seen that Z1 , Z2 , Z3 , Z4 and Z5 representZpart + sLP + R impedance,
S
respectively. And the function
(2)
sC7
was given by Equations (1)–(5). The relationship between the output noise energy and the input noise
energy in the system is given by the transfer function in Equation (6). Then, a Bode-diagram for the
1
transfer function is drawn, as shown in FigureZ3 = sL13.
f1
+RFrom
Lf 1
+ (6) and Figure 13, some DM interference (3)
elements in the frequencies range of 150 kHz–180 MHz cansC be1 illustrated.

1 11
1 4+= sLcf 1++
Z1 = RZ + R2 (1)
(4)
sC8 sC sC9f 1
1
Z2 = + sLP + RS (2)
1 sC7
Z5 = + sLcable 1 + Rcable 1 + sL1 + RL1 (5)
sC1 1
Z3 = sL f 1 + R L f 1 + (3)
sC1
VRD Z1 / / Z2 Z
G(S1 ) = = 1  R1
VDM Z4 (= + Z 3 + ( Z4 / / Z5 ) / / C 3 + ZLP 1 + ZLP 2 Z1
/ /cZf 21)+
Z1 sL (4)
sC f 1 (6)
3.75e −32 s 4 +17.5e −26 s 3 + 3.875e − 20 s 2 + 2.5e −15 s 5 + 1.25e −9
=
2.25e −63 s 9 + 6.75e −57 s 8 + Z5 = e −48 s7 + sL e −42 s6 + e −36 s 5+
Rcable1 2.71e +
+ sL −30 R (5)
2.255 sC1 + 6.75cable1 + 6.9 + 4.525e −25 s 3 + 1.575e −19 s 2
s 4 L1

From Figure 13, Git

(Scan be also
VRD seen that the DM conducted Z1 //Z2 voltage is −10 dBμV ZR1 at 150 kHz. Along
1 ) = VDM = ( Z1 //Z2 )+[ Z3 +( Z4 //Z5 )]//C3 + ZLP1 + ZLP2 · Z1
with the frequency increasing, the magnitude of the DM conducted
3.75e−32 s4 +7.5e−26 s3 +3.875e− 20 s2 +2.5e−15 s5 +1.25e−9
interference voltage is rapidly
(6)
=
declining. Thus,
2.25e the
− 63 s +DM
9 6.75einterference
− 57 s +2.255e mainly
8 − 48 7 existss at
s +6.75e − 42 6 the low
+6.9e − 36 s +frequency
5 2.7e − 30 4 band. s +1.575e s
s +4.525e − 25 3 − 19 2

Z4
Cƒ1 LCf1
- + Z3 Lf1 RLf1
LC1 Z5 C1 LCable1 RCable1 L1 RL1

C3

Z1 R1 C8 C9 R2
LP1 LP2
Z2 C7 LP RS

Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 17

Figure 12. Analysis for DM interference: Equivalent circuit diagram.
Figure 12. Analysis for DM interference: Equivalent circuit diagram.

Figure 13. Bode-diagram for DM interference.

Figure 13. Bode-diagram for DM interference.

4.2. Analysis for CM Propagation Paths

Similarly, there are four different CM propagation paths as shown in Figure 14, it can be found
that the CM interference current passes the LISNs and the power cables connected to the DC voltage
source. The sequence in which the I CM flows through the components is as follows:

• Current loop I1: I CM → ( C 5 → LP 2 → R2 →C9

LP 1 → R1 →C8 ) → ground → I CM
;
Energies 2018, 11, 477 10 of 17

From Figure 13, it can beFigure 13. Bode-diagram

also seen for DM interference.
that the DM conducted voltage is −10 dBµV at 150 kHz. Along
with the frequency increasing, the magnitude of the DM conducted interference voltage is rapidly
4.2. Analysis for CM Propagation Paths
declining. Thus, the DM interference mainly exists at the low frequency band.
Similarly, there are four different CM propagation paths as shown in Figure 14, it can be found
4.2. Analysis
that the for CM Propagation
CM interference current Paths
passes the LISNs and the power cables connected to the DC voltage
source. The sequence
Similarly, in which
there are the I CM CM
four different flows through the
propagation components
paths as shownisinasFigure
follows:
14, it can be found
that the CM interference current passes the LISNs and the power cables connected to the DC voltage
•source.
Current loop I1: Iin
The sequence CMwhich P1 → (
C → LP 2 → R2 →C9
→ L 5the RI1CM
→Cflows
8
→ ground
through ) the→ I CM ;
components is as follows:

( )
 
C5 → L P2 → R2 →C9
•• Current
Currentloop I1: ICM → EL1 →
loopI2: → ground → ICM ;
R
I CM → C P1 →L 1R1 →
→8C11 → ground → I CM ;
C
5
E →R
• Current loop I2: ICM → C15 L1 → C11 → ground → ICM ;
•• Current
Currentloop I3: IICM
loopI3: → E → C → E2 2→
CM → E11 → C1010 → RR l2 →CC(
E → E3 → Vbat →C13 
12 l2
)
→ E3 →Vbat →C13 → ground → I
→ ground → CM
12
ICM; ;

• Current loop I4: ICM → CP1 → ground → ICM .

• Current loop I4: I CM → C P 1 → ground → I CM .
Among them, E1 is a path of L f 1 → R L f 1 → LC1 → C1 → Lcable1 → Rcable1 → L1 ;
E2 Among
is a path them, ofE1 Lis2 → → R→
Lcable2of→LRf 1cable2
a path Lf 1 → C1 →
C2 L→ 1 →L
LC2C→ L f 2cable→1 →LR → L1 E; 3E 2 isis aa path ofof
R f 2cable1and
LR2 L→ cable 2 f→
f 3 L→ L 3→ 2 → C2 →cable3
Lcable3
Rcable → R LC 2 → . L f 2 → RLf 2 and E 3 is a path of RLf 3 → L f 3 → Lcable 3 → Rcable 3 .

LP1 RLf3 Lf3

RLf1 LC1 C1 LCable1 RCable2 C2 LC2 Lf2
S1 I1 S2 Lf1 RCable1 LCable2 RLf2
D1 D2 LCable3
R1 C7 C C4
I2 I3
3

Cƒ1 Cƒ2 C0
ICM RCable3
C8
LP L1 L2
C10
S3I4 S4 Vbat
VDC C9 C5 CP C6 LCf1 RL1 RL2 LCf2 D3 D4 LC0
R2 RS 1 CP
2

C11 C12 C13

LP2

Figure 14.Analysis
Figure14. Analysisfor
forCM
CMinterference:
interference:EMI
EMIcurrent
currentpath.
path.

This part of the interference current may generate conducted-EMI from DC power cables at
This part of the interference current may generate conducted-EMI from DC power cables at
ground side and battery side in EVs, so it is significant to predict the CM interference of WCS. An
ground side and battery side in EVs, so it is significant to predict the CM interference of WCS. An
equivalent circuit of the CM interference paths is shown in Figure 15, RL2 and L2 are divided equally
equivalent circuit of the CM interference paths is shown in Figure 15, RL2 and L2 are divided equally
into RL2-1, RL2-2 and L2-1, L2-2. In Figure 15, you can see Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5 and Z6 which represent
into RL2-1, RL2-2 and L2-1, L2-2. In Figure 15, you can see Z1 , Z2 , Z3 , Z4 and Z5 and Z6 which represent
a part of circuital impedance, respectively. And the function was established by Equations (7)–(12).
a part of circuital impedance, respectively. And the function was established by Equations (7)–(12).
The relationship between the output noise energy and the input noise energy in the system is given
The relationship between the output noise energy and the input noise energy in the system is given by
by transfer function in Equation (13). Then, the bode-diagram of the transfer function is drawn, as
transfer function in Equation (13). Then, the bode-diagram of the transfer function is drawn, as shown
shown in Figure 16. From Equation (13) and Figure 16, some CM interference elements in the
in Figure 16. From Equation (13) and Figure 16, some CM interference elements in the frequencies
frequencies range of 150 kHz–180 MHz can be illustrated.
range of 150 kHz–180 MHz can be illustrated.

1 1 1
Z1 = ( R1 + + sL P1 )//(sL P2 + + R2 + ) (7)
sC8 sC9 sC5

Z2 = sL2−2 + R2−2 + Rbat (8)

1
Z3 = sL2−1 + R2−1 + sLcable2 + Rcable2 + sL f 2 + R L f 2 + sL0 + R L0 + + sLC2 + sLcable3 + Rcable3 (9)
sC2
1
Z4 = sLc f 1 + R L f 1 + sLC1 + + sLcable1 + Rcable1 + sLC1 + R L1 (10)
sC1
Z5 = ( Z2 //Z3 ) + ZC13 (11)

Z6 = [( Z5 + Z4 )//ZC5 ] + ZC11 (12)

 sC1

Z 5 = ( Z 2 / / Z 3 ) + Z C13 (11)

Z 6 = [ ( Z5 + Z 4 ) / / ZC 5 ] + ZC11 (12)
Energies 2018, 11, 477 11 of 17

VRC ( Z6 / / ZCP 1 ) R1
G(S2 ) = =
1 + Z1C 8 + R1 )
VRC ( Z1 / / Z6 / / ZCP
VCM ( Z1 6)2//Z
( ZCP
CP1 )R
G ( S2 ) = V = (13)
CM ( Z1 //Z6 //ZCP1 )2 ( ZCP1 + ZC8 + R1 ) (13)
−3 4
7.32 2.4465es53s+
7.32ee−3 s4 ++2.446e
3
+ 2.078
2.078e 10es10
2+ 2
+ 4.4418
s4.4418e 14 s5e 14 s 5
=
= 7.294e44 s77 +1.23e1212s6 6+1.56e17 s175 +56.631e21 s421+9.4e 25 s3 25 3
7.294 e s + 1.23 e s + 1.56 e s + 6.631e s 4 + 9.4 e s

Z1 LP1 C8 R1

C5 LP2 C9 R2

CL Lf2 RLf2 RL0 L0 RCable3 LCable3

Z6 Z5 Z3 L2-1 RL2-1 LCable2RCable2 2 C2
Lf1 RLf1 LC1 C1 LCable1 RCable1 L1 RL1
C13
Z4 C5 Z2 L2-2 RL2-2 Rbat

S4 C11
CP1

+ -

Figure 15. Analysis for CM interference: Equivalent circuit diagram.

Figure 15. Analysis for CM interference: Equivalent circuit diagram.

It can be seen that the magnitude of the CM interference voltage is between −5 dBμV and 0 dBμV
It can
in the be seenrange
frequency that the
of magnitude
150 kHz–108 of MHz,
the CM interference
which is muchvoltage
higheristhan
between −5 dBµV and 0 dBµV
DM interference.
in theInfrequency
summary, range
from ofthe
150view
kHz–108 MHz,
of Bode which and
diagram is much higher
transfer than DM
function, interference.
it can be seen that the DM
interference is not obvious and decreases along with the increase of frequency.be
In summary, from the view of Bode diagram and transfer function, it can seen
The CMthat the DM
interference
interference is not obvious and decreases along with the increase of frequency. The CM
exists in all frequency bands and the magnitude of interference is relatively higher. Therefore, the interference
exists
CM in2017,
all frequency
interference
Energies abands
hasPEER
10, x FOR great and the magnitude
influence
REVIEW of interference
for the conducted is relatively
interference of thehigher.
WCS. Therefore, the12CMof 17
interference has a great influence for the conducted interference of the WCS.

Figure16.
Figure Bodediagram
16.Bode diagramfor
forCM
CMinterference.
interference.

4.3.Simulation
4.3. SimulationResults
Resultsfor
forCM
CMand
andDM
DMConducted
ConductedVoltage
Voltage
The conducted
The conducted interference
interference measured
measuredby byLISNs
LISNsappears
appearsasasconducted
conductedvoltage.
voltage. And
And the
the
comparison between the one mode and CM+DM conducted voltage are shown
comparison between the one mode and CM+DM conducted voltage are shown in Figure 17. The blackin Figure 17. The black
curverepresents
curve representsthe
theconducted
conductedvoltage
voltageofofthe
theCM+DM
CM+DMmode modesimulation,
simulation,thethered
redcurve
curverepresents
represents
the DM conducted voltage and the blue curve represents the CM conducted
the DM conducted voltage and the blue curve represents the CM conducted voltage. It can be voltage. It can beseen
seen
that some resonances appear at the same frequency 170 kHz, 430 kHz, 1.6
that some resonances appear at the same frequency 170 kHz, 430 kHz, 1.6 MHz, 30 MHz and the MHz, 30 MHz and the
amplitudeof
amplitude ofthose
thoseresonances
resonancesare aresimilar
similarininthe
theCM+DM
CM+DMwaveform
waveformand andCMCMwaveform.
waveform. However,
However,
in all frequency bands, the DM conducted voltage is smaller than that in CM+DM,
in all frequency bands, the DM conducted voltage is smaller than that in CM+DM, especially especially at 30–
at
108 MHz.
30–108 MHz.Meanwhile
Meanwhile thethe
resonance
resonancepoint
pointis shifted. Thus,
is shifted. from
Thus, thethe
from view of conducted
view of conducted voltage, the
voltage,
CMCM
the waveform
waveformof the conducted
of the conducted voltage areare
voltage better to represent
better thethe
to represent CM+DM
CM+DM waveform
waveform in fact.
in fact.
the DM conducted voltage and the blue curve represents the CM conducted voltage. It can be seen
that some resonances appear at the same frequency 170 kHz, 430 kHz, 1.6 MHz, 30 MHz and the
amplitude of those resonances are similar in the CM+DM waveform and CM waveform. However,
in all frequency bands, the DM conducted voltage is smaller than that in CM+DM, especially at 30–
108 MHz.
Energies 2018,Meanwhile
11, 477 the resonance point is shifted. Thus, from the view of conducted voltage,
12 ofthe
17
CM waveform of the conducted voltage are better to represent the CM+DM waveform in fact.

17. The
Figure 17.
Figure The conducted voltage measured
conducted voltage measured on
on line
line impedance
impedance stabilization
stabilization networks
networks (LISNs).
(LISNs).

The simulation result of the conducted voltage is consistent with the change of the transfer
The simulation result of the conducted voltage is consistent with the change of the transfer
function by bode diagram. Therefore, from Figure 16 and Figure 17, it can be concluded that the CM
function by bode diagram. Therefore, from Figures 16 and 17, it can be concluded that the CM
interference is mainly responsible for the conducted-EMI from the DC power cables of WCS.
interference is mainly responsible for the conducted-EMI from the DC power cables of WCS.
5. Filters Design and Experiments
5. Filters Design and Experiments
The passive filter design method is used to determine the values of the major components in the
The passive filter design method is used to determine the values of the major components in the
EMI filter. From above discussion, the conducted interference of the WCS comes mainly from CM
EMI filter. From above discussion, the conducted interference of the WCS comes mainly from CM
interference. Therefore,
Energies 2017, 10, giving
x FOR PEER priority to designing the CM filter is taken into account to mitigate the
REVIEW
interference. Therefore, giving priority to designing the CM filter is taken into account to mitigate13the
of 17
conducted-EMI in WCS in EVs. Then, designing DM filter is considered if necessary.
conducted-EMI in WCS in EVs. Then, designing DM filter is considered if necessary.
5.1. Calculating Parameters in EMI Filters
5.1. Calculating
The first Parameters in EMI Filters
step is to determine required filter attenuation for CM conducted-EMI and the CM
conducted voltage in blue curve as shown filter
The first step is to determine required in Figure 18. The for
attenuation CMCMattenuation ACM is and
conducted-EMI calculated
the CM by
the Equation
conducted (14):in blue curve as shown in Figure 18. The CM attenuation ACM is calculated by the
voltage
Equation (14): ACM = AnCM − AST + m (14)
ACM = AnCM − AST + m (14)
here, AnCM is amplitude of the maximum conducted voltage; AST is the limits of standard CISPR25
here, AnCM is amplitude of the maximum conducted voltage; AST is the limits of standard CISPR25
(GB/T 18655-AVE) level 3; m is the safety margin (6 dBμV).
(GB/T 18655-AVE) level 3; m is the safety margin (6 dBµV).

Exceed standard value

Figure18.
Figure Simulationresults
18.Simulation resultsfor
forCM
CMconducted
conductedvoltage.
voltage.

It can be seen from Figure 18, the conducted voltage obtained from the experimental all meet the
It can be seen from Figure 18, the conducted voltage obtained from the experimental all meet
standard limit in the frequency range of 150 kHz–500 kHz and partially meet standard in the
the standard limit in the frequency range of 150 kHz–500 kHz and partially meet standard in the
frequencies range of 500 kHz–2 MHz. However, it all exceeded standard in the frequencies range of
frequencies range of 500 kHz–2 MHz. However, it all exceeded standard in the frequencies range of
30 MHz–108 MHz. Among them, the maximum conducted voltage appears at 30 MHz. Therefore,
30 MHz–108 MHz. Among them, the maximum conducted voltage appears at 30 MHz. Therefore,
the frequency point at 30 MHz is selected as a target attenuation frequency and expressed as faim .
The conducted voltage at 30 MHz is 51.17 dBμV and the AST is 36 dBμV. So, the target attenuation
of CM conducted interference can be obtained as ACM = 51.17 − 36 + 6 = 21.17 dBμV.
The second step is to specify the filter corner frequency. It is determined by the target attenuation
frequency. Thus, the corner frequency can be specified by the Equation (15):
Energies 2018, 11, 477 13 of 17

the frequency point at 30 MHz is selected as a target attenuation frequency and expressed as f aim .
The conducted voltage at 30 MHz is 51.17 dBµV and the AST is 36 dBµV. So, the target attenuation of
CM conducted interference can be obtained as ACM = 51.17 − 36 + 6 = 21.17 dBµV.
The second step is to specify the filter corner frequency. It is determined by the target attenuation
frequency. Thus, the corner frequency can be specified by the Equation (15):

f aim
f0 = ACM
(15)
10 S

where, S is the slope rate of the decay ramp of 40 db/dec. So the f 0 is equal to 54.55 MHz.
The CM inductance LC and CM capacitance CY can be calculated by Equation (16):

1 2 1
LC = ( ) × (16)
2π f 0 2CY

Obviously, there is much possibility for the combination of LC and CY . According to Equation (16),
it can be seen that CY and LC are inversely proportional to each other. Generally, assuming that the
constant value of CY is 500 nF, the value of LC can be calculated as 265 µH. The filter series connected
between LISNs
Energies 2017, 10, xand
FORWCS
PEER as shown in Figure 19.
REVIEW 14 of 17

LP1 RL0 L0
RLf1LC1 C1 LCable1 LCable2 C2 LC2 Lf2

S1 S2 LCable3
CM-Filter

R1 C7 Lf1 RCable1 RCable2 RLf2 D D

C3 C4 1 2 RCable3
C8
LP L1 L2
S3 S4 Vbat
C9 C10
RL1 RL2 D3 D4
R2 RS C5 CP1 C6
CP2
C13
C11 C12
LP2

Figure19.
Figure 19.WCS
WCScircuit
circuitwith
withthe
theCM
CMfilter.
filter.

5.2. Topology Selection of CM Filter

5.2. Topology Selection of CM Filter
In order to select the best filter topology with considering the volume and weight of the filter,
In order to select the best filter topology with considering the volume and weight of the filter, CL,
CL, LC and CLC topology are designed and modeled in CST. The conducted voltage of simulation
LC and CLC topology are designed and modeled in CST. The conducted voltage of simulation results
results with three types filters are shown in Figure 20.
with three types filters are shown in Figure 20.
In Figure 20, the conducted voltages of different topology circuits with LC, CLC and CL are
In Figure 20, the conducted voltages of different topology circuits with LC, CLC and CL are
displayed by three colors. There are some harmonic in the low-frequency bands, the value of the
displayed by three colors. There are some harmonic in the low-frequency bands, the value of the
conducted voltages of Nth harmonic (2th = 170 kHz, 3th = 255 kHz, 4th = 340 kHz, 5th = 425 kHz) and
conducted voltages of Nth harmonic (2th = 170 kHz, 3th = 255 kHz, 4th = 340 kHz, 5th = 425 kHz)
1 MHz are listed in Table 4. It is obvious that the smallest value of conducted voltage and harmonic
and 1 MHz are listed in Table 4. It is obvious that the smallest value of conducted voltage and
content appears in the circuit with CL filter. The conducted voltage by using LC filter is good after
harmonic content appears in the circuit with CL filter. The conducted voltage by using LC filter is
2 MHz, but it causes a new resonance and still exceeds the standard at 1 MHz. Although the
good after 2 MHz, but it causes a new resonance and still exceeds the standard at 1 MHz. Although
mitigation of the conducted voltage by using CLC filter is also well, the cost and volume of the CLC
the mitigation of the conducted voltage by using CLC filter is also well, the cost and volume of the
are larger than others. Therefore, the CL topology is the best choice for CM filter due to the best
CLC are larger than others. Therefore, the CL topology is the best choice for CM filter due to the best
suppression, the smallest number of components, the smallest volume and weight, compared with
suppression, the smallest number of components, the smallest volume and weight, compared with LC
LC and CLC topology.
and CLC topology.
content appears in the circuit with CL filter. The conducted voltage by using LC filter is good after
2 MHz, but it causes a new resonance and still exceeds the standard at 1 MHz. Although the
mitigation of the conducted voltage by using CLC filter is also well, the cost and volume of the CLC
are larger than others. Therefore, the CL topology is the best choice for CM filter due to the best
suppression,
Energies 2018, 11,the
477 smallest number of components, the smallest volume and weight, compared14with
of 17
LC and CLC topology.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 20.
20. EMI
EMI filters
filters (a)
(a) Comparison
Comparison of
of different
different topologies;
topologies; (b)
(b) Designed
Designed CL
CL filter.
filter.

From Figure 20, by adding the CL topology CM filter, the conducted voltage in the frequency
From Figure 20, by adding the CL topology CM filter, the conducted voltage in the frequency
150 kHz–108 MHz can be decreased to below the limits of standard GB/T 18655-AVE level 3 and the
150 kHz–108 MHz can be decreased to below the limits of standard GB/T 18655-AVE level 3 and the
harmonic wave is obviously suppressed. In addition, it is unnecessary to design DM filters.
harmonic wave is obviously suppressed. In addition, it is unnecessary to design DM filters.

Table 4. The value of conducted voltage in three circuits of WCS.

Circuit with Value of Conducted Voltage (dBµV)

Characteristic
Filter 170 kHz 255 kHz 340 kHz 425 kHz 1 MHz
With new resonance,
LC filter 61.12 43.91 43.91 47.14 55.18
fewer components
Good mitigation,
CLC filter 56.48 36.86 37.83 36.32 24.70
more components and volume
Better mitigation,
CL filter 38.57 18.26 18.03 14.43 6.36
fewer components

6. Experimental Verification

6.1. Electrical Experiment of WCS in EVs

An experimental system is built to validate the rightness and feasibility of the proposed design
method, as shown in Figure 21. Figure 21a shows a wireless charging system with power of 3.7 kW.
The secondary charging coil is installed on the chassis, and the primary charging coil is installed under
the ground. The WCS transfer power to the battery. Figure 21b shows the visual information on the
instrument panel when the electric vehicle is charging. From Figure 21b, the voltage and current of
fast charging are 400 V and 9 A, in addition, the outside temperature is −3 ◦ C, and the mileage for
current power reaches 148 km, so the WCS that we built can achieve the charge normally.
method, as shown in Figure 21. Figure 21a shows a wireless charging system with power of 3.7 kW.
The secondary charging coil is installed on the chassis, and the primary charging coil is installed
under the ground. The WCS transfer power to the battery. Figure 21b shows the visual information
on the instrument panel when the electric vehicle is charging. From Figure 21b, the voltage and
current of fast
Energies 2018, charging are 400 V and 9 A, in addition, the outside temperature is −3 °C, and
11, 477 the
15 of 17
mileage for current power reaches 148 km, so the WCS that we built can achieve the charge normally.

Outside temp:

fast
Possible mil:

(a) (b)
Figure 21. WCS
Figure 21. WCSexperiment
experiment ((a)
a) Coupling
Coupling coils;
coils; ((b)
b) Dashboard
Dashboard Information.
Information.

6.2.
6.2. Conducted
Conducted Emission
Emission Experiments
Experiments
A
A conducted
conducted emission
emission experiments
experiments is is setup
setup when
when thethe WCS
WCS is is working.
working. Then,
Then, aa CLCL filter
filter is
is added
added
in the WCS which is shown in Figure 2, so as to validate the attenuation effect
in the WCS which is shown in Figure 2, so as to validate the attenuation effect of the conducted of the conducted
emission
emission fromfrom DC-fed
DC-fed WCS.
WCS. According
According to to the
the filter
filter structure
structure designed
designed in in Section
Section 5, 5, the
the CL
CL topology
topology
CM
CM filter is added at DC input terminals inside of the controller. Then, Figure 22 shows theconducted
filter is added at DC input terminals inside of the controller. Then, Figure 22 shows the conducted
voltage
voltage on on the
the primary
primary DCDC power
power cable
cable after
after adding
adding the the CL
CL filter.
filter. From
From Figure
Figure 22,22, the
the mitigation
mitigation of of
the
the conducted
conducted voltage
voltage in
in low
low frequency
frequency band
band isis obvious,
obvious, the
the conducted
conducted voltage
voltage is
is lower
lower than
than the
the limit
limit
of
of CISPR
CISPR 25 25 (GB/T18655)
(GB/T18655)ininall allfrequency
frequencybands,
bands,as asresult
resultin
inmeeting
meetingthe thestandard
standardrequirements.
requirements.
The conducted voltage measured in the experiment without filter
The conducted voltage measured in the experiment without filter is A , after adding is Ae1 , after adding
the CL thefilter,
CL
e1
filter, the conducted
the conducted voltagevoltage is Athe
is Ae2 , and e2 , actual
and the actual attenuation
attenuation at 30 MHz at
can30beMHz can be
expressed expressed(17):
as Equation as
Equation (17):
Ae1 − Ae2 = 43.6 − 22.2 = 21.4 dBµV (17)
Ae1 − Ae2 = 43.6 − 22.2 = 21.4dB μV (17)
At 30
At 30 MHz,
MHz, the the expected
expected attenuation
attenuation for for CM
CM filter
filter with
with CL
CL topology
topology isis 21.17
21.17 dBμV,
dBµV, and
and the
the
experimental attenuation
experimental attenuation isis 21.4
21.4 dBμV,
dBµV, from
from which
which aa good
good consistence
consistence is
is achieved.
achieved. ItIt means
means that
that the
the
mitigation of the proposed CM filter with CL topology is accurate, and shows
mitigation of the proposed CM filter with CL topology is accurate, and shows the effectiveness andthe effectiveness and
feasibility of
feasibility ofonly
onlyadding
addingthe
theCMCMfilter
filterasaswell.
well.From
From thethe experiments
experiments results
results in Figure
in Figure 22, 22, based
based on
on giving priority for designing CM filter, the mitigation conducted emission
giving priority for designing CM filter, the mitigation conducted emission strategy is suitable 16
Energies 2017, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW strategy is suitable
of 17
and
and feasible.
feasible.

Figure 22. Comparison of experiments results.

Figure 22. Comparison of experiments results.

7. Conclusions
7. Conclusions
A mitigation conducted emission strategy based on transfer function from a DC-fed WCS for
A mitigation conducted emission strategy based on transfer function from a DC-fed WCS for EVs
EVs is proposed. An equivalent circuit model with high-frequency parasitic parameters for the DC-
is proposed. An equivalent circuit model with high-frequency parasitic parameters for the DC-fed
fed WCS for EVs is built based on measurement. The characteristics of conducted emission from DC
power cables is obtained in a frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz by measurement and simulation.
The transfer functions of DM interference and CM interference were established. A judgment method
of using transfer functions to determine the dominated interference mode responsible for EMI is
proposed. Compared with the simulation results of the mitigation of DM interference, it can be seen
Energies 2018, 11, 477 16 of 17

WCS for EVs is built based on measurement. The characteristics of conducted emission from DC
power cables is obtained in a frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz by measurement and simulation.
The transfer functions of DM interference and CM interference were established. A judgment method
of using transfer functions to determine the dominated interference mode responsible for EMI is
proposed. Compared with the simulation results of the mitigation of DM interference, it can be seen
that the CM interference is the dominated interference mode and responsible for the conducted EMI
from DC power cables of the WCS. A strategy of giving priority to the dominated interference mode is
proposed for designing the CM interference filter. The conducted voltage of simulation and experiment
is decreased respectively by 21.17 dBµV and 21.4 dBµV at resonance frequency 30 MHz. By adding the
CL topology CM filter, the conducted voltage in the frequency 150 kHz–108 MHz can be decreased to
below the limits of standard CISPR25 (GB/T 18655-AVE) level 3. In the future, the equivalent circuit
model for the DC-fed WCS should be improved in the frequency 30 MHz–108 MHz.

Acknowledgments: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financially
supporting this project (51475045).
Author Contributions: Li Zhai and Yu Cao designed the methodology and wrote the manuscript. Liwen Lin and
Tao Zhang conceived and design the experiments. Steven Kavuma implemented the experiments. All authors
contributed improving the quality of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
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