Name : Anggi Apsari

NIM : 168820300027
Class : PBI-A1

REDUPLICATION
Summary
Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root, stem of a word or a part of it is
repeated. In many languages, reduplication is used in inflections to convey grammatical functions and in
lexical derivations to create semantic forms. Reduplication is a word formation process in which some
part of a base (a segment, syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right of the word or,
occasionally, within the middle of the word.

English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four
forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below).

1. Rhyming reduplication: hokey-pokey, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, boogie-woogie, teenie-weenie,

walkie-talkie, hoity-toity, wingding, ragtag, easy-peasy, hurdy-gurdy.
2. Exact reduplications (baby-talk-like): bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo-poo. In
South African English, 'now-now' means 'somewhat later' (whereas an ordinary 'now' generally
means 'immediately', but can also be used to mean 'somewhat later', depending on the tone of
speech).
3. Ablaut reduplications: chit-chat, hip-hop, ding-dong, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat, knick-knack, pitter-
patter, splish-splash, zig-zag, flip-flop, flimflam, wibble-wobble. In ablaut reduplications, the first
vowel is almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel.
4. Shm-reduplication can be used with most any word; e.g. baby-shmaby, cancer-shmancer and fancy-
shmancy. This process is a feature of American English from Yiddish, starting among the American
Jews of New York City, then the New York dialect and then the whole country.

Only the last of the above types is productive, meaning that examples of the first three are fixed forms
and new forms are not easily accepted.

5. Comparative reduplication: In the sentence "John's apple looked redder and redder," the reduplication
of the comparative indicates that the comparative is becoming more true over time, meaning roughly
"John's apple looked progressively redder as time went on." In particular, this construction
does not mean that John's apple is redder than some other apple, which would be a possible
interpretation in the absence of reduplication, e.g. in "John's apple looked redder." With
reduplication, the comparison is of the object being compared to itself over time.
6. Contrastive focus reduplication: Exact reduplication can be used with contrastive focus (generally
where the first noun is stressed) to indicate a literal, as opposed to figurative, example of a noun, or
perhaps a sort of Platonic ideal of the noun, as in "Is that carrot cheesecake or carrot CAKE-cake?".
This is similar to the Finnish use mentioned above. Furthermore, it is used to contrast "real" or "pure"
things against imitations or less pure forms. For example, at a coffee shop one may be asked, "Do
you want soy milk?" and respond, "No, I want milk milk." This gives the idea that they want "real"
milk.