CE REFRESHER •••

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Typical Sections of Steam Tables-Table II Typical Liquid Velocities in Steel

- - - - - - - - Saturated steam and saturated water - - - - - - - Pipelines-Table III
e
Pressure Pressure Temperature. Heat of the Latent Heat of
Absolute, P', Gage, p- (, Liquid, Evaporation, Nominal Pipe Sizes. In. 2 or less 3to 10 10 to 20
Psia Psig OF Btu/Lb Btu/Lb
Liquid and Line Velocity. FIlS Velocity. FilS Velocity. FtlS
110,0 95,3 334.79 305,8 883.1
111.0 96,3 335.46 306,5 882,5 Water
112,0 97,3 336,12 307,2 ' 882,0 Pump suction 1 to 2 2to 4 3 t06
124,0 109,3 343.74 315,2 875.8 Pump discharge (long) 2 to 3 3to 5 4 to 7
125,0 110,3 344,35 315,8 875,3 Discharge leads (short) 4 to 9 5to 12 8 to 14
126,0 111,3 344,95 316.4 874,8 Boiler feed 4 to 9 5 to 12 8 to 14
127,0 112,3 345,55 317,1 874,3 Drains 3 to 4 3to 5 -
Sloped sewer - 3 to 5 4 to 7
Superheated steam Hydrocarbon liquids
Pressure Pressure Saturated (Normal viscosities)
Total Temperature, OF
Absolute, P'. Gage, p, Temperature, Pump suction 1.5 to 2,'5 2to 4 3 to 6
PSig t, OF 500 600 700 800 Discharge header (long) 2,5 to 3,5 3to 5 4 to 7
Psia
--- --- --- ---- Discharge leads (~lJort) 4to 9 5to 12 8 to 15
400,0 385,3 444,60 111.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 Drains 3 to 4 3 to 5 -
h. 1,245,1 1,307.4 1,363.4 1,417,0 Viscous oils
r
I 420,0 405,3 449.40 11 1,2148 1.4007 1.5676 1.7258
Pump suction,
Medium viscosity - 1,5to 3 2,5 to 5

I
h. 1,242.4 1,305,8 1,362,3 1,416,2 Tar and fuel oils - 0.4 to 0.75 1),5 to 1
440,0 425,3 454,03 11 1,1517 1,3319 1.4926 1.6445 Discharge (short) - 3 to 5 4 to 6
h. 1,239.7 1,304,2 1,361.1 1,415,3 Drains 1 1.5 to 3 -
~
~
v is specific volume, ft /1b; and h, is total heat of 9te@m, Btullb,
3

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1

IIIUmllllJIIllUilUIlmlllllllllllllllllllHIII1I1IUIIlIIIHillUilltlllllllli1U1UIIUnltllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIUlillIHtlUlllllllllllflllllllllllHlI!UIIIIIIIIIIUlIlII
(Line b to c in Fig. 2). During this stage, both liquid
and vapor phases are present. After sufficient heat ab- Typical Velocities in Gas and Vapor
sorption, all of the liquid vaporizes (Point c). At this Lines-Table IV
point, the vapor is saturated. Further heating (Line c-d)
~ will cause both the temperature and the volume of vapor Saturated Steam or Superheated Steam,
Saturated Vapor Superheated Vapor. or Gas
to increase. Vapor above the saturation temperature is
1 Low Pressure Medium Pressure High Pressure
1 superheated. Nominal
,
\ j;\ At a higher constant pressure, the boiling temperature Pipe Size.
Velocity. FIlS Velocity. FtlS Velocity. FIlS
will be higher, and less heat will be required to vaporize
l
) the liquid. At the critical point (see Fig. 2), the densities
In.

2 or less 45 to 100 40 to 80 30 to 60
of liquid and vapor become identical. Just below the
3 to 4 50 to 110 45 to 90 35 to 70
critical temperature, the substance is considered liquid;
6 60 to 120 50 to 120 45 to 90
just above, it is considered vapor. 8 to 10 65 to 125 80 to 160 65 to 125
The quantity of heat needed to vaporize a unit weight 12to 14 70 to 130 100 to 190 80 to 145

I
of saturated liquid at constant pressure (Line b-c in 16 to 18 75 to 135 110 to 210 90 to 160
Fig. 2) is called the latent heat (usually expressed In 20 80 to 140 120 to 220 100 to 170
Btu/lb). Note: Within the above velocilies and line·size ranges, (a) large lines can have
Thermodynamic properties for various substances have higher velocities than smalier ones, and (b) short lines, and leads from headers,
can have higher velocities than long lines and headers,
been established and are available. Part of a typical page
is shown in Table II, for saturated steam [1,5b J. EqUipment Lines Velocity. FIlS

Reboiler, down comer (liquid) . , .3to 7

Reboiler, riser (liquid and vapor) , 35 to 45
Flashing Liquid

When a liquid is flowing near its saturation point (also

called the equilibrium point or boiling point) in a pipe-
Overhead condenser.
Two-phase flow . , ..
Compressor, suction ..
Compressor, discharge.
. 25to 100
.35 to 75
.75 to 200
100 to 250
t
I
line, decreased pressure will cause vaporization. The Inlet, steam turbine .. 120 to 320 ~
greater the pressure difference, the greater the vaporiza- Inlet, gas turbine ... 150 to 350
tion. When flashing occurs, pipe resistance cannot be
calculated as for liquid flow. We will now have a two-
Relief valve. discharge.
Relief valve. entry point at silencer .
0,5v/,
v/, f
phase flow problem. The quantity of vaporized liquid can *' Obtain sonic or critical velocity, Vet from:
be estimated by using the data of the thermodynamic v, = 68yk(P' Ip), Itls, k from Table I.

properties of the liquid. IIIIUIIIHlflllHHlmtllllllllUUlUI1J111111111U1Hl1IIIIIlUHlIll1ll1111ll1JIlJIlUtrmtlll1ll1UUliUI11IIJ!lfllIllIlllIIlIIllIIllIIllIIltlllllllllllUlIIlIIlIlIlII1

62 DECEMBER 23, 1974/CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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