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Materials Selection of A Bicycle Frame Using Cost Per Unit Property and Digital Logic Methods
Materials Selection of A Bicycle Frame Using Cost Per Unit Property and Digital Logic Methods
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Materials selection of a bicycle frame using cost per unit property and digital
logic methods
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where, C is the cost of the material per unit mass. chart given in Fig. 4, the materials that fulfill the
properties of a bicycle frame are:
4. GENERAL MATERIAL PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS Metals and alloys
Ceramics
Functional requirements are directly related to the required Composites
characteristics of the component, subassembly, or product. An
important requirement for materials used in bicycle frame is its Fig. 4 shows easy visualisation of properties and ideal for
strength. a first ‘rough cut’ selection. From the above mentioned
materials list, ceramics are eliminated because of their
Compressive strength is the basic measurement of strength of a brittleness, which is not appropriate for mechanical
material. It is specifically a measurement of the force required to application of a bicycle frame. Thus only metal alloys
push apart a material. In frame design, the higher the strength and composites are left to be considered for the detail
betters the performance of the frame. More strength allows less analysis.
material to be used resulting less weight of the component and
hence AISI 1020 steel could be a potential candidate based on
its strength.
Table 1 Characteristics and cost per unit strength value for the Table 3 Weighting factors for bicycle frame
candidate materials for bicycle frame
Property Positive Weighting
Decisions Factor(α)
Material Yield Working Specific Relative Cost of
Tensile Strength 1 0.1
Strength Stress a Gravity Cost b Unit
(MPa) (MPa) (Kg/m3) Strength Yield Strength 3 0.3
Steel 296 98.67 7.8 1 0.08 Young’s 2 0.2
1020 Modulus
Ti-alloy 965 321.67 4.3 10 0.134 Toughness 3 0.3
CFRP 544 181.33 2.0 22.5 0.25 Density 1 0.1
KFRP 621 207 2.3 3.75 0.042
Total 10 1.0
GFRP 102 34 1.5 3.25 0.143
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The properties of the candidate materials are listed in Table 4 The values of the relative cost, cost of unit strength,
(http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres). The next step in the performance index, and figure of merits of the different
weighted properties method is to scale the properties given in materials are shown in Table 6. The plot of figure of
Table 4. For the present application, materials with higher merits against all the candidate materials is shown in Fig.
mechanical properties are more desirable and highest values in 6. From Fig. 6 it can be seen that kevlar fiber reinforced
tensile strength, yield strength, young’s modulus and toughness polymer (KFRP) showed higher figure of merit (FOM)
is considered as 100. Other values in Table 4 are rated in followed by AISI 1020 steel. From the both cost per unit
proportion. However, a lower value of density is more desirable strength (CUP) and digital logic methods it is shown that
for this application. The scaled values and performance index Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer (KFRP) is the optimum
(γ) are given in Table 5 which was calculated using equations material for bicycle frame followed by AISI 1020 steel.
(7) and (8) respectively (Mahmoud, 2008).
Numerical value of property 100 Table 6 Cost and figure of merit of candidate materials
Scaled property
Maximum value in the list (7)
n Material Relative Cost of Unit Performance Figure
Material performance index, i i (8) Cost Strengthx100 Index of
i 1 Merit
where β is the scaled property, α is the weighting factor and i is Steel 1 8.0 61.2 7.65
summed over all the n relevant properties. 1020
Ti-alloy 10 13.4 67.9 5.07
Table 4 Properties of candidate materials for bicycle frame for CFRP 22.5 25.0 33.4 1.34
KFRP 3.75 4.2 56.0 13.33
calculation and ranking of the candidate materials (ASM GFRP 3.25 14.3 26.9 1.88
Handbook, 1997)
1 2 3 4 5 14
Material Tensile Yield Young’s Toughness Density
12
Strength Strength Modulus MN m-3/2 (Mg/m3)
(MPa) (MPa) (Gpa) 10
Figure of merit
100