CHAPTER 7

BALANCES ON NONREACTIVE
PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION
Non-reactive processes
 Processes that undergo without chemical reaction.
 Depends on the physical/environmental factors like
temperature, volume, pressure, boiling and melting, as well as
vaporization.
Normally in chemical process unit, Ws=0; ΔEp=0; ΔEk=0; Then
energy balance equation become:
Close System Open System
DIFFERENT SYMBOLS BETWEEN CLOSE
AND OPEN SYSTEM

CLOSE SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM

n (amount) (molar flow rate)

U (internal energy) (rate of enthalpy)

Û (specific internal (specific enthalpy)

energy)
 INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
To evaluate changes in enthalpy or internal energy, we can make up
any process path we want to simplify the calculations. They can
often be evaluated for:
1. changes in P at constant T
2. changes in T at constant P
3. changes in T at constant V
4. changes in phase at constant T and P (e.g., heats of vaporization)
5. mixing at constant T and P (heats of mixing)
6. chemical reactions at constant T and P (heats of reaction)-
Chapter 8
 CHANGES IN P AT CONSTANT T
(NO PHASE CHANGE OR REACTIONS)
Ideal gases:
Independent of pressure ( unless undergo very large pressure
changes)

Real gases:
must evaluate from:
1. enthalpy departure charts
2. an equation of state
3. tabulated data
 CHANGES IN T AND CONSTANT P
(NO PHASE CHANGE OR REACTIONS)
Called sensible heat, heat that must be transferred to RAISE or LOWER
the temperature of substance or mixture of substance and we usually
find:

Heat capacities help us calculate this change in enthalpy. The heat

capacity at constant pressure are given by integration of this equation
when a temperature change from T1 to T2:

Cp = Heat capacity at constant pressure. Units: kJ/(mol.oC)

 HEAT CAPACITY
Heat capacity appendix demonstrated the heat
capacities as a function of temperature (at low
pressures) in the equation form for a number
of solid, liquid, and gaseous substances. This
is your source of ideal-gas heat capacities.
 EXAMPLE
Assuming ideal gas behaviour, calculate the heat
that must be transferred for a stream of nitrogen
at 1 atm and flowed at a rate of 100 mol/min. It is
heated from 20oC to 100oC.
 ANSWER
From Appendix, the heat capacity of N2 is:
 CHANGES IN T AT CONSTANT V
(NO PHASE CHANGE OR REACTIONS)
For the heat capacity at constant volume when a temperature
change from T1 to T2:

Ideal gases:

Liquids and solids:

Cv = Heat capacity at constant volume

R = gas constant
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the heat that must be transferred for
nitrogen contained in a 5 liter flask at an initial
pressure of 3 bar is cooled from 90oC to 30oC. The
gas constant is 8.314 x 10-3 kJ/mol∙oC
 ANSWER
Cv = Cp – R.
 HEAT CAPACITY
In order to avoid having to integrate the
formula for heat capacity again and again,
appendix for specific enthalpies of selected
gas (air, O2, N2, H2 (a fuel), CO, CO2 and
H2O(v)) could be used.
 EXAMPLE
15 kmol/min of air is cooled from 430oC to 100oC.
Calculate the required heat removal rate .
 ANSWER
1) We can integrate the heat capacity
 ANSWER
2) We can read directly from appendix for specific enthalpies of
selected gas