SOCIAL SCIENCE

"HURRICANE" 10th
→ Maps, which show the weather conditions of any area on earth (e.g. temperature, air pressure, rains, speed and direction of
winds, conditions of clouds etc) through conventional signs are called Weather Maps.
→ In India, publication of weather map was started from the year 1875. Presently weather maps are published from Pune.
→ The Meteorological Department in India was set up in the year 1864 in Bengal on the recommendations of Asiatic
Society.
→ In the beginning, its office was at Shimla but later it was shifted to Delhi.
→ It is divided into five regions, 22 centres.
→ Weather Indicators were given recognition in International Meterological Meet (conference) held at Warsaw (Italy) in 1935.

Pleasant 'Breeze' → , Fresh breeze → , Gale →

Strong Gale → , Hurricane → , Fog → ,

Snow → , Rain → , Hail → ,

Thunderstorm →

→ The system of measuring the wind speed was pioneered by British Naval Chief Beaufort in 1805.
→ Main types of disasters:
 Disasters that appear abruptly:- Earth quake, Tsunami, Eruption of Volcano, Land slide, Flood, Tornado, Avalanche,
Cloud burst etc.
 Disasters that appear gradually:- Drought, hail storm, environment deterioration transformation of land into deserts
etc.
 Epidemics:- Food/Water borne diseases, infection diseases etc.
 Industrial/Technological accidents:- System related problems/failure, fire explosion, chemical leakage etc.
 War
→ As per the Irrigation commission's report of 1972- Those areas are called 'drought prone' which receive average annual
rainfall, less than 75 cm.
→ Human factors responsible for drought:-
 Ignoring land management,  Ignoring traditional resources of irrigation
 Destruction of community forests,  Fodder shortage for cattle
 Drastic changes in rotation of crops  Faulty management of water resources
 Excessive demand for water in agriculture, Industry and Cottage Industry
→ Drought prone areas of India:-
 Dry & semi dry regions of Rajasthan (every two years drought conditions occur)
 Gujrat, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rayalseema and Telangana (witness drought every three years)
 Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Southern Karnartaka and Vidarbha areas (where once in every four years drought occurs)
 West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Central Maharastra, Kerala, Bihar and Orissa
(once in 5 years)
→ Steps to minimise the ill effects of drought:-
 Keeping a close watch
 Increasing the availability of water contour bounding improved plantation of seeds in beds etc. help in increasing
availability of water.
 Extension of Irrigation facilities.
 Ajivika Yojna:- Providing employment, alternative revenues other than agriculture, collection of forest produce
other than wood, goat rearing, carpentry etc.
→ Causes responsible for floods:-
 Dams, Bunds, Barrages etc.,  Increase of silt and soil in rivers,  Land slides
 Hindrance in draining of water due to roads or other construction work
 Sedimentation in dams built on rivers,  Destruction of environment, soil erosion & soil draining
→ Flood of the year 2000 occurred in West Bengal took a toll of 80,000 houses and loss to the tune of Rs 295 crores was
incurred.
→ 5 type of earth quake areas:-
 Highest earthquake prone,  More earthquake prone,  Medium affected,  Low danger areas
 Normal areas,  Madhya Pradesh lies in medium affected & normal areas (Narmada valley)
→ Tsunami prone areas:- Coastal areas of the world are prone to Tsunami. These are particularly Pacific Ocean Wests
(Alaska, Japan, Philippines and Indonesia, Malaysia etc of South East Asia) & Indian Ocean Wests (Myanmar, Sri Lanka
& India).

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[2] Hurricane SOCIAL SCIENCE
→ The Tsunamis can cause great harm, the December 2004 Tsunami took a toll of 5 lakh people. More than 3 lakh people
of India alone lost their lives in the Tsunami occurred in 26th Dec 2004.
→ Man-made disasters:-
 Atomic biological and chemical disasters
 Leakage of chemical gas- Bhopal gas Tragedy occurred in midnight of 2-3 Dec 1984 is the biggest chemical tragedy.
In this tragedy hydrogen cyanide and other products together with 45 tons of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC), a highly
poisonous gas leaked from the pesticide plant of Union Carbide.
 Dropping of Atom bombs by America or Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan during Second World War (1945).
 The atomic, biological and chemical disasters may cause harm to the external internal parts of the body. These
disasters can effect heart and brain & make body disabled permanently.
→ Measures to minimise the ill effects:-
 Awareness regarding the chemical, of their storage, handling etc.
 Isolation of residential areas from Industrial areas with a green belt in between
 Mock drills should be organised from time to time
 Warning system for fire-fighting should be improved.
 Industrial Insurance and safety laws should be strictly enforced.
→ General human disaster:-  Fire  Road Accidents  Rail Accidents  Plane Accidents  Epidemic disaster
→ Disaster Management:- Indian National Disaster Management Institute. The summit conference of May 1994 in
Yokohama (Japan).
→ Disaster Management is a chain of activities which are carried out not only before but after the disaster as well as during
the period of disaster.
→ Disaster Management lays stress on four important things:
 Advance preparation,  Action at the time of disaster,  To restore normality and rehabilitation
 Plan for preventing the recurrence of disaster & minimise the ill effect of disaster. (Bihar is the most flood affected
state)
→ Very high effected areas:- Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura & Parts of Assam, Uttarakhand,
Kathiawar Peninsula, Coastal Konkan, Nothern Bihar.
→ Effects of Earthquake:-
 Physical loss:- loss of lives & other creatures
 Effect on public health:- Water supply is affected, Obstruction in the transport network, Obstruction in the Electric
supply & communication network.
→ Landslides:- Rocks, soil or heaps of debris which slide by their own weight from the slopes of the mountains and come
on the ground or on the banks of the rivers are called Land Slides.
→ Area of Land Slides:-
 Maximum landslide prone area:- Himalayan ranges, Andaman & Nicobar, Area of western Ghats and Nilgiris.
 High landslide prone area:- All the states of Himalayan region and North Eastern parts (except Assam)
 Medium and minimum prone areas:- Himalayan areas where rainfall is less, in Laddakh and Himachal's 'Spiti area', area
of Aravali mountain ranges getting scanty rains, Western & Eastern Ghats, Deccan plateau area where landslides occurs.
In Madhya Pradesh, landslides occur due to sliding of mines and land.
→ Effects of Landslides:-  Physical loss  Loss of life and property
→ Measures to prevent landslides:-
 Plotting prone areas on map
 Big construction and development activities should not be taken in these areas.
 Natural vegetation should be encouraged on mountain/hill slopes.
 Precautions should be taken while constructing roads, canals for irrigation etc. So that natural drainage of water
should not be hampered.
 Durable buildings should be constructed on strong plinths, pipelines, cables etc should be flexible so that they can
bear the pressure of landslides.
 Cultivation should be encouraged.
 Intensive plantation is very important measure.
→ Tsunami disaster:- Earthquakes, eruption from a volcano cause a sudden disturbance in the base of the Ocean causing
abrupt displacement of Oceanic water, consequently very high waves are produced, they are called Tsunami wave or
earthquake affected Oceanic waves.
→ On the shallow sea shores the waves can be 15 meter high or even more.

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FIITJEE Ltd., Indore Centre: 27, 2nd Floor, Scheme No -54, PU -3, Opp. Orbit Mall, A.B. Road, Indore
Phone:0731-4274702, 4044447, 4274763; Website: www.fiitjee.com