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Unit 1: Reading Comprehension
Unit 1: Reading Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
In 1796, Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccination in
an effort to prevent the deadly disease smallpox. He vaccinated a boy with push from blisters
n a woman infected with cowpox. The boy the caught cowpox, a minor disease related to
smallpox. Jenner later injected smallpox matter into the boy. But the boy did not catch
smallpox because his fight with cowpox has made his body immune (resistant) to smallpox.
Jenner’s discovery led to search for vaccine against other diseases. This search gradually
developed into the science of immunology.
Scientists learned how to isolate (separate) drugs from plants during the early 1800’s. In
1806, morphine became the first of the plant drugs to be isolated. Within a few years,
scientists had also isolated quinine.
In 1840’s, the use of anesthetics during surgery was introduced by two Americans working
independently of each other – Crawford Long, a physician, and Willian T.G. Moston, a
dentist. Later in the 1800’s, the French scientist Louis Pasteur and the German physician
Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Pasteur proved that germs caused
infectious disease and that killing the germs responsible stopped the spread of such
diseases. Koch developed a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases.
The pace of drug revolution quickened in the 1900’s. In fact, most of the major drugs used
today have been discovered since 1900. Important developments in hormone research
followed the first isolation of a hormone in 1898. That year, an American pharmacologist.
John J. Abel, isolated the hormone epinephrine, also called adrenalin. Scientist isolated
several other hormones during the next 20 years. Then in the early 1920’s, a research team
led by Frederic Bating, a Canadian physician, discovered the hormone insulin. Since then,
this drug has saved the lives of millions of diabetics.
In the early 1900’s, Paul Ehrlich, a German scientist, developed the new method of treating
infectious disease. This method called chemotherapy, involves the use of chemical that attack
disease-causing organism. It is also used to destroy cancer.
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by British scientist Alexander
Fleming. A German physician, Gerhard Domagk, discovered the first sulfa drug, protocol, in
1935. Scientist soon developed other antibiotics and sulfa drugs. This ‘wonder drugs’ were
remarkably effective against many infectious disease.
Many other important drugs have been discovered since 1900. Barbiturates, which reduce the
activity of the nervous system and the muscles, were introduced in 1903. Amphetamines,
which stimulate the nervous system, were first used medically in the early 1930’s. Scientists
developed several important tranquilizers in the 1950’s, and birth control pills appeared in
1960. Scientists first used recombinant DNA techniques during the 1970’s. These techniques
involve inserting human genes into bacterial cells or, occasionally, animal cells causing the
cells to produce human protein. In the 1980’s, researcher applied recombinant DNA
technology to produce large quantities of sugar drugs as insulin and interferon. (Adapted
from English For Medical Science, Fatimah, siti:2009)
UNIT 1
membaca Pemahaman
READING COMPREHENSION
AMPHETAMINE
The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical differences among them.
They include amphetamine (Benzedrine or “bennies”), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or
“dexies”), and methamphetamine (Methedrine or “meth” or “speed”).
People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since they were
introduced almost fifty years ago. Benzedrine was sold over the counter through the l940s, in an
aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. From the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form
began to spread. Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students
used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were
struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
The amphetamines have only two legitimate uses in medicine. First, they are used in treating an
extremely rare condition called narcolepsy (an uncontrolled need for short periods of deep sleep).
Second, they, as well as certain other drugs with similar properties, have been used to treat
hyperkinetic (uncontrollably overactive) children.
Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates or tranquilizers,
in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control. (Prominent brand names include
Dexamyl, Appetrol, Eskatrol, Nobese, and Obetrol). But it seems unwise to use of any of the
amphetamines as an appetite suppressant.
Unlike alcohol or “ludes”, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who want them or think
they need ‘them rather than to be shared in social situations. In the short term -- with just a
single, small dose-- amphetamines often have unwanted side effects. These side effects include
nervousness, elevated blood pressure, and headache. These effects will be more annoying to
some people than to others and, obviously, amphetamines are more hazardous for some people
(such as those with heart orders) than others. In large doses or over prolonged periods,
amphetamines have unpredictable effects, which include insomnia, dizziness, agitation,
confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.( Adapted from English For Medical Science Fatimah,
siti:2009)
UNIT 2
MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN
amphetamine
Para amfetamin adalah kelompok obat sintetik dengan perbedaan kimia sedikit di antara mereka.
Mereka termasuk amphetamine (Benzedrine atau "bennies"), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine
atau "dexies"), dan methamphetamine (Methedrine atau "meth" atau "kecepatan").
Orang-orang telah menggunakan dan menyalahgunakan amfetamin untuk berbagai tujuan sejak
mereka diperkenalkan hampir lima puluh tahun yang lalu. Benzedrine dijual over the counter
melalui l940s, dalam bentuk aromatik digunakan untuk membersihkan hidung tersumbat. Dari 1
940s pada, penggunaan amfetamin dalam bentuk pil mulai menyebar. Diet menggunakan
mereka, berpikir mereka adalah rute yang mudah untuk menurunkan berat badan; siswa
menggunakan mereka untuk tetap terjaga di sepanjang malam sesi menjejalkan; pengemudi truk
menggunakan mereka ketika mereka sedang berjuang untuk tetap terjaga selama tangkapan
panjang semalam.
Para amfetamin hanya memiliki dua penggunaan yang sah dalam kedokteran. Pertama, mereka
digunakan dalam mengobati kondisi yang sangat langka yang disebut narkolepsi (kebutuhan
yang tidak terkendali untuk jangka pendek tidur nyenyak). Kedua, mereka, serta obat lain
tertentu dengan sifat yang sama, telah digunakan untuk mengobati anak-anak hiperkinetik (tak
terkendali terlalu aktif).
Beberapa amfetamin telah digabungkan dengan satu sama lain atau dengan barbiturat atau obat
penenang, dalam berbagai produk yang dipasarkan terutama untuk mengendalikan berat badan.
(Nama merek terkemuka termasuk Dexamyl, Appetrol, Eskatrol, Nobese, dan Obetrol). Tapi
tampaknya tidak bijaksana untuk menggunakan salah satu amfetamin sebagai penekan nafsu
makan.
Tidak seperti alkohol atau "ludes", amfetamin cenderung digunakan oleh individu yang ingin
mereka atau berpikir mereka perlu 'mereka daripada untuk dibagikan dalam situasi sosial. Dalam
jangka pendek - dengan hanya satu, amfetamin dose-- kecil sering memiliki efek samping yang
tidak diinginkan. Efek samping ini termasuk kegelisahan, tekanan darah tinggi, dan sakit kepala.
Efek ini akan lebih mengganggu beberapa orang daripada kepada orang lain dan, jelas,
amfetamin lebih berbahaya bagi sebagian orang (seperti yang dengan perintah jantung) daripada
yang lain. Dalam dosis besar atau jangka waktu yang lama, amfetamin memiliki efek tak
terduga, yang meliputi insomnia, pusing, agitasi, kebingungan, delirium, dan malnutrisi
(Diadaptasi dari Inggris Untuk Ilmu Kedokteran Fatimah, siti: 2009).