Final Project PDF

SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Department of Civil Engineering

Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
Affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna
Amhara, Bihta, Patna 801118, Bihar
May 2019
Nishant Shekhar
Suman Kumar
Nitish Bhardwaj
Utpal Kumar
Aman Kumar

May 2019
Project submitted to
for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
by
Nishant Shekhar
Suman Kumar
Nitish Bhardwaj
Utpal Kumar
Aman Kumar
under the guidance of
Mr. Mohit Mayoor

May 2019
SAMRT IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Project submitted by
Nishant Shekhar
(Regn. No.:16101103109)
Suman Kumar
(Regn. No.:15101103150)
Nitish Bhardwaj
(Regn. No.: 15101121013)
Utpal Kumar
(Regn. No.:15101103159)
Aman Kumar
(Regn. No.:15101103151)
Approved by
(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) (Head of the Centre)

May 2019
NETAJI SUBHAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI AND DEPT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, GOVT. OF BIHAR)
AFFILIATED TO ARYABHATTA KNOWLEDGE UNIVERSITY, PATNA
AMHARA, BIHTA, PATNA-801118, BIHAR
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
Date: ...…/..…./….
Certified that the project entitled “SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM”, submitted by

Nishant Shekhar, Suman Kumar, Nitish Bhardwaj, Utpal Kumar, Aman
Kumar to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Bihta, for the award of the degree
ofBachelor of Technology has been accepted by the external examiners and that the
student has successfully defended the thesis in the viva-voce examination held
today.
Signature Signature Signature

Name: Name: Name:
(External
(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) Examiner)
DECLARATION
I certify that
a. the work contained in this project is original and has been done by me under the guidance
of my supervisor.
b. the work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the project.
d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of
the Institute.
e. whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the project and
giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright
owners of the sources, whenever necessary.
Date: Signature of the Student

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM”, submitted by Mr.
Nishant Shekhar Registration No. 16101103109 to Netaji Subhas Institute of
technology,Bihta,for the partial fulfilment of award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a
record of bonafide project work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The project
in my opinion, is worthy of consideration for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
accordance with the regulation of the Institute.
Date: (Supervisor)
CERTIFICATE
Suman kumar Registration No. 15101103150 to Netaji Subhas Institute of technology,Bihta,for
the partial fulfilment of award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of bonafide
project work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The project in my opinion, is
worthy of consideration for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in accordance with the
regulation of the Institute.
Date: (Supervisor)
CERTIFICATE
Nitish Bhardwaj Registration No. 15101121013 to Netaji Subhas Institute of technology, Bihta,
for the partial fulfilment of award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of bonafide
Date: (Supervisor)
CERTIFICATE
Utpal Kumar Registration No. 15101103159 to Netaji Subhas Institute of technology, Bihta, for
Date: (Supervisor)
CERTIFICATE
Aman Kumar Registration No. 15101103151 to Netaji Subhas Institute of technology, Bihta, for
Date: (Supervisor)
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Need of present study 1
1.3 Objective of the present study 1
CHAPTER 2 2 - 10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2
CHAPTER 3 11 - 23
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Arduino
3.2 Soil Moisture Sensor
3.3 Nodemcu ESP8266
3.4 Mini Water Pump
3.5 Blynk
3.6 Steps for configuration
3.7 Programming
CHAPTER 4 24
DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER 5 25
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my project supervisor Mr.
Mohit Mayoor, Assistant professor (Department of civil engineering), NSIT, Bihta, for his
stimulating guidance, nurturing encouragement throughout my work. Their valuable suggestions
and rare insights were constant source of inspiration and encouragement throughout my project
work. His unique inimitable style, intelligence and kind heartedness has left an indelible
impression on us. His suggestions will remain a source of inspiration for my entire life. I owe
him lots of gratitude for showing confidence in our work and the freedom he gave us during the
project.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs S.Pandit, the Academic Dean of NSIT,
Bihta, for her kind suggestion and motivation during my project work. I am grateful to our HOD
Dr.Narsingh Varma for giving me an opportunity to work with the group of professors Mr.
Digvijay Singh, Dr. Manjesh Kumar, Miss. Anjani Kumari, Mr. Mithlesh Jha, Mr. Akash
Singh of NSIT,Bihta.
Last but not the least, We are thankful to all my batchmates for their immense cooperation.
Finally, our deepest gratitude goes to our family,friends and our beloved for their unflagging
love and unconditional support throughout our life and our studies. They have always been a
constant source of motivation for me.
Nishant Shekhar
Suman Kumar
Nitish Bhardwaj
Place:- NSIT, Bihta Utpal Kumar
Date:- Aman Kumar
i
ABSTRACT
As water supply is becoming scarce in today’s world there is an urgency of adopting smart ways
of irrigation. The project describes how irrigation can be handled smartly using IOT. This project
aims at saving time and avoiding problems like constant vigilance. It also helps in conserving
water by automatically providing water to the plants/field depending on the water requirements.
This system can also prove to be helpful in agriculture, parks and lawns. The objective of this
system is to detect the moisture content of the soil and depending on it sprinkle water. This entire
information will be sent to the user’s mobile phone. The main objective of this project is to
develop an automation irrigation with internet being remotely controlled by any android devices.
The agricultural lands are irrigated automatically without physical presence. Technology is
advancing so irrigation are getting smarter. Modern irrigation is gradually shifting from
conventional switches to centralized control system. In order to achieve this IOT (Internet of
Thing) module is interface to the board at the receiver end while on the transmitter end an
application on the android device pass ON command to the receiver where loads are connected.
Along with this we use soil sensor which detect whether soil is dry or wet and according to
which we start the pump.
Key-words: Microcontroller, Moisturesensor, Arduino, ESP8266, Submersible pump, IOT
ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background of study
Agriculture is the backbone of all developed countries. It uses 85% of available fresh water
resources worldwide and this percentage continues to be dominant in water consumption because
of population growth and increased food demand. Due to this, efficient water management has
become the major concern in many cropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas. An automated
irrigation system is needed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The need of automated
irrigation system is to overcome over irrigation and under irrigation. Over irrigation occurs
because of poor distribution or management of waste water, chemical which leads to water
pollution. Under irrigation leads to increased soil salinity with consequent buildup of toxic salts
on the soil surface in areas with high evaporation. To overcome these problems and to reduce the
man power smart irrigation system has been used.
1.2 Need of present study
• Now a day’s water has become one of the precious natural resource and the most
important factor in agriculture on the earth.
• Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil to assist growing of plant.
• Due to lack of water resources it is essential to find the best methods in irrigation system
which can reduce the wastage of water.
1.3 Objective of the present study
Based on the need of the study described in section 1.2 following are the objectives of the
present study.
a. To prevent the field and garden from overwatering.

b. To minimize or reduce the human efforts.
1
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Muhammad et al (2010): A simple approach to Irrigation control problem using Artificial Neural
Network Controller. The proposed system is compared with ON/OFF controller and it is shown
that ON/OFF Controller based System fails miserably because of its limitations. On the other
hand ANN based approach has resulted in possible implementation of better and more efficient
control. These controllers do not require a prior knowledge of system and have inherent ability to
adapt to the changing conditions unlike conventional methods. It is noteworthy that ANN based
systems can save lot of resources(energy and water)and can provide optimized results to all type
of agriculture areas.
Kalyan et al (2011): The need for systems that make agriculture easier and more sustainable has
increased within the past few years. The ability to conserve two of the most important resources
of a farmer, water and time, has been the latest challenge. A system that provides this ability -
through the use of efficient and reliable methods such as wireless sensor networking, sprinkler
irrigation, GSM, SMS technologies and readily available mobile phone devices – is certain to
help the farmers get a better yield and on a larger scale, help the agricultural and economic
growth of the country.
Prisilla et al (2012) : Water is one of nature's most important gifts to mankind, because of the
increase in population food requirement for human being is also increasing. Over the past few
decade usage of water for irrigation has increased hysterically. Water is polluted due towastage
and contaminants in the industries. Saving water is more important. This ultimate aim can be
achieved by using the exiting ANN control system. It will provide a way to save flood water in
the fields for future irrigation purpose
Cosmin (2012) : This investigation demonstrates that there is an unquestionable growing

tendency in the adoption of artificial intelligence in agriculture. Underdevelopment of the IT
infrastructure in many countries is the first obstruction in using them, only around 30% of the
world population currently having access to these new technologies.
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YETHIRAJ et al (2012) : There is a growing number of applications of data mining techniques
in agriculture and a growing amount of data that are currently available from many resources.
This is relatively a novel research field and it is expected to grow in the future. There is a lot of
work to be done on this emerging and interesting research field. The multidisciplinary approach
of integrating computer science with agriculture will help in forecasting/managing agricultural
crops effectively.
Chetana et al (2012) : The Automated Wireless Watering System is a user friendly system, which
notifies the user about its status. The 2 modes of operations provide the user with the option of
automatic and manual process. The system also provides the log file of the events carried out.
Prathyusha et al (2012) :The Microcontroller based drip irrigation system proves to be a real time
feedback control system which monitors and controls all the activities of drip irrigation system
efficiently. The present system is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale
with optimum expenditure. They can provide irrigation to larger areas of plants with less water
consumption and lower pressure. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve
production and ultimately profit.
Priyanka et al (2012) : involves some sensors, LCD display, GSM and ARM processor. All the
sensors will give analog output but our processor will accept only the digital data. So we have to
connect all the sensors to the ADC channel pins which are in-built to the processor.LCD will be
on field display purpose. GSM module will contains a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) user
can communicate with this SIM-Number. When the particular command activated or given by
the user, immediately the corresponding sensor will activates and reads the present reading and
immediately sends results to the same user mobile and displays in the LCD panel in the field.
Immediately user will take the necessary action if required. Here we are using total seven sensors
to monitor the field condition. Those are Temperature, Humidity, Soil moisture, Leaf sensor, PH
sensor, Level sensor, Phase sensor. All these devices are connected to the ARM processor.GSM
is used for communication purpose, with the help of AT (attention)-Commands we can
communicate with the components. For soil module and level sensing applications we are using
motors. One motor is used to store water and another is for releasing the stored water into the
soil.
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Anjum Awasthi et al, (2013): The proposed system in this paper is designed by considering the
requirement of a sugarcane crop for Indian climatic conditions. The WSN in agriculture is new
technology for information acquisition and processing in sugarcane field. It is more
advantageous than the traditional agriculture techniques. This work structured the precision
agriculture monitoring system by wireless sensor nodes and base station to record the data of
sensor nodes. This is low cost system where the recorded information is transmitted to remote
location using a GSM network via a SMS. The farmer may use the received information to
control the parameters. This kind of wireless detection and control improves the effectiveness
and efficiency of resources used, which leads to the improved production. The drawback of
system is its dependency on the GSM network.
Jaichandran et al (2013): A prototype for automatic controlling and remote accessing of

irrigation motor. Prototype includes sensor node, controller node and mobile phone. The sensor
node is deployed in irrigation field for sensing soil moisture value and the sensed data is sent to
controller node. On receiving sensor value the controller node checks it with required soil
moisture value. When soil moisture in irrigation field is not up to the required level then the
motor is switched on to irrigate associated agriculture field and alert message is send to
registered mobile phone. Mobile phone is used for sending request SMS to get soil moisture
value in irrigation field and commands can be sent as SMS to switch on/off the irrigation motor.
Prototype is experimented by abstraction three pots containing soil with different moisture level
as irrigation fields. The experimental results show that the prototype is capable for automatic
controlling and remote accessing of irrigation motor based on the feedback of soil moisture
sensor. The prototype can facilitate farmer in monitoring and controlling irrigation activity from
remote location.
Jyothipriya et al (2013) :The GSM based Zigbee Controlled Solenoid Valve for drip irrigation
system proves to be a real time feedback control system which monitors and controls all the
activities of drip irrigation system efficiently Using this system, one can save manpower, water
and power consumption is reduced by 20% and 30% when compared to existing.
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Ganesh et al (2013) : objective is to detect other white fly stages and other bioagressors or plant
diseases, it is simple to introduce new objects to detect or new image processing programs to
extract the corresponding information. We propose an original approach for early detection of
bioagressors, which It is rather simple to use and exhibits the same performance level as a
classical manual approach. Moreover, it detects whiteflies three times faster and it covers three
times more leaf surface. The context of our work is to automate operations in greenhouses. Our
goal is rather to better spot the starting points of bioagressors attacks and to count these latter so
that necessary action can be taken.
Galande et al (2013) :The Microcontroller based automized drip irrigation system using wireless
technique proves to be a real time feedback control system which monitors an controls all the
activities of drip irrigation system efficiently. The present proposal is a model to modernize the
agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. Using this system, one cansave
manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The developed irrigation
automation system can beproposed to be used in several commercial agricultural productions
since it is obtained in low cost and in reliable operation. This application of sensor-based site-
Specific irrigation has some advantages such as preventing moisture stress of trees, diminishing
of excessive water usage, ensuring of rapid growing weeds and derogating salification. If
different kinds of sensors (that is, temperature, humidity, and etc.) are involved in such irrigation
in future works, it can be said that an internet based remote control of irrigation automation will
be possible. The developed system can also transfer fertilizer and the other agricultural chemicals
(calcium, sodium, ammonium, zinc) to the field with adding new sensors and valves.
Sanjukumar et. al. (2013) : The Soil moisture content based irrigation system was developed and
successfully implemented along with flow sensor. Salient features of the system are: Closed loop
automatic irrigation system, temperature and water usage monitoring. User can easily preset the
levels of the Moisture and is regularly updated about current value of all Parameters on LCD
display. In future, other important soil parameters namely soil pH, soil electrical conductivity
will also be incorporated in the system
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Swarup et al (2013) : Smart sensors based monitoring system for agriculture have been used to
increase the yield of plants by monitoring the environmental conditions (parameters) and thus
providing the necessary information to the clients (farmers). The proposed system is mainly
developed for the betterment of farmers. The use wireless sensor network over the wired one
helps for deploying it in any type of environment for monitoring, making it flexibl and robust.
The use of FPGA element facilitates the system for re-configurability and re programmability
according to different environmental conditions.
Manish et al (2013) : The Automated Intelligent Wireless Drip Irrigation System Using Linear
Programming provides to be a real time feedback control system which monitors and controls all
the activities of drip irrigation system efficiently as well as it helps us for to do the efficient
water management in order to get more profit with less cost. Using this system, one can save
manpower, as well as water to improve productivity and ultimately the profit. In future if we
modify it properly then this system can also supply agricultural chemicals like calcium, sodium,
ammonium, zinc to the field along with Fertilizers with adding new sensors and valves.
Patel et al (2013) : The advancement in engineering and technology over the last few decades has
encouraged researchers to develop automatic monitoring and controlling system in agricultural
field. Survey of some of the systems have been summarised. Use of WSN provides the mobilised
controlled over the field. The earlier discussed systems can be modified to obtain higher yield
and use of WSN, ZigBee, etc. will help to achieve better performance, optimised and economical
system.
Rashid et al (2013) : The fertility meter and ph. meter to determine the percentage of potassium,
phosphorus, nitrogen which are the most important ingredients of soil. Now after measuring
fertility of soil, we have implanted the automatic plant irrigator for DRIP irrigation through
wireless. Both techniques will help to judge fertility and moisture content of soil. This
application of sensor-based irrigation has some advantages such as preventing moisture stress of
trees, diminishing of excessive water usage, ensuring of rapid growing weeds, measuring fertility
of soil.
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Rakesh et al (2013): The model bridges information gap within and outside the nation. In Indian
agricultural sector, the suggested model can be considered as a pilot project. An effective
implementation of this model will encourage other sectors also, which will lead to optimal
benefit of shifting towards cloud. This will definitely have a positive impact in the overall
economic development of the nation. Above all, cloud computing is a newly introduced concept
and most of the developing nations are not readily willing to accept and implement it. Therefore,
it needs a mass awareness and promotion among the prime stakeholders to acquire the full
potential of it and have a well established information base for the nation. This will in return lead
to a well-connected world.
Saleemmaleekh et el (2013) : With the advancement in technology, the world around us in every
part of our life getting automated. The manual procedures are being replaced by these automated
systems, since they are with energy efficient and consume less labor work. This paper proposes
the advantages of having Wireless Sensor Network technology in Indian agricultural sector,
which shows the path to the rural farmers to replace some of their traditional techniques. Here,
multiple environmental data such as Humidity, Soil moisture, Soil pH etc. are collected by a set
of wireless sensor nodes and applied as input to the Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC). The
data is checked continuously by PIC controller and a set of control actions like Irrigation, Soil
fertility check etc. are made if they exceed threshold level. After every activity, an evidence
message is sent through SMS via GSM modem to the farmer. The module by module design and
implementation of the system are given. The system overcomes the limitations of traditional
agricultural procedures by utilizing water resource efficiently and also reducing labor cost.
Divya et al (2013): The project aimed at developing “SEEDING AND FERTILIZATION

USING AUTOMATED ROBOT” is completed successfully. A machine assembled using the
above-mentioned idea successfully seeds and fertilizes large areas of land without human
intervention.The technology deployed in this work is an interface between aspects of robotics
and artificial intelligence. India, being a nation with an agriculturist economy, would be greatly
helped by such an invention that takes off an extra burden from the shoulders of small and large-
scale farmers.
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Drishti et al (2014) : It has incorporated automation into various aspects of the farm. A new
design for animal enclosures is put forward to improve the living conditions of livestock, as well
as reduce manual labor. It includes an automated light, temperature, humidity and sprinkler
system. The humidity and moisture control mechanisms make sure the animals are comfortable
in the enclosures they are kept in, by adjusting the settings as per requirement. The system is
made secure through a password protected digital lock which ensures the safet of animals in their
enclosures. The feeder control system times the meals of the animals and reduces the human
labor in the process The system is energy efficient as it helps conserve resources like energy,
water and reduces manual labor to a great extent. A GSM module is interfaced to connect all
aspects of the modern automated farm. The farm owner has easy access to the system and can
control it remotely through his mobile phone. This paper demonstrates that with the integration
of information technology to the farm environment, systems and appliances will be able to
communicate in an integrated manner. This will result in convenience, energy efficiency, and
quality and safety benefits.
Chavan et al , (2014): Zigbee-based agriculture monitoring system serves as a reliable and

efficient system for monitoring agricultural parameters. The corrective action can be taken.
Wireless monitoring of field not only allows user to reduce the human power, but it also allows
user to see accurate changes in it. It is cheaper in cost and consumes less power. The GDP per
capita in agro sector can be increased. This project can be extended for cattle monitoring.
Heldi et al (2014) :The objective of the study is to develop a system for monitoring the
temperature in the greenhouse by placing multiple temperature sensors at several observation
positions. The proposed system allows more representative and comprehensive observations for
conducting an analysis of the temperature changes using wireless communication. In addition the
temperature in greenhouse can be monitored optimally .
8
Snehal et al (2014) : By considering various situations of climatologically phenomena affecting
local weather conditions in various parts of the world. These weather conditions have a direct
effect on crop yield. Various researches have been done exploring the connections between
large-scale climatologically phenomena and crop yield. Artificial neural networks have been
demonstrated to be powerful tools for modeling and prediction, to increase their effectiveness.
Crop prediction methodology is used to predict the suitable crop by sensing various parameter of
soil and also parameter related to atmosphere. Parameters like type of soil, PH, nitrogen,
phosphate, potassium, organic carbon, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, manganese, copper, iron,
depth, temperature, rainfall, humidity. For that purpose we are used artificial neural network
(ANN)
Shaik et al (2014) : The water level monitoring in agricultural field and motor controlling system
based on GSM technology using PIC16F877A microcontroller. An advantage of this system is
very simple, more competent and low cost. Future work can be done by designing a system
based on 3G camera for visual identification of water level from remote level.
Sakthipriya et al (2014) :The real-deployment of WSN based crop monitoring which is designed
and implemented to realize modern precision agriculture. End Users can tailor the mote
operation to a variety of experimental setups, which will allow farmers to reliably collect data
from locations previously inaccessible on a micro-measurement scale. Such a system can be
easily installed and maintained. This paper successfully applies the wireless sensor networks on
agro-ecology fields by investigating environmental situations. The complete real-time and
historical environment information is expected to help the agro ecological specialists achieve
efficient management and utilization of agro-ecological resources.
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Mahesh et al, (2014): The use of WSAN and Cloud services in agricultural field provides high
potential benefits which are economically worth in the field of agriculture. In this paper we have
proposed and outline an agricultural WSAN Cloud for providing assistance to farmers during
crop cultivation. Farmers can receive at an affordable price the information about soil condition,
crop cultivation environment, crop diseases, and pricing solutions during cultivation through the
expertise available in a cloud computing system. As a part of future work, a prototype model of
the system is planned.Sami et al (2014) :The Indian farmer and those who are working for their
welfare need to be - powered to face the emerging scenario of complete or partial deregulation
and reduction in government protection, opening up of agricultural markets, fluctuations in
agricultural environment and to exploit possible opportunities for exports. The quality of rural
life can also be improved by quality information inputs which provide better decision making
abilities. IT canplay a major role in facilitating the process of transformation of rural India t meet
these challenges and to remove the fast growing digital divides By this study, the authors
concludes that the Indian Govt is being made a remarkable achievements especially in the area
of agriculture by giving various facilities to the farmers in which the ICT services is one among
which is helping the farmers to understand the modern cultivation methods, availability of
agriculture inputs irrigational sources, availability of pesticide and fertilizers for increasing the
production and productivity of crops.
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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
This system is a combination of hardware and software components. The hardware part consists
of different sensors like soil moisture sensor, etc whereas the software part consists of an android
based application connected to the Arduino board and other hardware components using Internet
of Things (IoT). The android based application consists of signals and a database in which
readings are displayed from sensors and are inserted using the hardware. The improvement in
irrigation system using wireless network is a solution to achieve water conservation as well as
improvement in irrigation process. This research tries to automate the process of irrigation on the
farmland by monitoring the soil water level of the soil relative to the plant being cultivated and
the adaptively sprinkling water to simulate the effect of rainfall
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3.1 ARDUINO
The Microcontroller used here is an Arduino UNO. The UNO is a Microcontroller

board based on ATMEGA 328P. The ATMEGA 328P has 32kB of flash memory
for storing code. The board has 14 digital input and output pins, 6 analog inputs,
16 MHz quartz crystal, USB, an ICSP circuit and a reset button. The UNO can be
programmed with the Arduino software.
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming

language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target
processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and
32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel
Studio (newer)
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3.2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
Soil moisture sensor has two large exposed pads which function as probes for the
sensor, together acting as a variable resistor. The sensor has three wires: read
(3.3V-5V power), black (ground) and yellow (analog pin). The more water that is
in the soil means the better the conductivity between the pads will be and will
result in a lower resistance, and a higher SIG out.
By calibrating, we find that when the soil is saturated the water percent is around 40% and the
soil moisture data is 880; when the soil is drought enough that plant cannot absorb water from it,
the water percent is around 20% and the soil moisture data is 525. To calculate how much
percent of water can be absorbed by plants, we use the following formula:
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔−525
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 880−525
Then using measured plants depth data (cm), soil area data (cm^2) and total plant available water
data (cm/m) (tpaw gets from UC Davis soil web), we can calculate what current water amount
can be absorbed by plants is. The formula is: 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ∗
𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑤/100
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3.3. WI-FI MODULE
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is a self-contained SOC (System on Chip) with

integrated TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol
stack that can give any microcontroller access to any Wi-Fi network. Each
ESP8266 module comes preprogrammed meaning, it can be simply hooked up to
Arduino device to get Wi-Fi ability. This module has a powerful enough on-
boarding process and high storage capacity that allows it to be integrated with the
sensors and other application specific devices
3.4. Mini Water Pump
1 Mini DC5V Micro Brushless Water Pump 240L/H 5W: Water pump is used to
pump water from water container. Because it requires 5V power and Arduino can
provide 5V power, we use a relay and a 5 VDC adapter. We connect water pump
to a 5 VDC adapter first and then connect the adapter to relay. The relay is
connected to the normal AC outlet. This can prove water pumps enough power.
Water pump is also our actuator. We control it through controlling relay. The
relay can receive digital signal and has 2 pins: red (digital pin) and black
(ground). We connect the relay to Arduino so Arduino can control the relay and
the water pump.
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3.5. Blynk
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
• Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets we provide.
• Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone
and hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk
server locally. It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can
even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
• Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.
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16
3.6 The following steps are followed :-
1. First of all open the blynk application
2. set the project name as Soil Moisture.
3. Click on the choose device and select Nodemcu and make sure you set the connection type
to wifi and then click on the create button, an authentication token will be sent on your
email id, which will be then used in programming, simply copy and paste it in
programming.
4. Click anywhere on the screen and search for the gauge and add it, click on the gauge and
set the name as Soil Moisture. now click on the pin and select virtual and select v2. Set the
maximum value to 1023, change the font then click on the push and select 1 second.
5. now click on the screen and add two numeric input buttons which will be used for
controlling the solenoid valve and water pump……click on the numeric input…set the
name as solenoid valve….click pin and select the virtual pin10…set the minimum value to
10 and the maximum value to 11.these 10 and 11 values will be used to control the relay
connected with pin13 of the Arduino. …now repeat the same steps for other numeric input
button.
17
3.7 Programming:
In this project two programs are used, one program is written for the Arduino, while another
program is written for the Nodemcu esp8266 wifi module.
Arduino Programming
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial nodemcu(2,3);
int msensor = A1; // moisture sensor is connected with the analog pin A1 of the Arduino
int msvalue = 0; // moisture sensor value
long int data;
int relay1 = 13; // to control the solenoid value

int relay2 = 12; // to control the motor or anything else
int sdata1 = 0; // Moisture sensor value
String cdata; // complete data
void setup()
Serial.begin(9600);
nodemcu.begin(9600);
pinMode(msensor, INPUT);
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
we simply ready the moisture using the analogread function and store the value in variable
msvalue. Then using the serial.println function the value is send to the serial monitor for the
debugging purposes and then save the value in variable sdata1. And then add the value of this
variable with the cdata and use comma as the delimeter for separating the sensor value. Then we
send the complete message to the Nodemcu module and use a delay of 1 second and then at the
end empty the cdata variable for storing new values.
18
if(nodemcu.available() == 0 )
{
msvalue = analogRead(msensor);
Serial.println(msvalue);
sdata1 = msvalue;
cdata = cdata + sdata1+",";
Serial.println(cdata);
nodemcu.println(cdata);
delay(1000); // 1000 milli seconds
cdata = "";
}
if ( nodemcu.available() > 0 )
{
data = nodemcu.parseInt();
delay(100);
Serial.println(data);
if ( data == 10 )
{
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
}
if ( data == 11 )
{
digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
}
// relay2
if ( data == 12 )
{
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
}
if ( data == 13 )
{
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
}
}
}
19
Nodemcu esp8266 wifi module programming
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <SimpleTimer.h>
int pinValue1;
int pinValue2;
int pinValue3;
int pinValue4;
char auth[] = "bc089973710d40fa8640cd9c290bb040";
// Your WiFi credentials.
// Set password to "" for open networks.
char ssid[] = "ZONG MBB-E8231-6E63";
char pass[] = "08659650";
SimpleTimer timer;
String myString; // complete message from arduino, which consistors of snesors data
char rdata; // received charactors
//for soild moisture
int firstVal ;
// This function sends Arduino's up time every second to Virtual Pin (1).
// In the app, Widget's reading frequency should be set to PUSH. This means
// that you define how often to send data to Blynk App.
void myTimerEvent()
20
{
// You can send any value at any time.
// Please don't send more that 10 values per second.
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, millis() / 1000);
}
void setup()
{
// Debug console
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
timer.setInterval(1000L,sensorvalue1);
}
void loop()
{
if (Serial.available() == 0 )
{
Blynk.run();
timer.run(); // Initiates BlynkTimer
if (Serial.available() > 0 )
{
rdata = Serial.read();
myString = myString+ rdata;
// Serial.print(rdata);
if( rdata == '\n')
21
{
// Serial.println(myString);
// new code
String l = getValue(myString, ',', 0);
firstVal = l.toInt();
myString = "";
// end new code
}
}
}
void sensorvalue1()
{
int sdata = firstVal;
// You can send any value at any time.
// Please don't send more that 10 values per second.
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, sdata);
}
String getValue(String data, char separator, int index)
{
int found = 0;
int strIndex[] = { 0, -1 };
int maxIndex = data.length() - 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= maxIndex && found <= index; i++) {
if (data.charAt(i) == separator || i == maxIndex) {
found++;
strIndex[0] = strIndex[1] + 1;
strIndex[1] = (i == maxIndex) ? i+1 : i;
}
}
22
return found > index ? data.substring(strIndex[0], strIndex[1]) : "";
}
// in Blynk app writes values to the Virtual Pin 10
BLYNK_WRITE(V10)
{
pinValue1 = param.asInt(); // assigning incoming value from pin V10 to a variable
Serial.print(pinValue1);
}
// in Blynk app writes values to the Virtual Pin 11
BLYNK_WRITE(V11)
{
pinValue2 = param.asInt(); // assigning incoming value from pin V10 to a variable
Serial.print(pinValue2);
}
23
CHAPTER 4
Discussion
As presented in the introduction, several options exist to implement changes on the water
consumption of crops. As we opted for the smart irrigation option in order to satisfy a
cyberphysical system, some plant requirements were neglected in order to simplify the system
and make it possible to express it in a mathematical way. The limitation of this is that our system
relies heavily on human knowledge to set up the constraints required to satisfy plant growth
conditions. Ideally, information sent from sensors should be enough to determine the amount of
water to provide to the plant, without any need to specify conditions. However, programming
such a situation involves a deep understanding of the interaction of the plant with its
environment during its growth process. This is a whole specialized field in its own and is not the
focus of this study. Ideally, a more comprehensive information library on plant requirements
would be necessary to have a system which really improves productivity. However, having an
integrated adaptive system is still necessary to adapt to the local particularities.
One interesting further step which could be taken with this cyber-physical system is to have
several users in the same area use this optimization program. A variation with time could be seen
of the cost of water as each crop has different requirements throughout their stages of growth. It
would be interesting to know if having a great number of users would smooth out the
consumption over the day or on the opposite increase peak consumptions.
24
CHAPTER 5
Summary
Throughout this report, it can be seen that the concept of cyber-physical systems implies an
interaction between different components in the physical and the cyber worlds, with different
means of communication and data processing. The emphasis on system really implies an
interconnected network, which can only be understood through a well-defined mathematical
representation of it. This can be applied to different fields to adapt them to the harsh
requirements imposed by environmental conditions and economic competitivity. The use of our
system in the irrigation context has been proven to be relevant as it clearly helps different actors
involved in it. While it cuts prices for farmers and makes sure water wastage is reduced, it also
redistributes water consumption throughout the day and enables to reduce the important
infrastructure requirements implied by peaks in consumption.
25
REFERENCES
1. H.N. kamalaskar, P.H. zope, International journal of engineering sciences & research
technology(UESRT) survey of smart irrigation system, pp. 2277-9655.
2. Water conservation potential of landscape irrigation smart controllers (m. d. dukes).
3. S. Harishankar, Sathish R. Kumar, K.P Sudharsan, U. Vignesh, T. Viveknath, "Advance in

Electronic and Electric Engineering", Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 341-
346, 2014, ISSN 2231-1297.
4. MotorR. Jaichandran, Anthony A. Irudhayaraj, Surabhi, Rajkumar Kuila, Trisha

Sinha, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(IJIRCCE) Prototype for Automatic Controlling and Remote Accessing of Irrigation.
5. C. Gruhier, P. de Rosnay, S. Hasenauer, T. Holmes, R. de Jeu, Y. Kerr, E. Mougin, E. Njoku, F.

Timouk, W. Wagner, M. Zribi, "Soil moisture active and passive microwave products:
intercomparison and evaluation over a Sahelian site", Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 141-156,
2010.
6. Jeffrey Walker, Paul Houser, Soil moisture estimation using remote sensing.
7. Kumar Deepak Roy, Hassan Mr. Murtaza Ansari, "Smart Irrigation Control System", International
Journal of Environmental Research and Development, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 371-374, 2014, ISSN 2249-
3131.
8. The Arduino Playground, [online] Available: http://playground.arduino.cc/.
9. Bhawani Sankar Panda, D. Pushparaj Sethy, "Minimum Range Assignment Problem for Two
Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks" in Computer science and Application Group Department
of Mathematics IIT Delhi, Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2014.
10. To connect your hardware to the Internet. https://blynk.io/en/

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SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

under the guidance of

Mr. Mohit Mayoor

Department of Civil Engineering

(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) (Head of the Centre)

Department of Civil Engineering

Certified that the project entitled “SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM”, submitted by

Signature Signature Signature

Date: Signature of the Student

Key-words: Microcontroller, Moisturesensor, Arduino, ESP8266, Submersible pump, IOT

1.2 Background of study

1.2 Need of present study

1.3 Objective of the present study

a. To prevent the field and garden from overwatering.

Cosmin (2012) : This investigation demonstrates that there is an unquestionable growing

Jaichandran et al (2013): A prototype for automatic controlling and remote accessing of

Divya et al (2013): The project aimed at developing “SEEDING AND FERTILIZATION

Chavan et al , (2014): Zigbee-based agriculture monitoring system serves as a reliable and

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

The Microcontroller used here is an Arduino UNO. The UNO is a Microcontroller

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is a self-contained SOC (System on Chip) with

3.4. Mini Water Pump

1. First of all open the blynk application

2. set the project name as Soil Moisture.

long int data;

int relay1 = 13; // to control the solenoid value

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

2. Water conservation potential of landscape irrigation smart controllers (m. d. dukes).

3. S. Harishankar, Sathish R. Kumar, K.P Sudharsan, U. Vignesh, T. Viveknath, "Advance in

4. MotorR. Jaichandran, Anthony A. Irudhayaraj, Surabhi, Rajkumar Kuila, Trisha

5. C. Gruhier, P. de Rosnay, S. Hasenauer, T. Holmes, R. de Jeu, Y. Kerr, E. Mougin, E. Njoku, F.

8. The Arduino Playground, [online] Available: http://playground.arduino.cc/.

10. To connect your hardware to the Internet. https://blynk.io/en/

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