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    Handout 13 Back Substitution From (Generalised) Row Echelon Form

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    Roy Vesey
    If the determinant of the original matrix is non-zero, the system has a unique solution that can be found using back substitution from the row echelon form matrix. If the determinant is zero, there are two cases: 1) If a row in the augmented matrix has all zeros on the left and a non-zero on the right, there is no solution. 2) If zero rows in the original matrix remain as zero rows in the augmented matrix, there are an infinite number of solutions that can be found by introducing a parameter.

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    Handout 13 Back Substitution From (Generalised) Row Echelon Form

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    13 views1 page
    If the determinant of the original matrix is non-zero, the system has a unique solution that can be found using back substitution from the row echelon form matrix. If the determinant is zero, there are two cases: 1) If a row in the augmented matrix has all zeros on the left and a non-zero on the right, there is no solution. 2) If zero rows in the original matrix remain as zero rows in the augmented matrix, there are an infinite number of solutions that can be found by introducing a parameter.

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    6502 Mathematics for Physics notes 13 (UCL)

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    6502 Hand Out 13

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    If the determinant of the original matrix is non-zero, the system has a unique solution that can be found using back substitution from the row echelon form matrix. If the determinant is zero, there are two cases: 1) If a row in the augmented matrix has all zeros on the left and a non-zero on the right, there is no solution. 2) If zero rows in the original matrix remain as zero rows in the augmented matrix, there are an infinite number of solutions that can be found by introducing a parameter.

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    13 views1 page

    Handout 13 Back Substitution From (Generalised) Row Echelon Form

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    If the determinant of the original matrix is non-zero, the system has a unique solution that can be found using back substitution from the row echelon form matrix. If the determinant is zero, there are two cases: 1) If a row in the augmented matrix has all zeros on the left and a non-zero on the right, there is no solution. 2) If zero rows in the original matrix remain as zero rows in the augmented matrix, there are an infinite number of solutions that can be found by introducing a parameter.

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    Handout 13 Back substitution from (generalised) row echelon form

    Nonzero determinant

    If the determinant of the matrix in the original system is nonzero, then

    • the system has a unique solution; and


    • row echelon form is an upper triangular matrix with no zeros on the diagonal and no zero rows

    We simply solve from the bottom up:


        
    1 −1 0 x 1 r3 : 2z = −8 =⇒ z = −4
     0 1 −1   y  =  6  r2 : y − z = 6 =⇒ y + 4 = 6 =⇒ y = 2
    0 0 2 z −8 r1 : x − y = 1 =⇒ x − 2 = 1 =⇒ x = 3.

    Zero determinant

    If the determinant of the original matrix is zero then there will be at least one zero row at the bottom
    of the matrix in echelon form. There are two cases:
    Non-zero entry in the vector on the right
    If there is a row of the augmented matrix which has all zeros on the left of the bar, and a non-zero entry
    on the right, then there are no solutions to the system.
          
    3 1 2 w 11 3 1 2 11
     0 0 −1   x  =  −3   0 0 −1 −3 
    0 0 0 y 9 0 0 0 9

    Zero row in the augmented matrix


    If all the zero rows of the original matrix are in zero rows of the augmented matrix, then we have an
    infinite number of solutions.
          
    3 1 2 w 11 3 1 2 11
     0 0 −1   x  =  −3   0 0 −1 −3 
    0 0 0 y 0 0 0 0 0
    The procedure to find them is:

    • In the echelon-form matrix, circle the first non-zero entry in every row
    • Find the columns which have no circles in (there will be the same number of these as there are
    zero rows). Each column corresponds to a variable.
    • Assign a new name to each of these chosen variables. Then use back substitution.

    In our example, we circle the 3 and the −1, which leaves column 2 without a circle in it. Now in the
    original matrix-vector system, column 2 corresponds to the variable x, so we set x = α. Then we solve
    from the bottom up as usual:
    −y = −3 =⇒ y = 3
    3w + x + 2y = 11 =⇒ 3w + α + 6 = 11 =⇒ w = (5 − α)/3.
    So we have found the solution w = (5 − α)/3, x = α and y = 3 for any α: we have found the infinite
    number of solutions. Here are a few (found by picking a value of α):
                   
    w 2 w 5/3 w 4/3 w 1
     x  =  −1   x = 0   x = 1   x = 2 .
    y 3 y 3 y 3 y 3

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