1.

a) An argumentative speech persuades the audience to take the side of the speaker, and the speaker
generally discusses a topic he or she feels strongly about. The speaker makes a specific claim and
then addresses points that support the claim. At the end of the speech, the audience should be
clear on an action that should or should not be taken and why.

b) Descriptive speech can be elicited by showing a picture, a graph or a movie to the speaker and
asking for a description of the shown items. Descriptive speech is more spontaneous than read,
command or answering speech, but can be kept easily within a certain subject thus restricting the
vocabulary.

c) An informative speech provides information about a specific subject to an audience. The aim of an
informative speech is to help your audience to understand and to remember the information you
are presenting.

d) A persuasive speech is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal of convincing the
audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is arranged in such a way as to hopefully
cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view.

2. Documentation is a set of documents provided on paper, or online, or on digital or analog media,

such as audio tape or CDs. Examples are user guides, white papers, on-line help, quick-reference
guides. It is becoming less common to see paper (hard-copy) documentation. Documentation is
distributed via websites, software products, and other on-line applications.

3. A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other written or non-written communication.

Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter
is Dear followed by the recipient's given name or title.
Examples:
Personal Letter:
Dear Julie, Dear John, Dear Mom,
Business Letter:
Dear President Obama:
To Whom It May Concern:
Members of the Committee:
Notice that in a personal letter, we use a comma to punctuate the salutation. In a
business letter, we use a semicolon.
Email salutations can be more informal:Hi, Joe!
Hello, Professor Marks,
Hello, all,
Good morning, everyone!
4.

a) Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood
based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

b) "Gender sensitivity" is the way service providers treat male or female clients in service delivery
facilities and thus affects client willingness to seek services, continue to use services, and carry
out the health behaviors advocated by the services.

c) Ethnocentrism is the act of judging another culture based on preconceptions that are found in the
values and standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric behavior involves judging other groups
relative to the preconceptions of one's own ethnic group or culture, especially regarding
language, behavior, customs, and religion.

d) Xenocentrism is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather
than of one's own. The concept is considered a subjective view of cultural relativism.

5.
a) Group is a number of people or things that are located close together or are considered or
classed together.
b) Panel is a group of people with certain qualifications, selected for a specific purpose and limited
time, and usually disbanded thereafter.
c) Phone a device that uses either asystem of wires along which electrical signals are sentor
a system of radio signals to make it possible for you to speak to someone in another place who has
asimilar device
d) A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or
special significance with origins in the past.

6.

a) Brevity concise and exact use of words in writing or speech.

b) Impartiality is equal treatment of all rivals or disputants.
c) Presentability is the quality of being presentable; acceptable appearance.
d) Professionalism is skill or behavior that goes beyond what an ordinary person would have or
behaving in a more formal or business-like manner.

7.

a) Globalist is a person who advocates the interpretation or planning of economic and foreign policy
in relation to events and developments throughout the world.
b) Multiculturalism is a situation in which all the different cultural or racial groups in a society have
equal rights and opportunities, and none is ignored or regarded as unimportant.
 c) Multitasker is a person who can perform or manage many tasks at the same time.
d) Nationalist is a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its
interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

8.) An effective presentation makes the best use of the relationship between the presenter and the
audience. It takes full consideration of the audience’s needs in order to capture their interest,
develop their understanding, inspire their confidence and achieve the presenter’s objectives.

Careful planning is essential.

Seven stages in planning a presentation

a) Preparation
b) Choosing your main points
c) Choosing your supporting information
d) Establishing linking statements
e) Developing an opening
f) Developing a conclusion
g) Reviewing your presentation

9.

a) Intracultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are
from the same culture or have culturally similar backgrounds. So, a conversation between two
American citizens who both grew up on the farms of Georgia would be intracultural because they
will essentially have the same background and cultural orientations.
b) Intercultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are
different in significant ways culturally. For instance, a conversation between a man who grew up
in Nepal and a woman who grew up in Micronesia would probably be an intercultural
conversation because we could study how the different cultural backgrounds of the two people
affect their communication strategies towards each other.
c) Interracial communication is defined as communication that occurs between two people when
race becomes a salient factor in their interaction. This interaction involves individuals with
membership in two different racial/ethnic groups that becomes more pronounced as the
individuals engage in a sustained dialogue.
d) International communication (also referred to as the study of global communication or
transnationalcommunication) is the communication practice that occurs
across international borders. The need forinternational communication was due to the increasing
effects and influences of globalization.
10.
a) Argument is an exchange of diverging or opposite views, typically a heated or angry one.
b) Case is an instance of a particular situation, an example of something occurring.
c) Position is a place where someone or something is located or has been put.
d) Rebuttal is a refutation or contradiction.

11.
a) Competency-based interviews use questions which aim to find out how you have used specific
skills in your previous experience and how you approach problems, tasks and challenges
b) The term stress interview is used to describe a technique that deliberately places the job
candidate in a stressful situation to observe how the candidate reacts during the job interview.
c) Traditional interview questions enable the interviewer and job candidate to establish a rapport
and to get to know each other in a less stressful environment than behavioral interviews or
case interviews. Preparing for a Traditional Interview. Answer the question directly.

12.
a) Fabrication is the action or process of manufacturing or inventing something.
b) Flaming is burning fiercely and emitting flames.
c) Hoarding is a large board in a public place, used to display advertisements.
d) Labeling is a part of branding and enables product identification. It is a printed information that is
bonded to the product for recognition and provides detailed information about the product.
Customers make the decision easily at the point of purchase seeing the labelling of the product.
e) Conflict of interest is a situation in which the concerns or aims of two different parties are
incompatible.
f) overstatement - the action of stating something too strongly; exaggeration.
g) Selective misquoting is a distorting or misrepresenting someone's words by taking it out of
context so that the meaning changes. Misrepresenting numbers: unethically manipulating data
and statistics by increasing, decreasing, exaggerating, altering, or omitting data.

13.

14. the word fiction has been derived from Latin word “fictus,” which means “to form.” However, in
literature, Merriam Webster defines it as, “literature in the form of prose, especially novels, that
describes imaginary events and people.”

Example #1: Alice in Wonderland (By Lewis Carrol)

Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is a good example of fiction. The story narrates various adventures of
the main character, Alice, in a fictitious land full of incredible creatures and events. Alice has to go
through certain magical experiences in the wonderland. According to the story, one day, while reading
book, Alice grows bored, and notices a white rabbit. She follows the rabbit when it goes into a hole in the
ground.
When peeping through the hole, Alice loses her balance and falls in. She floats down slowly into the hole,
and observes everything around her. Then Alice enters Wonderland, where she witnesses a number of
weird things. This entire magical tale is fabricated and imaginary, which makes it a good fiction to enjoy.

Example #2: Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen)

Another ample example to portray fiction is, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It is one of the most
famous English novels. Unlike the previous example, this story is set in a real-life-like setting. All
characters are humans, and no magical or strange events take place in this novel. All of the characters,
and the entire story is a made-up narrative, each element the product of Jane Austen’s imagination. She
not only presents the issues of the contemporary life faced by middle class families, but also daily
preoccupations of the common people. The novel presents a good fiction of actual life of nineteenth
century.

15. Literary Texts Examples

Example 1:

The moon and stars light up the sky, A

Just as an owl goes flying on by. A

Its night time in the forest on a warm summer night, B

Most animals are sleeping, until the morning light. B

Example 2:

He gives his harness bells a shake A

To ask if there's some mistake. A

The only other sound's the sweep B

Of easy wind and downy flake. A

16.

a) Writing a book review is not just about summarizing; it's also an opportunity for you to present a
critical discussion of the book so others get an idea of what to expect. Whether you’re writing a
review as an assignment or as a publication opportunity, you should combine an accurate, analytical
reading with a strong, personal touch. An effective book review describes what is on the page,
analyzes how the book tried to achieve its purpose, and expresses any reactions and arguments from
a unique perspective.
Preparing to write your review

 Read the book and take notes

 Think about the book's genre and/or field of study
 Determine the major arguments and themes of the book.
 Consider the author's writing style
 Think about how well the author develops the major areas or points in the book.
 Make note of the book's format, if relevant.
 Consider any literary devices in the book
 Think about how unique the book is.
 Assess how successful the book is.
Part2
Creating a First Draft of the Review
 Begin with a heading.
 Write an introduction
 Write a summary of the book.
 Evaluate and critique the book
 Wrap up the review. Part3

Polishing the Review

 Re read and revise your review.
 Get feedback.
 Always submit your best work.

b)

Every student encounters necessity of writing different kinds of academic papers. As a rule,
every educational establishment has specific requirements for academic papers. So, the current
article contains discussion of narrative report writing. Every academic paper has its specific
structure and format that should be taken into account in the process of writing.

Guidelines For Writing A Narrative Essay

Consider the topic.

Start with the draft.

Storyline elements.

The point of view

Proving and supporting.

Do not give details that don’t mean anything to your story. Clear writing.

Describe events chronologically.

Read some narrative essay examples.

Double check the provided requirements. Revise your essay.

Highlight the most crucial moments.

c) The first thing you need to know about writing a novel is that there are no easy answers. The second
thing you need to know is that there’s no magic formula. Every novel demands its own structure, its own
pace, its own way of looking at the world.

 Forget the outline.

 Consider the setting.
 Consider the point of view.
 Consider the protagonist.
 Embrace fragments.
 Consider the conflict.
 Consider the stakes.
 Set a deadline, but be realistic and kind.
 Find a trusted reader (but don’t show it to everyone you know)

d) If you are a victim of a crime, or witness possible criminal activity, you should report
the incident to local law enforcement. Generally, you can file a police report by visiting
the nearest police precinct or calling the non-emergency number for the dispatch
office. In some metro areas, you also may be able to file a police report online. If you
believe your life or someone else's life is endangered, call 911 immediately.
Filing a Report in Person
 Locate the nearest police department.
 Gather information about the incident you want to report.
 Bring your ID to confirm your identity.
 Visit the police department during regular business hours
 Talk to an officer about the incident.
 Get a copy of the report.
 Follow up on your report within a week.

Method 2
Filing a Report Online

 Find the local police department's website.

 Check the types of reports you can file.
 Gather information before you start your report.
 Enter your information.
 Provide details about the incident
 Submit and print a copy of the report
 Follow up on your report a couple of days later. Method3

Filing a Telephone Report

 Check if your police station allows telephone reports.
 Call the police dispatch office.
 Provide your name and location.
 Describe the incident you want to report
 Meet with an officer if necessary.
 Request a copy of the report