A First Course in String Theory.
Solutions for problems in Part IT.
Chapters 14, 15, and 16.
The following pages contain the solutions for all the problems to be found in Chapters 14
15, and 16 of Part II of the textbook A First Course in String Theory. The handwritten
solutions are due to Jeffrey Goldstone. The rest of the solutions have been typeset. They
were mostly written by me. In chapters 14 and 15 the solutions of problems related to string
models were based on those of Daniel Gulotta and Clayton Featherstone.
Barton Zwiebach
MIT
Cambridge, MA
September 2004Quick Calculations 14.4 to 14.7.
acd
Qcu.s
Qc46
Qci47
#(E1,€2) = —2. The intersection points on the torus are (0,0) 8 3). fy is rotated
by —1/2 with respect to é; (clockwise rotation), so the sign is as expected.
The points with integer coordinates (lattice points) on the torus € are copies of the
point (0,0) on the unit torus, so hy the cited ‘known’ fact, there must by a total of 1
lattice points on C. One lies on the corners of the parallelogram. Since the vectors fy
and f are reduced, no further lattice points lie along the edges of the parallelogram.
Therefore the other J — 1 lattice points must lie on the interior of the cell C.
Viewed as lines on @, both &; and f each contain the lattice point represented by (0,0)
They do not contain additional lattice points. The same facts hold for any copy of é,
or £2, because copying maps lattice points to lattice points. It follows that all copies of
6 and f go through interior lattice points. Since each copy contains just one lattice
point on C, one copy of f; and one copy of é2 goes through each lattice point on the
interior of C.
Here is a systematic solution, Associated with the vector é = (m,n), with m and n
relatively prime integers, we consider the set of lines parallel to € that go through lattice
points. Such lines have slope n/m, and if they pass through the lattice point (p,q) are
written as nz — my = np — mg. Since n and m are relatively prime, as we vary p and
q. np — mq can take on any integer value (this is a theorem in arithmetic). So the lines
in question are of the form nx — my = k, for arbitrary k € Z. The intersection poi
of the lines é, = (m,n) and fy = (p,m) are found by solving the simultaneous
equations mr — my = ky and nar — may = ky, for arbitrary ky and ky, and selecting
the solutions (2, y) inside the unit cell
For our lines (3,2) and (1,2), the equations are 2r — Sy = ky and Qe — y = ke, which
ives = (hy Fk) /4 and. y = (hy + a)/2. Plagaing in ew values for ky and kz
wwe obtain, as expected, four intersections: (0,0), (4,4), (4.0Febbe 1. | Dp bone cath ourkefells
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