REVIEWER: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Offers more opportunity for the respondents to
FINALS: PART 2
LESSON 12: CONTINUATION
Questionnaire
-Paper containing list of questions including the specific
place and space in the paper where you write the
answers to the questions
-Prepared set of questions which elicits factual and
opinionated answers from the respondents
Purposes of Questionnaire
1. discover people’s thoughts and feelings about the
topic of the research
2. assist the researcher in conducting an effective face-
to-face interview with respondents
3. help the researcher to plan how to obtain and record
the answers to your questions
4. make the analysis, recording and coding of data
easier and faster
Types of Questionnaire
1. Postal questionnaire
2. Self-administered questionnaire
Postal Questionnaire
-Goes to the respondent through postal service or
electronic mail
-accomplished questionnaires will be sent back to the
researcher
Self-administered Questionnaire
-Makes you act as the interviewer and interviewee at
the same time
-First, ask the questions either in person or on phone
Write the interviewee’s answers on a piece of paper
Advantages of Questionnaire
1. Cheap
2. Easy to distribute to respondents
3.
ponder on their responses
4. Enables easy comparison of answers
5. Has capacity to elicit spontaneous or genuine
answers from the respondents
Disadvantages of Questionnaire
1. Possibility that some questions you distributed
do not go back to you, and prevents you from
getting the desired response
2. Confusing and uninteresting questions to
respondents fail to elicit the desired responses
LESSON 13: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT --critical task for a researcher
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
1. BRIEF BUT EFFECTIVE
2. GATHER INFORMATION OTHER THAN WHAT IS
AVAILABLE
3. ARRANGEMENT OF QUESTIONS --must be
sequenced in increasing difficulty
4. MUST BE VALIDATED AND EVALUATED
5. DATA COLLECTED SHOULD EASILY BE
TABULATED, ANALYZED AND INTERPRETED
COMMON DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
1. Documentary Analysis
-examine available resources or documents
(primary/secondary data)
2. Interview
--researcher personally asks the key informants about
things/information he needs from the subjects
3. Observation -Your primary aim is to find out if they exist or operate
-researcher tracks the subject’s behavioral change over to give answers to the research questions you raised
prior to your acts of collecting them
a specific period of time
TYPES OF OBSERVATION CODING

1. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION -Act of using symbols (letters or words) to represent

-researcher observes the subjects in the natural setting arbitrary or subjective data(emotions,opinions,
attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data
or actual environment
2. PARTICIPATIVE OBSERVATION COLLATING

-researcher is required to be involved in the usual
activities of the subjects
3. NON-PARTICIPATIVE OBSERVATION
-subjects are taken away from their actual environment
and are subjected to “ideal” conditions by the
researcher
4. Questionnaire
-one of the most commonly used data collection
instrument
-easy to administer and could gather larger turn-out on
-Way of bringing together the coded data
-giving the data an orderly appearance is putting them
in a graph, specifically a table of responses
STAGES IN THE ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE DATA
STAGE 1: IMMERSION:
The researcher intensively reads or listens to materials,
assimilating as much of the explicit and implicit
meanings as possible.
STAGE 2: CATEGORIZATION

a single time Systematically working through the data, assigning

-requires respondents to answer a prepared set of coding categories

questions STAGE 3: REDUCTION

5. FOCUS-GROUP DISCUSSION
Questioning or interrogating the meanings or categories
-good way to gather people from similar backgrounds or that have been developed. Do some codes mean the
experiences together to discuss a specific topic of same thing?

interest STAGE 4: TRIANGULATION

-guided by a moderator or group facilitator who
Sorting through the categories. Deciding which
introduces the topics for discussion and motivates the categories are recurring and are less significant or
group to participate actively invalid

Lesson 14: Data Analysis STAGE 5: INTERPRETATION

Lesson 15:Drawing Conclusions Constructing model or using an established theory to

Data Analysis
-A process of understanding data or known facts or
assumptions serving as basis of any claims or
conclusions you have about something
explicate the findings of the study
CONCLUSION
-A type of inferential or interpretative thinking that
derives its validity, truthfulness or reasonableness from
your sensory experience.
-Touching, seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling things -not a sentence
around you lead to a particular conclusion about those
experiences. -not all are capitalized

-The results of your sensory experience are factual data -not in negative tone
to support the truthfulness of your conclusions. -no jargons and acronyms
Yang and Allison’s Conclusion Model 2. ABSTRACT
Move 1- Summarizing the Study -concisely discusses the essential aspects of the paper
-Objectives of the study -background of the problem, objectives, significance,
-Enumerate the findings and their implications research design, data collection, etc.

Move 2- Evaluating the Study -100-150 word discussion of the salient parts of the
research paper
-Indicating the significance/advantage
-explains in a nutshell all essential components of the
-indicating limitations research paper

-Evaluating the methodology 3. INTRODUCTION

Move 3- Deduction from the Research -explains the background of the research problem

-Recommending further study -states set of specific research questions

Lesson 16: 4. METHOD

Reporting and Sharing the Findings -Types and sources of data as well as the method you
used in collecting and analyzing the data you gathered
The findings of your research must be reported to or
shared with others 5. FINDINGS

Primary aim is to strengthen existing knowledge or - Graphical presentation, statistical method or written
discover new ones for the improvement of the world discussion

Bring your findings out to the readers 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

STRUCTURE/FORMAT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT - Findings resulting from thematically or theoretically

gathered and analyzed data with the capacity of leading
1. TITLE you to a valid conclusion
-Information and description of the subject matter 7. RECOMMENDATIONS
-short catchy part of your paper - To broaden the reader’s knowledge and
-must have the power to instantly attract the reader understanding of the area covered by the
research
-short and informative
8. REFERENCES
-15 to 20 words
- Follow a standard documentary style
-meaningful, specific and reflective of the standards of
writing research title
 - Alphabetize, identify and list down in this
section all sources of knowledge you used in
carrying out your study

9. APPENDIX

- Copies of table, questionnaire, interview rates,

observation, checklist and other materials that
are indispensable or necessary in completing
your study.