AUTOMOBILES

Prepared by:
ASHISH MAKHIJA
 HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
 Ferdinand Vebiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the
first steam-powered vehicle around 1672.
 Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the
first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769.

Cugnot’s steam wagon

 HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
KARL BENZ
 Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as
the inventor of the modern automobile.
 An automobile powered by his own four-
stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885.
 He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
KARL BENZ
  His first Motorwagen was built in
1885.
 About 25 Benz vehicles were sold
between 1888 and 1893.
 In 1896, Benz designed and patented
the first internal-combustion
A photograph of the original Benz Patent Motorwagen,
flat engine, called a boxermotor in
first built in 1885
German.
 During the last years of the
nineteenth century, Benz was the
largest automobile company in the
world with 572 units produced.

BOXOR MOTOR
 HENRY FORD
 Henry Ford was the American founder of the
Ford Motor Company and father of modern
assembly lines used in mass production.
 His introduction of the Model T automobile
revolutionized transportation and American
HENRY industry.
FORD
 The large-scale, production-line manufacturing of
affordable automobiles was debuted by
Ransom Olds at his Oldsmobile factory in 1902.
This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford,
beginning in 1914.
RANSOM E. OLDS
 FORD “MODEL T”

 Introduced the moving assembly line and Model T in 1908-1909.

 Cost of Model T declined from 7 months of a Ford assembly line
worker’s wages in 1908 to less than 3 months in 1916.
 This brought millions of middle-class families into the market for
autos.
 The car was very simple to drive, and easy and cheap to repair.
 By 1920, half the cars in the world were Model T Fords!
 Product diversity, options strictly limited by Ford to maximize standardization,
production efficiency. (“You can have any color car you want, so long as it’s
black.”)

FORD MODEL T, 1915 FORD MASHTANG, 2009

 THE GREAT DEPRESSION

 Sales of automobiles collapsed 1930-32, rebounded

slowly.
 GM recovered, exceeded late 1920s sales levels by
end of the 1930s Ford continued to languish under
the increasingly erratic leadership of Henry Ford,
who was quite unhinged by the end of the decade.
 Ford would have gone bankrupt without WWII.
 WORLD WAR II
 Military procurement contracts increased demand.
 Most of the auto industry in Europe, Japan effectively bombed out of
existence.
 Technological improvements made during the war were applied to
postwar auto production.
• Better automatic transmissions
• Functional power steering and brakes
• V-8 engines
• Air conditioning
 FUEL & PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES
 Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known
as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines.
 Known to cause air pollution, climate change & global warming.
 Increasing costs of oil-based fuels, tightening environmental laws
and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work
on alternative power systems for automobiles.
 Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the
development of hybrid vehicles, and electric and hydrogen vehicles
which do not release pollution into the air.
 ENGINE TYPES
DIESEL ENGINE  Diesel-engined cars have long been
popular in Europe with the first models
being introduced as early as 1922 by
Peugeot.
 The main benefit of diesel engines is a
50% fuel burn efficiency compared
with 27% in the best gasoline engines.
 Many diesel-powered cars can run with
little or no modifications on 100%
biodiesel and combinations of other
organic oils.
GASOLINE (PATROL) ENGINE

 Gasoline engines have the advantage over

diesel in being lighter and able to work at
higher rotational speeds and they are the
usual choice for fitting in high-performance
sports cars.
 Continuous development of gasoline engines
for over a hundred years has produced
improvements in efficiency and reduced
pollution.
 Most gasoline engine cars can also run on
LPG with the addition of an LPG tank and
carburetor modifications to add an LPG
mixer.
ELECTRIC CAR
TESLA ELECTRIC POWER ROADSTER
 An electric car uses
electric motors and
motor controllers for propulsion,
in place of more common
propulsion methods such as the
internal combustion engine.
 Electric cars are commonly
powered by on-board battery
packs, and as such are
battery electric vehicles (BEVs).
HYBRID ELECTRIC PETROLEUM CARS
 When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most
often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle.

 These encompass such vehicles as the:

 Toyota Prius
 Toyota Camry Hybrid
HONDA INSIGHT  Ford Escape Hybrid
 Toyota Highlander Hybrid
 Honda Insight
 Honda Civic Hybrid

TOYOTA PRIUS
 BENEFITS OF AUTOMOBILES
 Replacement of horse and carriage.
 Economical, safer, smaller, faster (more consistent), more
controllable/reliable.
 More sanitary - dead horses and manure problems.
 Development of mass production and assembly line.
 Supply chain economic boom.
 Independence.
 Employment.
 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
 Air pollution.
 Materials consumption.
 Autos themselves and consumables.
 One way cars create pollution is by contributing to the amount of
ground-level ozone.
 Cars also pollute by emitting lead from leaded gasoline.
 Global warming.
 Energy use.
TOP 20 MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN 2008
Motor vehicle production (1000 units)
Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2008
THANK YOU