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Derivation and Inflection Morpheme
Derivation and Inflection Morpheme
Derivation and Inflection Morpheme
By:
All praise and gratitude be to Allah may we all always in His protection.
An abundance of blessings and greetings may be delivered to our Prophet
Muhammad and his entire family, friends, and all his people until the end of
time.
Thanks Allah for the blessings and guidance of His grace, we are finally
able to complete the preparation of a paper with the title "Morphology Forms".
This paper is one of the tasks given in courses Morphology and Syntax at the
State College of Islamic Study Sorong.
On this occasion we would like to thank profusely to all those who have
helped in the preparation of this paper and to colleagues who have provided
motivation, both morally and materially.
Hopefully, this paper got the blessing of Allah and beneficial to us all.
Amen.
Redactor
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LIST OF CONTENT
PREFACE .............................................................................................................. i
LIST OF CONTENT ............................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1
A. Background ................................................................................................ 1
B. Formulation Of The Problem..................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II BODY ............................................................................................ 2
A. Definition Of Derivation Morpheme ......................................................... 2
B. The Definition Of Inflectional Morphology .............................................. 6
C. The Differences Between Derivation Morpheme and Inflection
Morpheme ......................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER III CLOSING ................................................................................... 11
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 11
B. Suggestion................................................................................................ 11
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 12
Page | ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
As scientists have studied composition of the universe, they have
determined that the smallest unit for measuring an element is the atom.. if we
think of the Periodic Table of Elements, atoms are what comprise elements, such
as hydrogen, carbon, silver, gold, calcium, and so on. Scientists utilize this
classification system for uniformity, so that they are on the same page in the
terminology of their studies.
Page | 1
CHAPTER II
BODY
A. Derivation Morpheme
A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme
from a base. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive
(create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both.
In the word happiness, the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by
changing both the meaning and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the
derived word happiness is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new
meaning but do not change the syntactic category or part of speech. The word
unhappy, for example, consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme
(prefix) un-. Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an
adjective.1
In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes
in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although
they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix
in- in inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral
modify the positive meaning to the negative meaning but do not change the
syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derived
word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is
also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is
an adjective and the derived word amoral is also and adjective. All the
derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational
suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them
do not change the syntactic category. The derivational suffixes which change the
syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes,
adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.2
1
Derivational In English, accessed from http://my-uad-
courses.blogspot.co.id/2010/09/derivational-morphemes-in-english.html, on October 10, 2015 at
22:30 WIT
2
Ibid.,
Page | 2
Derivational Prefixes
All prefixes in English are derivational so that all the prefixes in
English create new meaning or create new words. The creation of new
meaning can be accompanied by the change part of speech or not. Most
prefixes do not change part of speech. The prefix which changes the part
of speech, for example, is the prefix en-. The prefix en- changes the bases
into verbs. The word enlarge for example, consists of the prefix en- and
the base large. The prefix en- changes the adjective large to the new verb
enlarge. The prefix en-in the word endanger changes the noun to verb.
The prefix a- in aside changes the noun side to the adverb aside. The other
prefixes which do not change part of speech are explained as follows:3
Derivational Suffixes
Most of the derivational suffixes in English change the part of speech.
The derivational suffixes which do not change the part of speech are not as
many as the derivational prefixes. The derivational suffixes which do not
change the part of speech are –ist in artist and dentist; -ian in musician and
librarian; and -hood in childhood, neighborhood, brotherhood, and
motherhood. 4 The following is the description of derivational affixes
which change the part of speech.
3
Ibid.,
4
Ibid.,
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Noun-Forming Suffix
Noun-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change
the words or morphemes to nouns. The following is the explanation of
derivational suffixes which form nouns:5
Derived Word
Base (Verb) Suffix
(Noun)
write -er writer
5
Ibid.,
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(Noun)
educate -ion education
Adjective-Forming Suffixe
Adjective-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which
change the words or morphemes to adjectives. The following is the
explanation of derivational suffixes which form adjectives.
Derived Word
Base (Verb) Suffix
(Adjective)
eat -able eatable
Suffix –less, Like suffix –ful, the suffix –less is the derivational
morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the
bases are nouns. The following is the example:
Derived Word
Base (Noun) Suffix
(Adjective)
home -less homeless
Verb-Forming Suffixes
Verb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the
words or morphemes to verbs. The following is the explanation of
derivational suffixes which form verb:
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Suffix –en
Derived Word
Base (Adjective) Suffix
(Verb)
wide -en widen
Adverb-Forming Suffixes
Adverb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change
the words or morphemes to adverbs. The following is the example of
derivational suffixes which form adverb:
Derived Word
Base (Adjective) Suffix
(Adverb)
loud -ly loudly
B. Inflectional Morphology
Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that tell tense, number,
gender, possession, and so on. Unlike derivational morphemes, inflectional
morphemes don't change the grammar category of the words they're attached
to.6 An inflection is a change that signals the grammatical function of nouns,
6
Professor Pat Kamalani Hurley, Rules Of Word Formation: Inflectional Morpheme,
accessed from http://emedia.leeward.hawaii.edu/hurley/Ling102web/mod4-
1_morphology/4mod4.1.4_inflectional.htm, on October 12, 2015 at 20:04 WIT
Page | 6
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (e.g., noun plurals, verb tenses). An
inflectional morpheme is used to create a variant form of a word in order to
signal grammatical information. For example, the suffix [-ed] signals that a verb
is past tense: walk-ed.7
When a singular possessive noun ends in –s or –z, it still takes the ‘s. The
pronunciation of the ‘s just changes from the [s] sound to the [z] sound:
7
Handout PDF, Morphology, accessed from
http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/Courses/Psy598/Ling-Morphology.pdf, on October 14,
2015, at 18:14 WIT
8
Ibid.,
Page | 7
The possessive of a plural noun ending in –s is pronounced just like the plural
form. It’s spelled with a simple apostrophe and no additional –s:
English has a relatively simple system of verb inflections. Every verb has an
uninflected, or infinitive, form. There are only four inflectional morphemes that
can attach to the infinitive form:9
In English, adjectives only take two inflections: the comparative and superlative.
9
Ibid.,
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Some adverbs can take the same comparative and superlative inflections (-
er; -est) that adjectives take:
drove longer
ran faster
played harder
He said slylier.
She danced awkwardliest.
Like some adjective, these same examples can use more and most to create
comparatives and superlatives:
10
Abdul Muis Ba’dulu, Morphosyntax, (Makassar: Badan Penerbit Universitas Negeri
Makassar, 2010),hlm.9
11
Ibid.,
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Singular Plural
The first person ando andames
The second person andas andais
The third person anda andan
Here is some of the evidence for the distinction between inflectional and
derivational affixes:13
12
Ibid.,
13
Handout PDF, Op.cit
Page | 10
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
1. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create)
new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both.
In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All
prefixes in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the
meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. The
derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-
forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and
adverb-forming suffixes.
2. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that tell tense, number,
gender, possession, and so on. Unlike derivational morphemes,
inflectional morphemes don't change the grammar category of the words
they're attached to. An inflection is a change that signals the grammatical
function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (e.g., noun
plurals, verb tenses). An inflectional morpheme is used to create a variant
form of a word in order to signal grammatical information.
3. There are three other important differences between inflection and
derivation. The first, difference refers to productivity; inflectional
morphology is very productive; while derivational morphology is usually
not productive. The second, difference is that the derivational affixes
often have lexical meanings, while inflection suffixes usually have
grammatical meanings. The third, is that inflection is usually arranged in
paradigm, while derivation is not.
B. Suggestion
Each language study need for reconsideration in order to obtain optimal
results so that no error caused by morphophonemic pattern. Definitions will not
be able to address the entirety of the morphological studies but far from her
relationship with semantic morphology very closely so that the sense of the need
to be revised.
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REFERENCES
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