COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE

Collaborative Governance involves the government, community and private

sectors communicating with each other and working together to achieve more
than any one sector could achieve on its own. Ansell and Gash (2008) have
explored the conditions required for effective collaborative governance. They
say “The ultimate goal is to develop a contingency approach of collaboration
that can highlight conditions under which collaborative governance will be
more or less effective as an approach to policy making and public management”
[2] Collaborative governance covers both the informal and formal relationships
in problem solving and decision-making. Conventional government policy
processes can be embedded in wider policy processes by facilitating
collaboration between the public, private and community sectors.[3]
Collaborative Governance requires three things, namely: support; leadership;
and a forum. The support identifies the policy problem to be fixed. The
leadership gathers the sectors into a forum. Then, the members of the forum
collaborate to develop policies, solutions and answers.
CONTRACTUAL GOVERNANCE
Contractual governance and relational governance are corporate governance
structures used to manage the relationships between parties to a transaction and
reduce opportunism. The concept of corporate governance sounds simple and
unambiguous, but when one attempts to define it and scan available literature,
one comes across a bewildering variety of perceptions behind available
definitions. The definition varies according to the sensitivity analyst, the context
of varying degrees of development and from the standpoint of academics versus
corporate managements. Corporate governance is typically perceived by
academic literature as dealing with “problems that result from the separation of
ownership and control”. From this perspective, corporate governance would
focus on: the internal structure and rules of the board of directors; the creation
of independent audit committees; rules for disclosure of information to
shareholders and creditors; and control of the management.
MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE
Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is an approach in political science and
public administration theory that originated from studies on European
integration. Political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks developed the
concept of multi-level governance in the early 1990s and have continuously
been contributing to the research program in a series of articles (see
Bibliography).[1] Their theory resulted from the study of the new structures that
were put in place by the EU (Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. Multi-level
governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority
structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It "illuminates the
intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of
authority".
INTERNET GOVERNANCE
Internet governance covers a wide range of issues, from day-to-day technical
and operational workings of the Internet to public policy issues such as
combating crime on the Internet. Internet governance discussions occur in many
forums. Technical and operational Internet governance discussions have long
been discussed in multi-stakeholder bodies developed for these purposes. The
NRO has taken an active role in many of these discussions, engaging with
forums and organizations such as:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Society (ISOC)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Internet Governance Forum (IGF)
Internet Technical Advisory Committee (ITAC) to the OECD
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and many regional organizations
We encourage all stakeholders to communicate with their Regional Internet
Registry to learn more about opportunities to become engaged in Internet
Governance dialogue.

The NRO and Internet Governance

Since the early stages of the Internet, the NRO and each individual Regional
Internet Registry (RIR) have actively cooperated with a wide range of
stakeholders to ensure the future growth and continued stability of the Internet.
The NRO is committed to continuing this cooperation, and engages with many
governments and related global institutions with an interest in the development
of the Internet.
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Environmental governance is a concept in political ecology and environmental
policy that advocates sustainability (sustainable development) as the supreme
consideration for managing all human activities—political, social and
economic.
[1] Governance includes government, business and civil society, and
emphasizes whole system management. To capture this diverse range of
elements, environmental governance often employs alternative systems of
governance, for example watershed-based management.
[2]
It views natural resources and the environment as global public goods,
belonging to the category of goods that are not diminished when they are
shared.
[3] This means that everyone benefits from for example, a breathable
atmosphere, stable climate and stable biodiversity.
PRIVATE GOVERNANCE
Private governance of environmental and social performance of organizations,
processes and products is gaining prominence in market and policy arenas, and
thus, increasingly influencing sustainability outcomes. This study presents a
concept of rival private governance where multiple initiatives compete for rule-
setting authority. Specifically, we argue that heterogeneous actors organize in
network form to establish legitimacy of new sustainability governance fields. In
an effort to preempt threats from these new fields of governance,
nonparticipating actors create rival private governance networks and compete
based on each network's ability to access unique relational assets from
participants. Based on the cases of carbon off-set standards, green building
rating systems and sustainable forestry certifications, we suggest that this
competitive market vetting results in pressures toward the convergence of
governance rules over time, but not a single winning set of rules. Our findings
illustrate that multiple and competing networks can provide innovative,
legitimate and dynamically evolving governance of sustainability, while
presenting new challenges for public and private sector actors.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices and processes by which a
firm is directed and controlled. Corporate governance essentially involves
balancing the interests of a company's many stakeholders, such as shareholders,
management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community.
Since corporate governance also provides the framework for attaining a
company's objectives, it encompasses practically every sphere of management,
from action plans and internal controls to performance measurement and
corporate disclosure.
PROJECT GOVERNANCE
Project governance appears to be an elusive concept, which is further
complicated by the fact that there is a lack of an agreed on, generally accepted
definition for “project governance.” Consequently, this means that individuals
are left to develop their own understanding of what project governance means
or else try to find an implicit meaning from the context in which the term is
used. So, in the absence of an explicit or agreed on definition, each person is left
to infer what is meant when the term “project governance” is used.
NONPROFIT GOVERNANCE
Governance is the process of providing strategic leadership to a nonprofit
organization. It entails the functions of setting direction, making policy and
strategy decisions, overseeing and monitoring organizational performance, and
ensuring overall accountability.
PRIVATE GOVERNANCE
Private governance is more widely used and more effective than most people
think. String ham looks to history to see how people solved problems of fraud
and cheating without government intervention and provides example after
compelling example to contradict the strong claim that a government or any
third-party enforcer is necessary for voluntary exchange. While String ham
doesn’t take on the tough problem that private governance is not sufficient for
its task, his book is intended to be the beginning, not the end, of thinking about
private governance.
Regulation governance
Regulation is the framework of rules and law that tell us how to behave and
how mechanism will work what to do or not to do. According to Jacint and
David Levi-faur regulation as an art and craft of governance. For example, state
regulation is where industrial area will be setup, indirect taxes, minimum wage
and market function etc. In central government regulation things fall like how
much fare of railway should be, direct tax, etc.
Good governance
Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international
development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs
and manage public resources. Governance is "the process of decision-making
and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".[1]
The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local
governance[1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society.
Fair governance
A FAIR governance framework lays down the following four principles for
local government accountability. Fair Governance. Fair governance requires
that the local government equal and fair access to essential public services with
equitable sharing of local tax burdens. It also acts as an equal opportunity
employer.