REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ECS559

ASSIGNMENT OF BRITISTH STANDARD (BS 8110) AND

EUROCODES (EC 2)

NAME : MOHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN KAMARUZAMAN

STUDENT ID : 2015125995
FACULTY & PROGRAMME : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : 09
GROUP : EC2206C2
LECTURER : MDM BALQIS MD. YUNUS

DATE: 24 DECEMBER 2018

INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher
tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually a steel reinforcing bars (rebar)
and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing
schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the
concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure.

In Malaysia, reinforced concrete commonly used in construction project, it due to it high

compressive strength compared to other building materials, with additional of
reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount tensile stress. Its
fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair. The concrete building structure
can be broken down into the following elements:
1. Beams - Horizontal members carrying lateral loads
2. Slabs - Horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads

3. Columns - Vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally subjected
to axial load and moment
4. Walls - Vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads

5. Foundation - Loads from columns or walls so that the ground without excessive
settlement can support them. Alternatively the bases may be supported on piles.

Collectively, they enable the internal and external loads acting on the structure to be
safely transmitted down to the ground. The actual way that this is achieved is difficult to
model and many simplifying, but conservative, assumptions have to be made. For
example, the degree of fixity at column and beam ends is usually uncertain but,
nevertheless, must be estimated as it significantly affects the internal forces in the
element. Furthermore, it is usually assumed that the reaction from one element is a load
on the next and that the sequence of load transfer between elements occurs in the order:
ceiling/floor loads to beams to columns to foundations to ground.
 Figure 1

PURPOSE OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

In the final analysis, there are two most important purpose of which the design engineer
must ensure in the design provided:
1. The safety of the structure under any possible worst loading conditions.

2. The deformation of the structure under normal loading conditions remains within
the acceptable range in the context of the structure’s appearance, performance
and durability.
There are three design concepts that have been developed and used in reinforced
concrete design. They are:

1. Permissible stress design: Design stresses within the elastic limit are developed
by dividing the ultimate strength of the material by a factor of safety.

2. Load factor design: Working loads are increased by a safety factor in order to
obtain greater value of design loads.

3. Limit state design: Loads and strength of materials are factored with partial
safety factors. Design load are developed by multiplying working loads with partial
safety factors while ultimate strength of materials are reduced by dividing with
partial safety factors obtaining the corresponding characteristic strength.
BRITISH STANDARD (BS 8110)

BS 8110 is a British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and
prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles. They are
normally designed in accordance with the recommendations given in various documents
including BS 5400: Part 4: Code of practice for design of concrete bridges, BS 8007: Code
of practice for the design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids and BS 8110:
Structural use of concrete. Since the primary aim of this book is to give guidance on the
design of structural elements, this is best illustrated by considering the contents of BS
8110. BS 8110 is divided into the following three parts:

Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction.

Part 2: Code of practice for special circumstances.

Part 3: Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams and
rectangular columns.

Part 1 covers most of the material required for everyday design. Since most of this chapter
is concerned with the contents of Part 1, it should be assumed that all references to BS
8110 refer to Part 1 exclusively. Part 2 covers subjects such as torsional resistance,
calculation of deflections and estimation of crack widths. These aspects of design are
beyond the scope of this book and Part 2, therefore, is not discussed here. Part 3 of BS
8110 contains charts for use in the design of singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced
beams and rectangular columns.
EUROCODES (EC 2)

Eurocode 2 and EC2 are both abbreviations for BS EN 1992 (Eurocode 2): Design of
concrete structures. When referring to Eurocode 2, most people mean BS EN 1992-1-1.
This code was the result of the Commission of the European Community’s decision to
eliminate technical obstacles to trade and harmonize technical specifications. The
Eurocodes are a family of ten European codes of practice for the design of building and
civil engineering structures in concrete, steel, timber and masonry, amongst other
materials. Table 1 lists the reference numbers and titles of the ten Eurocodes.

Table 1 The Structural Eurocodes

Design of A Simply Supported Concrete Beam

A reinforced concrete beam which is 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep is required to span
6.0 m between the centers of supporting piers 300 mm wide. The beam carries dead and
imposed loads of 25 kNm−1 and 20 kNm−1 respectively. Assuming fcu = 30 Nmm−2, fy =
fyv = 500 Nmm−2 and the exposure class is XC1, design the beam.

qk=20 kNm−1

gk=25 kNm−1
Design of a one-way spanning concrete floor
A reinforced concrete floor subject to an imposed load of 4 kNm −2 spans between brick
walls as shown below. Design the floor for exposure class XC1 assuming the following
material strengths:

fcu/fck = 35 Nmm−2
fy = 500 Nmm−2
DISCUSSION
In term of loading analysis, BS 8110 recommends a loading pattern as follows
i- all spans ultimate loading
ii- alternate span ultimate loading
iii- reverse of ii
While the EC 2 recommends a loading pattern as follows
i- all spans ultimate loading
ii- adjacent span ultimate loading
iii- alternate span ultimate loading
The Partial safety factors for the ultimate limit state of equilibrium of both standard are
different, this shown in table 2.

Table 2 Limit state loading information for BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 codes.

With respect to load estimation, BS 8110 recommends unit weight of concrete

24kN/m3 while EC 2 recommends unit weight of concrete 25kN/m 3.
From the analysis shown before, it was seen that the dead load for EC design was
higher than that of BS 8110 due to a higher unit weight of concrete used in the estimation
of the load. However, the design load for EC 2 is lower than that of BS8110. This is due
to the fact that partial factors of safety for BS 8110 is higher than that of EC 2 for both
dead load and imposed load. The design moment value shows that the EC acquired lower
value than the BS 8110. It also resulted by the partial factors of safety of standard.
In the design stage, the formula to design the main reinforcement are same. At
design of shear reinforcement, BS 8110 process are little bit difficult to understand, its
complex. The shear reinforcement are analysis and design at mid-span also end-span.
While by EC, the shear reinforcement are design along the span, means no different
design for mid-span and end-span.
Deflection check for both standard show no significant difference.
CONCLUSION
The structural design of most buildings worldwide is based on national and/or
international codes of practice. These guide the engineer in the appraisal of the overall
structural scheme, detailed analysis and design. Codes of practice are basically aids
drawn up by experienced engineers and allied professionals, and they provide a
framework for addressing issues of safety and serviceability in structural design. A
comparative study of the analysis and design provisions in respect of various structural
elements was performed. According to Building.co.uk, the structural Eurocodes have
finally replaced British standard and the British standards will not be updated again and
that all research efforts are now directed to improving the Eurocodes. Therefore, the EC2
is technologically more advanced that the BS 8110 and will be the code that will continue
to enjoy this advancement. It is more flexible and safer and more economical given the
number of load conditions taken to get the moment and shear force envelops. From the
design for both BS 8110 -97 and EC2, we can draw the conclusion that Eurocode 2 is
easier to use, will provide more economical section and is technologically more advanced
than BS 8110.
REFERENCES
Arya, C. (2015). Design of structural elements: concrete, steelwork, masonry and
timber designs to British standards and Eurocodes. CRC Press.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS_8110 retrieved, 20 December 2018
Lane T. “Eurocode Replaces British Standards”,
http://www.building.co.uk/eurocodes-replace-british-standards/3161244.article,
Assessed 25 April, 2016.
Nwoji, C. U., & Ugwu, A. I. (2017). Comparative study of bs 8110 and eurocode 2
in structural design and analysis. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(3), 758-766.