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Proof of Green's Theorem Math 131 Multivariate Calculus
Proof of Green's Theorem Math 131 Multivariate Calculus
Proof of Green's Theorem Math 131 Multivariate Calculus
ble integral
ZZ
∂M
− dA
D ∂y
Proof of Green’s theorem Z b Z δ(x)
∂M
Math 131 Multivariate Calculus = − dy dx
a γ(x) ∂y
D Joyce, Spring 2014 δ(x)
Z b
= −M (x, y) dx
Summary of the discussion so far. a y=γ(x)
Z b
= M (x, γ(x)) − M (x, δ(x)) dx
I ZZ
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dA. a
∂D D ∂x ∂y Z b Z b
= M (t, γ(t)) dt − (t, δ(t)) dt
Green’s theorem can be interpreted as a planer a a
case of Stokes’ theorem We’re almost done. The first integral
I ZZ Z b
F · ds = (∇ × F) · k dA. M (t, γ(t)) dt
∂D D
a
In words, that says the integral of the vector field is the path integral along Z the curve y = γ(x) from
F around the boundary ∂D equals the integral of
left to right, that is, it is M (x, y) dx. Likewise,
the curl of F over the region D. In the next chapter γ
Z b
we’ll study Stokes’ theorem in 3-space.
Green’s theorem implies the divergence theorem the second integral (t, δ(t)) dt is the parameter-
a
in the plane. ization along the curve y = δ(x) from left to right,
I ZZ but that portion of the boundary ∂D should go
F · n ds = ∇ · F dA. from right to left, and the minus sign reverses the
∂D D orientation. The two vertical sides x = a and x = b
dx
It says that the integral around the boundary ∂D of D form the other two parts of ∂D. Since dt is
of the the normal component of the vector field F 0 on those vertical paths, therefore
equals the double integral over the region D of the Z Z
dx
Z
divergence of F. M (x, y) dx = M (x, y) dt = 0 dt = 0
dt
along them. Therefore,
Proof of Green’s theorem. We’ll show why
Z b Z b
Green’s theorem is true for elementary regions D.
I
These regions can be patched together to give more M (t, γ(t)) dt − (t, δ(t)) dt = M (x, y) dx
a a ∂D
general regions.
First, suppose that D is a region of “type 1,” that Likewise, if D is a region of “type 2,” that is, one
is, it can be described by inequalities a ≤ x ≤ b and bounded between horizontal lines, then
γ(x) ≤ y ≤ δ(x) where γ and δ are C 1 functions.
ZZ I
∂N
First, we’ll show that dA = N (x, y) dy
D ∂x ∂D
1
Adding these two equations gives Green’s theorem
for D
ZZ I
∂N ∂M
− dA = M (x, y) dx+N (x, y) dy
D ∂x ∂y ∂D